接种刺状无梗囊霉对番茄生长及psy1与psy2基因表达的影响

本研究利用前期筛选获得的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)刺状无梗囊霉XJ27侵染矮化观赏型番茄品种“小汤姆”,分析番茄植株生物量、叶绿素含量以及果实番茄红素含量等相关指标,并采用半定量RT-PCR与实时PCR检测对番茄红素合成相关基因psy1与psy2的表达情况.结果表明：与对照组相比,刺状无梗囊霉处理组番茄的生物量显著增加,增产效果明显;番茄红素合成相关基因psy1与psy2表达增强,果实中的番茄红素含量显著提高.表明刺状无梗囊霉XJ27是一株很有应用潜力的AM真菌.     

小麦与蚕豆间作体系根系形态与磷吸收的定量解析

豆科与禾本科作物间作能够改变作物根系生长,但不同施磷水平下间作-根系形态-磷吸收之间的关系尚未明确.本研究通过田间定位试验和根箱模拟试验,研究不同种植模式(小麦单作、蚕豆单作和小麦-蚕豆间作)和不同磷水平下小麦和蚕豆的产量、生物量、磷吸收及根系形态特征,分析探讨不同施磷条件下小麦-蚕豆间作对根系形态和磷吸收的影响.结果...     

刺旋花种群形态参数的通径分析与亚灌木个体生物量建模

对刺旋花４种形态参数的通径分析表明,冠幅（Ｃ）对种群生物量作用最大,其它依次为分枝数（ＢＮ）、基径（ＢＤ）和高度（Ｈ）．在此基础上,选取ＣＨ和常用变量Ｄ２Ｈ,就７种常规方程对生物量建模的效果进行比较,并同时建立营养器官和单株总生物量的预测方程．结果表明,选取变量ＣＨ较Ｄ２Ｈ合适,线性回归方程较其它方程准确直观,其中单株生物量择优预测方程为Ｙ＝１２．１０＋０．０１０５ＣＨ（Ｒ＝０．９８３,Ｐ＜０．０１）．     

不同磷水平下小麦-蚕豆间作根系形态的变化及其与内源激素的关系

采用水培方法,研究了不同磷水平下小麦-蚕豆间作体系根系形态变化及其与内源激素的相关关系。结果表明: 与单作小麦相比,在低磷(1/2P)水平下,小麦-蚕豆间作能显著增加小麦的根长,显著减少小麦根系的平均直径,显著增加根系的表面积;在常规磷(P)水平下,间作能显著降低小麦根系的平均直径,有增加小麦根长和根表面积的趋势;与单作蚕豆相比,间作能明显促进蚕豆根系的增长,同时增加蚕豆根表面积。在1/2P水平下,间作能显著提高小麦和蚕豆根系中的生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量;在P水平下,间作能显著提高小麦根系中的IAA、ABA和JA含量,单、间作小麦根系中的SA含量没有显著差异,间作显著增加了蚕豆根系中ABA和SA含量,单、间作蚕豆根系中的IAA和JA含量无显著差异。单作条件下,小麦和蚕豆根系中的内源激素(IAA、ABA、SA和JA)含量与其根系形态(根长、根平均直径和根表面积)无显著相关性;间作条件下,小麦和蚕豆根系中的IAA含量与根长和根表面积之间存在明显的正相关关系。由此可见,小麦-蚕豆间作能够诱导小麦和蚕豆根系IAA的增加。这种变化可能是驱动间作系统根系形态变化的重要因子。     

Signalling mechanisms underlying the morphological responses of the root system to nitrogen in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants display considerable developmental plasticity in response to changing environmental conditions. The adaptations of the root system to variations in N supply are an excellent example of such developmental plasticity. In Arabidopsis, four morphological adaptations to the N supply have been characterized: (i) a localized stimulatory effect of external nitrate on lateral root elongation; (ii) a systemic inhibitory effect of high tissue nitrate concentrations on the activation of lateral root meristems; (iii) a suppression of lateral root initiation by high C:N ratios, and (iv) an inhibition of primary root growth and stimulation of root branching by external L-glutamate. These responses have provided valuable experimental systems for the study of N signalling in plants. This article will highlight some recent progress made in this direction from studies using the Arabidopsis root system. One recent development of note has been the emerging evidence of a regulatory role of nitrate transporters in some of the responses. It has been reported that the AtNRT1.1 (CHL1) dual-affinity nitrate transporter acts upstream of the ANR1 MADS box gene in mediating the stimulatory effect of a localized nitrate supply on lateral root proliferation. The AtNRT2.1 high-affinity nitrate transporter seems to be involved in the repression of lateral root initiation by high C:N ratios. The systemic inhibitory effect of high nitrate supply on lateral root development, which is mediated by abscisic acid (ABA), may be linked to the recently identified ABA receptor, FCA. The newly discovered root architectural response to external L-glutamate potentially offers a valuable experimental tool for studying the biological function of plant glutamate receptors and amino acid signalling.     

植物根系对氮胁迫的形态学响应

NO3-不仅是植物营养的主要N源,而且也是调节植物新陈代谢和生长发育的信号。植物根系对N供给的形态学适应表现在4个方面:(1)植物侧根(LR)响应体外硝酸盐的局部刺激而伸长,AtNRT1.1在侧根响应体外硝酸盐的局部刺激中,作用于ANR1 MADS box基因上游;(2)植物LR分裂组织活动受到组织中高浓度的硝酸盐抑制,RNA结合蛋白FCA是高硝酸盐/ABA诱导侧根发育抑制的信号传输途径成分;(3)植物侧根的发生受到体外高C∶N比抑制,AtNRT2.1参与高C∶N比抑制侧根发生;(4)植物根响应体外L-谷氨酸盐的刺激而分枝,初生根的生长受到体外L-谷氨酸盐抑制,植物根系对L-谷氨酸盐的响应可能与一种同源于哺乳动物离子型谷氨酸盐受体的植物蛋白的感知作用有关。植物根形态对N供给的响应具有重要生理和生态意义。     

砷胁迫对小麦根系生长及活性氧代谢的影响

在水培和盆载条件下研究了砷对小麦根系生长及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明：随砷浓度的提高,小麦胚根、次生根条数减少,总根长度、胚芽长度缩短、根体积、干重也较对照冯少超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性下降趋势,质脂过氧化产物（ＭＤＡ）含理增加,质膜相对透性增大、泪科越冬期,拔节期、灌浆期表现出同样的趋势。     

干旱灌区冬小麦根系的生长冗余

采用管栽试验通过人为去除根系的方法对甘肃河西绿洲灌区2个冬小麦品种根系的形态特征及根系与地上部分的关系进行了研究。结果表明:去除根系的冬小麦的前期生长受到一定程度的限制,与对照相比,其根冠比及其它根系指标均有所下降,且根系去除程度越大降低幅度越大;生长后期小麦根系出现了超补偿效应;成熟期,去除1/4根系和去除1/2根系处理的冬小麦无论是主茎还是分蘖的穗长、穗质量、穗粒数、粒质量等均比对照增加;但前者主茎各项指标的增幅较大,而后者分蘖的各项指标增幅较大。初步确定冬小麦在充分灌溉条件下至少有1/4的根系是冗余的。     

SimRoot: Modelling and visualization of root systems

SimRoot, a geometric simulation model of plant root systems, is described. This model employs a data structure titled the Extensible Tree, which is well suited to the type of data required to model root systems. As implemented on Silicon Graphics workstations, the data structure and visualization code provides for continuous viewing of the simulated root system during growth. SimRoot differs from existing models in the explicit treatment of spatial heterogeneity of physiological processes in the root system, and by inclusion of a kinematic treatment of root axes. Examples are provided of the utility of the model in estimating the fractal geometry of simulated root systems in 1, 2, and 3 dimensional space. We envision continued development of the model to incorporate competition from neighboring root systems, linkage with crop simulation models to simulate root-shoot interactions, explicit treatment of soil heterogeneity, and plasticity of root responses to soil factors such as presence of mycorrhizal associations.     

土层厚度对旱地小麦花后根系衰老的影响

随土层加深,根系活力、根系ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性及可溶性蛋白质含量增加,ＭＤＡ含量减少,土层愈薄,其根系衰老愈快。从整个土层看,处理３（１６０ｃｍ）与对照（２００ｃｍ）无显著差异,处理１（８０ｃｍ）和处理２（１２０ｃｍ）与对照差异显著,由此可以认为延迟旱地小麦衰老的土层厚度应在１６０ｃｍ左右,并可据此制定管理方案,以获得高产高效。     

Statistical modeling of nitrogen-dependent modulation of root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant root development is strongly affected by nutrient availability. Despite the importance of structure and function of roots in nutrient acquisition,statistical modeling approaches to evaluate dynamic and temporal modulations of root system architecture in response to nutrient availability have remained as widely open and exploratory areas in root biology. In this study,we developed a statistical modeling approach to investigate modulations of root system architecture in response to nitrogen availability. Mathematical models were designed for quantitative assessment of root growth and root branching phenotypes and their dynamic relationships based on hierarchical con figuration of primary and lateral roots formulating the fishbone-shaped root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Time-series datasets reporting dynamic changes in root developmental traits on different nitrate or ammonium concentrations were generated for statistical analyses. Regression analyses unraveled key parameters associated with:(i) inhibition of primary root growth under nitrogen limitation or on ammonium;(ii) rapid progression of lateral root emergence in response to ammonium; and(iii) inhibition of lateral root elongation in the presence of excess nitrate or ammonium. This study provides a statistical framework for interpreting dynamic modulation of root system architecture,supported by metaanalysis of datasets displaying morphological responses of roots to diverse nitrogen supplies.     

不同耕作措施对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响

在田间定位试验的基础上,研究了内陆河绿洲灌区不同耕作措施对冬小麦根系时空分布和产量的影响.结果表明:免耕秸杆覆盖(NTS)和免耕立茬(NTSS)措施下冬小麦根系总干重和总根长都大于传统耕作(T),且差异显著;开花期各处理总根干重和总根长都达到最大,之后开始下降;NTS和NTSS处理0～10cm土层的根长密度和根干重密度显著高于T处理,表现出根系表层分布的特征;拔节期, NTS、NTSS和NT处理10～30cm的根长密度和干重密度都小于T,而拔节后NTS 和NTSS各土层根长密度和根干重密度增长幅度大于T.产量研究结果表明,NTS和NTSS能显著提高冬小麦产量,与T 相比,产量分别提高16.84%～30.59%和12.76%～24.32%.     

稻茬麦根系构型的定向分型分析

为探索稻茬麦根构型的方向性,使用田间数字化仪实现稻茬麦根系的数值化,将根系数据导入Pro-E重构出根系的空间状态图,然后将根构型每隔10°进行各向投影,计算根系构型在18个维度的分形维数与分形丰度.结果表明:小麦苗期根构型在各维度的分形特征具有较强的规律性,表明根系在土体中的分布具有明显的方向性.在苗期到返青期,根构型在18个维度的分形指标波动性大,表明这一时期内根系生长处于持续的动态变化过程.在拔节期,根构型在各维度的分形再次呈现出一定的规律性,表明根系在土体中的分布重新表现出明显的方向性.该研究方法可以精准描述和分析植物根系在田间环境中的分布状况.     

干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响

采用水培试验方法,以2个耐旱性不同的小麦品种(敏感型望水白和耐旱型洛旱7号)为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系形态、生理特性以及叶片光合作用的影响,以期揭示小麦幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应机制.结果表明： 干旱胁迫下,2个小麦品种幼苗的根系活力显著增大,而根数和根系表面积受到抑制;干旱胁迫降低了望水白的叶片相对含水量,提高了束缚水/自由水,而对洛旱7号无显著影响;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,但随胁迫时间的延长,洛旱7号的叶绿素含量和净光合速率与对照差异不显著;干旱胁迫降低了2个小麦品种幼苗的单株叶面积,以及望水白的根系、地上部和植株生物量,而对洛旱7号无显著影响.水分胁迫下,耐旱型品种可以通过提高根系活力、保持较高的根系生长量来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,保持较高的根系吸水能力,进而维持较高的光合面积和光合速率,缓解干旱对生长的抑制.