额尔古纳河流域秋季浮游植物群落结构特征

2008年8-9月对额尔古纳河流域5个重要水体呼伦湖、乌兰泡、二卡湿地、伊敏河和哈乌尔河进行浮游植物调查,结果显示：1）共鉴定浮游植物8门82属177种（含变种）,以绿藻和硅藻种类最多,绿藻有36属77种,占43.5%,硅藻21属54种,占30.5%;其次是蓝藻,13属26种,占14.7%;裸藻4属11种,占6.2%;其他藻类仅占5.1%;2）在呼伦湖共有64属121种,乌兰泡47属88种,二卡湿地62属116种,伊敏河41属59种,哈乌尔河32属54种;优势度分析显示：呼伦湖与乌兰泡优势种为蓝藻和绿藻,二卡湿地为硅藻与隐藻,伊敏河与哈乌尔河为硅藻;蓝藻个体密度在乌兰泡与呼伦湖最大,分别为5.17?106 ind./L和4.01?106 ind./L,而硅藻密度则在二卡湿地、伊敏河与哈乌尔河占优势,分别为1.40?106 ind./L、1.84?105 ind./L与4.89?105 ind./L;此外,聚类分析显示5个水体的浮游植物群落按结构特征可分为两大类;3）与历史记录相比,呼伦湖的优势种转变为细胞较小的坚实微囊藻(M. firma)与不定微囊藻(M. incerta),这种小型化的趋势表明呼伦湖水体富营养化程度加剧;4）综合多种指标对水质状况进行评估：呼伦湖、乌兰泡为中-富营养水体,二卡湿地为中营养水体,伊敏河与哈乌尔河属于贫-中营养水体。     

Distribution of the Yesso Scallop, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mizuhopecten yessoensis</Emphasis> (Jay, 1857) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in the southern part of the Far Eastern Marine Reserve

The current status of the Yesso scallop, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, population has been studied in waters of the southern part of the Far Eastern Marine Reserve. The maximum population densities of this species observed in Kalevala Bay in 2007 and 2015 were 0.50 and 0.56 ind./m², respectively. In the bays and off the semi-open shores, the mean population density was higher than in open waters. The number of Yesso scallops in the studied part of the reserve (1.3 million ind.) is equivalent to that in 2007 (1.2 million ind.); the difference between the population density values in 2007 and 2015 is statistically insignificant at the 5% level of significance. The total number of M. yessoensis in Peter the Great Bay is estimated at 4 million ind.; at least one-quarter of the population inhabits the southern part of the reserve.     

About the finding of Pallasiola quadrispinosa (G.O. Sars, 1867) (Gammaridae: Amphipoda) in Lake Vishtynetskoye (Kaliningrad region)

Lake Vishtynetskoye is the only water body in Kaliningrad region where the glacial freshwater relict Pallasiola quadrispinosa (G.O. Sars, 1867) inhabits. Amphipods were recorded in the littoral zone of the lake in autumn and winter 2008. In the biotope with silty shell limestone, amphipods were recorded only in winter (20 ind./m²). The abundance of P. quadrispinosa was 200 ind/m² in autumn and 60 ind/m² in the biotope of sand with overgrowths of water horsetail in winter. At present amphipod, P. quadrispinosa is registered in 12 lakes of Vishtynetsky (Suwalki) Upland.     

Seasonal density dynamics and distribution of brachyuran crab larvae (Decapoda: Brachyura) in Amursky and Ussuriysky bays, Sea of Japan

The species composition, period of occurrence, density, and distribution of brachyuran crab larvae (Decapoda: Brachyura) in the Amursky and Ussuriysky bays (Sea of Japan) were studied in May–October 2007 and 2008. The larvae of this group were not numerous, with peak densities occurring in July at maximum water temperatures. The average brachyuran larvae density was up to 126.9 ind./m³ in Ussuriysky Bay and 68 ind./m³ in Amursky Bay; the contribution of Brachyura to all decapod larvae reached 80–90%. In Amursky Bay, the highest density of brachyuran larvae (up to 584 ind./m³) was observed along the western coast over depths to 20 m; in Ussuriysky Bay, the larval density was highest (up to 1817 ind./m³) in the shallowwater northern part and progressively decreased with depth. Larvae of 18 brachyuran species were found in plankton samples. In Amursky Bay, intertidal crab larvae of the genus Hemigrapsus dominated, Eriocheir japonica larvae were fairly numerous. Larvae of the pea crabs Pinnixa rathbuni and Tritodynamia rathbunae and zoeae of the bigtooth rock crab Glebocarcinus amphioetus were predominant in Ussuriysky Bay.     

Soil microarthropods and macrofauna in monsoon tropical forests of Cat Tien and Bi Dup-Nui Ba National Parks,southern Vietnam

The abundance, biomass, vertical distribution, and taxonomic composition of soil invertebrates (springtails, macrofauna, and termites) were studied in forest formations differing in edaphic and climatic conditions: lowland forests dominated by Lagerstroemia spp. or Dipterocarpus spp. in the Cat Tien National Park and in a mountain pine (Pinus kesiya) forest on the Da Lat Plateau, southern Vietnam. In the lowland forests, springtails had a relatively low density (10000–12000 ind./m²), but their diversity was high (41–43 species in each forest). The density of large soil invertebrates (without ants and termites) reached 500–700 ind./m² at a biomass of approximately 30 g/m² (with earthworms accounting for up to 230 ind./m² and 19–28 g/m²). Among termites, species of the genera Macrotermes and Odontotermes were dominant. Their total biomass in some areas exceeded 15–20 g/m². In the mountain pine forest, the total biomass of soil macrofauna was approximately 11 g/m², the abundance and diversity of springtails were low (7500 ind./m², 28 species), and wood-destroying species of the genera Schedorhinotermes sp. and Coptotermes sp. dominated among termites.     

Peculiarities of the population of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bythotrephes brevimanus</Emphasis> lilljeborg, 1901, in lake pleshcheevo (the Upper Volga Basin)

The morphological and biological features of Bythotrephes—a relatively rare crustacean in Lake Pleshcheevo—have been identified on the basis of vast material (several hundreds of individuals) collected in August 2010. The individuals were distinguished by a minimal body size, short caudal appendix, absence of a loop, and very small caudal claws and were identified as Bythotrephes brevimanus Lilljeborg, 1901. The morphology of the crustacean corresponds to the high water mineralization in the lake and the relative stability of the environment. Some peculiarities of molt and growth of the crustacean were distinguished. A chitinous integument of the caudal appendix formed during embryogenesis has a different structure than chitin formed during further molts. In August, the population of B. brevimanus in different areas of the lake was stable and consisted only of juveniles and parthenogenetic females (80%) (4–6 eggs). The largest number of crustaceans (150 ind./m³) was recorded in the periphery of the depression above depths of 6–7 m; 80 ind./m³ were recorded above depths of 11–12 m; and, above the depression, there were less than 30 ind./m³. The small density of crustaceans in the pelagial depends on the intensive grazing of this food object selected by fish in especially transparent water (color 15–20 and transparency 300–600 cm).     

Population Size-Age Structure and Growth of the Subtropical Bivalve Nuttallia obscurata in Primorye Waters at the North Boundary of Its Geographic Range

Data on the population size-age structure of the bivalve mollusk Nuttallia obscurata inhabiting Klyuchi Lake of the Dzhigitovka River water catchment area are adduced. It was shown that the Nuttallia forms populations with a density up to 1280 ind./m² and a biomass up to 13.9 kg/m² on sand and silt-sand bottoms in the near mouth part of the lake. The maximum length of the mollusk shell was 65 mm at an age of 10 years in the studied aggregation. Finds of Nuttallia and subfossil shells of other thermotropic bivalves (Musculista senhuosia, Solen krusensterni and Ruditapes philippinarum) in Klyuchi Lake evidenced that representatives of the Mid Holocene warm-loving malacofauna penetrated up to 45°N along the continental coast of the Sea of Japan.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Biologiya Morya, E. Kolpakov, N. Kolpakov.     

The distribution of zooplankton and bowhead whales, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balaena mysticetus</Emphasis> Linnaeus, 1758, in Akademiya Bay,Sea of Okhotsk

The modern pattern of distribution and feeding habits of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, in the Sea of Okhotsk are studied. The existence of a feeding aggregation of this whale species in the southwesternmost portion (apex) of Ulban Bay has been confirmed. There, the animals feed in shallow waters with depths of 3–5 m, which are only slightly larger than their body height. The quantitative composition and species structure of zooplankton at the stations that were set near feeding whales have been analyzed. In the samples taken in the immediate proximity to the feeding whales, the abundance of zooplankton reached 31409 ind./m³, with the average value of 17565 ind./m³. The lowest abundance, from 56 to 1879 ind./m³ (mean 927 ind./m³), was in the samples from western Konstantin Bay, where bowhead whales were not observed. In 16 samples collected in the immediate proximity to the feeding whales in the shallow waters of Ulban Bay, the average zooplankton biomass was 547.9 mg/m³, which is 3.9 times higher than that in the samples from waters where the whales were absent. Copepods dominated quantitatively at all the stations in Akademiya Bay. The proportion of euphausiids in the zooplankton biomass was lower than 1%, both near the feeding whales and in the absence of whales.     

The seasonal dynamics and distribution of burrowing shrimp larvae of the infraorders Gebiidea and Axiidea in Amursky and Ussuriysky Bays,the Sea of Japan

The species composition, period of occurrence, density, and distribution of the larvae of burrowing shrimp of the infraorders Gebiidea and Axiidea in Amursky and Ussuriysky bays (Sea of Japan) were studied in May–October 2008. Larvae of eight species of this group were found in plankton samples. The period of occurrence of larvae in the bays was longest in Upogebia major and Nihonotrypaea petalura (4 and 3 months, respectively). Zoeae of the rest of the species occurred in the plankton for no more than 2 months, indicating a single larval hatching during the reproductive season. The average density of gebiidean and axiidean larvae was low and reached the highest values (4 ind./m³) in June in Amursky Bay and in July in Ussuriysky Bay; their contribution to the total density of decapod larvae was not above 18%. In general, larvae of the family Upogebiidae dominated in Amursky Bay and larvae of the Callianassidae were predominant in Ussuriysky Bay. The zoeae of U. major (up to 37 ind./m³) and Nihonotrypaea makarovi (up to 46 ind./m³) were most numerous. Larvae of the family Axiidae were recorded only in very low numbers in both bays.     

Distribution, species composition, and dynamics of echinoderm larvae in an area of the Tumen River Estuary and of the Far East State Marine Reserve

Species composition, distribution, and density dynamics of echinoderm larvae were determined based on four samples taken at 28 stations in the summer-autumn season of 1997 in an area adjacent to the Tumen River Estuary and to the Far East State Marine Reserve. Larvae of nine species were recorded. The larvae ofOphiura sarsi (up to 9600 ind./m³) and ofEchinocardium cordatum (2058 ind./m³) were dominant in terms of density. The echinoderm larvae mostly appeared in the upper water layer (0–15 m). The study area can be divided into two sites based on the density and species composition of echinoderm larvae: the first to the south of Furugel'ma Island, where the density and species number were low, and the second to the north of Furugel'ma Island, where these parameters had higher values.     

Distribution and special traits of naturalization of new and rare zooplankton species in waterbodies of the Upper Volga basin

More than ten new zooplankton species were registered in reservoirs of the Upper Volga during 2002–2005. Since 2003, the cladoceran Diaphanosoma orghidani Negrea, had intensively settled in different biotopes of Ivankovo, Uglich, Rybinsk, and Sheksna reservoirs and is the most abundant (16 000 ind./m³) in the latter one. The rotifer Asplanchna henrietta Langh. was found for the first time in Rybinsk Reservoir in 1985, and by 2004, this species had also occurred in Ivankovo, Uglich reservoirs, Lake Nero, and some small waterbodies of the basin. In Lake Nero its density reaches especially high values (>1 million ind./m³). Causes, mechanisms, and ecological consequences of the expansion of new zooplankton species are discussed.     

Vertical distribution of the relic species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eurytemora lacustris</Emphasis> (Copepoda,Calanoida) in stratified mesotrophic lakes

The aim of this study was to determine factors affecting the vertical distribution of Eurytemora lacustris in mesotrophic lakes (Wigry, Hańcza, Szurpi?y; north-eastern Poland) during the summer stagnation. Eurytemora lacustris was found in all of the studied lakes, with the highest abundance (8 ind. L^?1) in Lake Wigry. In Lake Szurpi?y, E. lacustris has never been recorded before. The results of this study revealed that E. lacustris was most numerous in thermocline zones, suggesting that this species could temporarily tolerate warmer water and lower oxygen concentrations due to better food resources. During the study, it was found that a large part of the E. lacustris population had epibiont ciliates, in contrast to other species of zooplankton that did not have any epibionts. The improvement in the water quality of many deep lakes could lead to an increase in the abundance of E. lacustris. However, epibiont ciliates may be a threat for this species and may play a substantial role in determining the production, distribution, and community dynamics of E. lacustris.     

The population structure of stone centipedes (Lithobiomorpha) on a landscape profile in the Transural forest-steppe

The biotopic distribution, abundance, spatial and sex-age structures of stone centipede population are described on a landscape profile in the Transural steppe-forest zone. Two species, Lithobius curtipes and Lamyctes emarginatus, were found, the former species inhabiting most of the communities, and the latter, only periodically flooded sites. The density of centipedes varied from 2.4 to 4.0 ind./m² in the steppe and from 4.8 to 52.8 ind./m² in the forest communities. In mid-summer, juveniles comprised no less than 50% of the population, the epimorph stages being the most abundant. The populations of L. curtipes were characterized by a mosaic distribution and prevalence of males over females.     

Alternative methods for sustainably managing coastal forests as silvo-pastoral systems

Integration of shelter forest and herbage into a silvo-pastoral system with sustainable management can improve the ecological and economic sustainability of shelter forest in coastal China. Sustainable management of tree density and forage grasses planting was studied by establishing five experimental treatments through selective logging of the forest. The tree density at the five treatments was 5.00, 2.50, 1.67, 1.25, and 1.00 ind./100 m², respectively. The density of 1.25 ind./100 m² (Treatment 4) is the best for introduced forage plants (Sorghum sudanense, Lolium multiflorum, and Medicago sativa) and mature Populus to integrate into a silvo-pastoral system, while the density of 1.00 ind./100 m² (Treatment 5) is the best for the native grass (Setaria faberi and Arthraxon pricnode) and mature Populus. The planting experiment presented the best combination of planting practices (seed amount, planting depth, and fertilizer amount) for each introduced grass. The silvo-pastoral system has been run successfully for 3 years and has been very profitable for the local farmers. In the silvo-pastoral system, simple cultivation practices change the local dominant species of grasses. Furthermore, a new result is found about tree–grass interaction that change of tree density can alter species of forage plants under trees.     

北部湾近岸海域浮游动物群落结构特征及季节变化

2017年3月(枯水期)、7月(丰水期)和10月(平水期)分别对北部湾近岸海域44个站位的浮游动物进行了调查。结果共检出浮游动物251种和浮游幼体24类,其中枯水期138种(类),丰水期134种(类),平水期191种(类),分属河口低盐、近岸暖温、近岸暖水和外海暖水4个生态类群。优势种9种,其中枯水期以原生动物占绝对优势,丰水期以枝角类、桡足类和浮游幼体类占优势,平水期以十足类和浮游幼体类占优势。浮游动物丰度年均值为789.95个/m~3,呈现出枯水期(1540.19个/m~3)明显高于平水期(457.58个/m~3)和丰水期(372.08个/m~3)的季节变化特征;浮游动物生物量年均值为252.40 mg/m~3,生物量的季节变化与丰度变化不一致,平水期生物量(385.01 mg/m~3)明显高于枯水期(221.41 mg/m~3)和丰水期(150.78 mg/m~3)。多样性指数平水期最高(3.16),丰水期(2.35)次之,枯水期(2.22)最低。枯水期和丰水期北部湾近岸海域浮游动物生物量和丰度水平分布特征基本呈现自河口近岸海域向外海递增的趋势,平水期浮游动物生物量与丰度的空间分布较为均匀。浮游动物的种类组成结构以及优势种的演替对浮游动物的生物量和丰度季节变化有着重要的决定作用。径流导致的悬浮物、营养盐等的变化可能是决定北部湾近岸海域浮游动物生物量和丰度空间分布的主要因素。研究还表明与其他海湾相比,北部湾近岸海域浮游动物群落结构趋于小型化,需加大关注。     

福建中部近海浮游动物数量分布与水团变化的关系

根据2009—2010年在福建中部近海24°55'—25°13'N、119°11'—119°32'E水域冬、春、夏3个季节的调查资料,探讨了该水域浮游动物总丰度与生物量的平面分布、季节变化及其与台湾海峡水团变化的关系。结果表明,调查水域浮游动物的数量在冬、春之交变化较大,而在春、夏季变化较小。浮游动物冬、春两季的平均丰度分别为8.90 个/m³和245.65 个/m³,夏季为236.82 个/m³。冬、春两季,该水域浮游动物的分布特征相近。其数量在近岸较高,向外侧水域逐渐降低。冬季浮游动物的丰度最高为31.56 个/m³,春季最高达到831.67 个/m³。中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)是冬、春季影响总丰度变化最主要的种类。与冬、春季不同,夏季浮游动物的数量在离岸水域较高,丰度最高达1053.13 个/m³,而在近岸较低,最低值仅19.17 个/m³。汉森莹虾(Lucifer hanseni)、双生水母(Diphyes chamissonis)是影响总丰度变化最主要的种类。浮游动物在各季的不同分布特征与台湾海峡的季节性水团变化有关。受季风转换影响,从冬季到夏季,海峡内沿岸流势力逐渐减弱,台湾暖流水势力逐渐增强,并影响到沿岸的水文环境。这导致调查水域内浮游动物的优势种类由暖温种向暖水种演替。由于冬、春季的重要优势种类中华哲水蚤与夏季的汉森莹虾、双生水母具有不同的温度适应性,受不同性质水团的影响,在近岸和离岸水域各自呈现出不同的数量高低。从而进一步影响到各季浮游动物总数量的分布。     

Zooplankton of Lake Kandrykul (Republic of Bashkortostan,Russia) under Conditions of Anthropogenic Eutrophication

The species diversity, abundance, and biomass of zooplankton in the pelagic and coastal zones of Lake Kandrykul were studied in 2007–2012. The community was dominated by large Cladocera. The maximum abundance of zooplankton was observed in the anomalously warm 2010. In July, the highest abundance of zooplankton (1300 thousand ind./m³) was recorded near the southern coast in stands of mare′s-tail Hippurus vulgaris; that of biomass (9 g/m³) was found near the northern shore in stands of narrow-leaved cattail Typha angustifolia. The lowest values of the number and biomass of aquatic invertebrates were observed in the pelagial (32 thousand ind./m³ and 0.1 g/m³) and along the M5 motorway stretching aside the northeastern coast (188 thousand ind./m³ and 0.5 g/m³). The Shannon index value (1.3–2.1) corresponded to the meso-eutrophic type of water bodies. In 2007, according to the Mjaemets trophicity index (E), the lake ecosystem was oligotrophic (E 0.11); in 2010–2012 it was mesotrophic (in the pelagial, E value was 0.54; in the open littoral it was 0.76) or weakly eutrophic (E values of protected littoral were 1.52). The estimates of water trophy as assessed by zooplankton are close to those assessed by the number and biomass of phytoplankton (meso-eutrophic type). The rapid eutrophication of the lake ecosystem was revealed. In 6 years the trophic status of the lake changed from oligo-mesotrophic to meso-eutrophic.     

长江口及邻近海域枝角类和涟虫类生态学

根据2002～2003年长江口29°00'～32°00'N、122°00'～123°30'E海域4个季节的海洋调查,运用定量、定性方法,探讨长江口邻近海域枝角类和涟虫类总丰度的季节变化特征,以及丰度的季节差异与水团的关系,分析了种类的数量变动,并与东海外海的生态特征进行比较.结果表明,长江口及邻近海域涟虫类丰度的季节变化主要受温度的影响,而平面分布变化与盐度有关.平均丰度夏季最高(0.59 ind./m3),春季最低(0.05 ind./m3).本次调查共发现涟虫类4种,分别为三叶针尾涟虫(Diastylis tricincta)、卵圆涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)、亚洲异针尾涟虫(Dimorphostylis asiatica)和细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera).其中,三叶针尾涟虫四季均出现,四季优势度分别为0.04、0.03、0.04和0.06;卵圆涟虫出现在夏、秋和冬季,优势度分别为0.11、0.00和0.07;亚洲异针尾涟虫和细长涟虫仅秋季出现,优势度分别为0.17和0.002.仅在夏季发现两种枝角类,分别为肥胖三角溞(Evadne tergestina)和鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris).在长江口,枝角类和涟虫类的分布特征与长江冲淡水都有一定的关系,显示出这两大类浮游动物具有咸淡水分布的特征.     

Species composition, abundance distribution and diversity of planktonic Ostracoda in the Beibu Gulf, China

Four cruises of survey were carried out in the Beibu Gulf between Feb 1998 and May 1999. A total of 18 species of planktonic Ostracoda were identified, including Cypridina nana, Cypridina dentata, Cypridina acuminata, Cypridina nami, Euconchoecia aculeata, Euconchoecia elongata, Euconchoecia maima, and other taxa. Planktonic Ostracoda in the gulf were divided into three ecological types: (1) a hyposaline and warm-water group, (2) a eurythermal and eurysaline group, and (3) a hyperthermal and hysaline group. The warm water species such as Euconchoecia aculeate and Cypridina acuminate were the dominant Ostracoda species in the gulf, where the overall Ostracoda density ranged from 0.02 ind./m³ to 51.58 ind./m³ and averaged 1.22 ind./m³. The highest average value (2.73 ind./m³) was found in spring. Fuzzy evaluation measures indicated that the diversity in the gulf remained low (level of class I) during all seasons. Diversity appeared to be relatively higher in some regions in which the water mass was strongly influenced by the open sea and had complex structures. This article also discusses how the species composition, abundance and diversity of planktonic Ostracoda are influenced by environmental factors (e.g., aquatic system, water mass, water temperature and salinity) in the Beibu Gulf.     

Species composition, abundance distribution and diversity of planktonic Ostracoda in the Beibu Gulf, China

Four cruises of survey were carried out in the Beibu Gulf between Feb 1998 and May 1999. A total of 18 species of planktonic Ostracoda were identified, including Cypridina nana, Cypridina dentata, Cypridina acuminata, Cypridina nami, Euconchoecia aculeata, Euconchoecia elongata, Euconchoecia maima, and other taxa. Planktonic Ostracoda in the gulf were divided into three ecological types: (1) a hyposaline and warm-water group, (2) a eurythermal and eurysaline group, and (3) a hyperthermal and hysaline group. The warm water species such as Euconchoecia aculeate and Cypridina acuminate were the dominant Ostracoda species in the gulf, where the overall Ostracoda density ranged from 0.02 ind./m³ to 51.58 ind./m³ and averaged 1.22 ind./m³. The highest average value (2.73 ind./m³) was found in spring. Fuzzy evaluation measures indicated that the diversity in the gulf remained low (level of class I) during all seasons. Diversity appeared to be relatively higher in some regions in which the water mass was strongly influenced by the open sea and had complex structures. This article also discusses how the species composition, abundance and diversity of planktonic Ostracoda are influenced by environmental factors (e.g., aquatic system, water mass, water temperature and salinity) in the Beibu Gulf.