Karyogenomics of species of the genus Linum L

Using the molecular cytogenetic and RAPD methods of analysis, we studied genomes of 22 cultivated flax varieties and 24 wild species from six sections of the genus Linum L. The chromosome numbers were exactly determined in the karyotypes of all studied species, and all individual chromosomes were identified by the C/DAPI-banding pattern and localization of 26S rDNA and 5S rDNA. B chromosomes were identified and studied for the first time in species of the section Syllinum Griseb. According to the data obtained, the species studied were divided into eight groups on the basis of similarity of their karyotypes, which corresponded in general to their clustering based on the RAPD results. The systematic positions and phylogenetic relationships of the flax species were verified.     

Analysis of diversity of autosomal-recessive diseases in Russian populations]

The diversity of autosomal recessive (AR) diseases was studied in six Russian regions: the Kirov, Kostroma, and Bryansk oblasts; Adygea Republic; Krasnodar krai, and Marii El Republic (in the latter region, the Mari and Russian ethnic groups were studied separately). In total, more than 1.5 million people were studied. The spectrum of the AR diseases included 101 nosological forms; the total number of the affected subjects was 942. For all diseases, the prevalence rate in the region where they were found and the mean prevalence rate in the total population studied were calculated. Only seven AR diseases had prevalence rates of 1:50,000 or higher; however, this group contained about 50% of the patients. About half of the AR diseases (66) had an extremely low prevalence rate (1:877,483). Eleven diseases exhibit local accumulation. Accumulation of some or other diseases was only observed in four out of seven populations studied (Marii El, Adygea, and the Kirov and Bryansk oblasts). To determine the cause of the local accumulation of some diseases in populations, correlation analysis of the dependence of accumulation of hereditary diseases on the genetic structure of the populations studied was performed. The accumulation coefficients for AR and autosomal dominant (AD) diseases and the mean values of random inbreeding (Fst) in individual districts were calculated for all populations studied. The coefficients of the Spearman rank correlation between the accumulation coefficient and random inbreeding (Fst) were 0.68 and 0.86 for the AD and AR diseases, respectively. The correlation between the accumulation of AD and AR diseases was 0.86. The relationships found indicate that the diversity of AD and AR diseases, as well as the genetic load, distinctly depended on the population genetic structure and were largely determined by genetic drift.     

Karyogenomics of species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Linum</Emphasis> L.

Using the molecular cytogenetic and RAPD methods of analysis, we studied genomes of 22 cultivated flax varieties and 24 wild species from six sections of the genus Linum L. The chromosome numbers were exactly determined in the karyotypes of all studied species, and all individual chromosomes were identified by the C/DAPI-banding pattern and localization of 26S rDNA and 5S rDNA. B chromosomes were discovered and studied for the first time in species of the section Syllinum Griseb. According to the data obtained, the species studied were divided into eight groups on the basis of similarity of their karyotypes, which corresponded in general to their clustering based on the RAPD results. The systematic positions and phylogenetic relationships of the flax species were verified.     

Effects of organic fluorosilicone compounds on the development of tumors in mice

The influence of new synthesized fluoro-silicium-organic complexes on the virus-induced Rauscher leukosis and cell-transferred MX-11 mouse sarcoma was studied. We also studied the cytotoxic effects of these complexes in vitro in the human CaOv cells. Two complexes from seven studied were cytotoxic for CaOv cells. Five complexes from seven studied diminished the mortality of animals with MX-11 tumors on the 27-th day of observation, but the total life duration of the animals in the experimental group was the same as in controls. One complex from seven studied increased the life duration of mice with MX-11 tumors. No effects were noted in relation to mice virus-induced Rauscher leukosis.     

Natural infection in laboratory animals due to trichophyton mentagrophytes in India

Summary Five strains ofTrichophyton mentagrophytes were isolated, four from guinea pigs and one from rabbit. The symptoms of the disease were studied. The morphological characters and the pathogenicity of the isolates were studied in detail. The significance of the findings is discussed.     

Changes in the dielectric properties of water in yeast cells during their death

The dielectric properties of living and dead unicellular microorganisms (yeast) were studied in the microwave range, and the general regularities and differences were revealed. The effect of temperature on the dielectric properties of yeast cells has been studied. The dielectric parameters of water fractions contained in yeast cells were estimated using the refraction model.     

Nitroxidergic elements in the digestive system of Mactra chinensis and Spisula sachalinensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mactridae)

Localization and morphology of NO-ergic elements in the digestive system of bivalve molluscs Mactra chinensis and Spisula sachalinensis were studied using histochemical technique [1] for detection of NADPH-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.1) [1]. The NO-producing elements were revealed in all parts of the digestive system of the studied animals. NADPH-diaphorase was found in cells of several morphological types as well as in nerve plexuses. The most abundant in the digestive tract parts of the studied molluscs were intraepithelial nerve cells of the “open” type, whose thin apical process is directed towards the gut lumen. Subepithelial NO-ergic neurons were revealed in stomach and crystalline style sac of Mactra chinensis. Besides, diformazan granules are present in brush-border epitheliocytes of the major and secondary ducts of the digestive gland as well as in cells of digestive tubules of this gland. All studied parts were found to contain basiepithelial and subepithelial NO-ergic nerve fibers forming networks of various densities from, most commonly, loose to dense plexuses particularly developed in labia, esophagus, and gut of the studied molluscs.     

Survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage

The inactivation of naturally occurring bacterial indicators and bacteriophages by thermal treatment of a dewatered sludge and raw sewage was studied. The sludge was heated at 80 degrees C, and the sewage was heated at 60 degrees C. In both cases phages were significantly more resistant to thermal inactivation than bacterial indicators, with the exception of spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia. Somatic coliphages and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis were significantly more resistant than F-specific RNA phages. Similar trends were observed in sludge and sewage. The effects of thermal treatment on various phages belonging to the three groups mentioned above and on various enteroviruses added to sewage were also studied. The results revealed that the variability in the resistance of phages agreed with the data obtained with the naturally occurring populations and that the phages that were studied were more resistant to heat treatment than the enteroviruses that were studied. The phages survived significantly better than Salmonella choleraesuis, and the extents of inactivation indicated that naturally occurring bacteriophages can be used to monitor the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella.     

Analysis of Diversity of Autosomal Recessive Diseases in Populations of Russia

The diversity of autosomal recessive (AR) diseases was studied in six Russian regions: the Kirov, Kostroma, and Bryansk oblasts; Adygea Republic; Krasnodar krai, and Marii El Republic (in the latter region, the Mari and Russian ethnic groups were studied separately). In total, more than 1.5 million people were studied. The spectrum of the AR diseases included 101 nosological forms; the total number of the affected was 942. For all diseases, the prevalence rate in the region where they were found and the mean prevalence rate in the total population studied were calculated. Only seven AR diseases had prevalence rates of 1 : 50000 or higher; however, this group contained about 50% of the patients. About half of the AR diseases (66) had an extremely low prevalence rate (1 : 877483). Eleven diseases exhibit local accumulation. Accumulation of some or other diseases was only observed in four out of seven populations studied (Marii El, Adygea, and the Kirov and Bryansk oblasts). To determine the cause of the local accumulation of some diseases in populations, correlation analysis of the dependence of accumulation of hereditary diseases on the genetic structure of the populations studied was performed. The accumulation coefficients for AR and autosomal dominant (AD) diseases and the mean values of random inbreeding (F _st) in individual districts were calculated for all populations studied. The coefficients of the Spearman rank correlation between the accumulation coefficient and random inbreeding (F _st) were 0.68 and 0.86 for the AD and AR diseases, respectively. The correlation between the accumulation of AD and AR diseases was 0.86. The relationships found indicate that the diversity of AD and AR diseases, as well as the genetic load, distinctly depended on the population genetic structure and were largely determined by genetic drift.     

Neurosecretory cells in Diptera

The neurosecretory cells were studied in 20 dipteran species belonging to three suborders. The NSC are localized in (a) the frontal ganglion (in 10 of the 20 species studied), (b) the pars intercerebralis region of the protocerebrum (in the median and lateral groups), (c) the tritocerebral region of the brain (in 8 of the 20 species studied) and (d) the suboesophageal ganglion. In one species, NSC were also seen in the prothoracic ganglion. The NSC were classified as types A, B and C/D. The NSC of the median group of the pars intercerebralis were unusually large compared with the size of the brain. The number, size and distribution of the cells are discussed.     

Effects of 14-day tail suspension on vasoreactivity of arteries from different parts of the body in rats

The contraction responses of arterial rings to KCl and phenylephrine were studied in rats following tail suspension to simulate weightlessness. The abdominal aorta, femoral artery, and common carotid artery were studied. Results indicated that contraction responses were altered in the hindquarter only, and this finding may provide a clue to the mechanisms involved in postflight orthostatic intolerance.     

Scaling of stem and crown in eight Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) species of Brazil

The scaling of stem and crown was studied in eight Cecropia species in Amazonian and southeastern forests of Brazil. The Amazonian species, C. concolor, C. palmata, C. purpurascens, C. sciadophylla, and C. ulei were studied in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The southeastern species, C. glaziovii, C. hololeuca, and C. pachystachya were studied in Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Measures of diameter, height, number of branches, number of leaves, and total leaf area were log transformed and regressed on height. Three models of mechanical designs of trees, elastic, constant stress, and geometric similarity, were tested for Cecropia. None of the models can totally describe Cecropia, but geometric similarity was a close approximation. Most of the species did not vary in diameter-height relationships between unbranched and branched individuals. Safety factors diminished with height in most species studied. The crown-height relationships were similar for all species. Numbers of branches and leaves showed some variation among species and are related to height of first branching. Total leaf area had a constant allometric relationship among species, although regression intercepts differed according to species leaf areas. The scaling relationships of stem and crown in Cecropia varied with adult size of the studied species.     

天麻糖复合物抗衰老作用的实验研究

天麻糖复合物是从兰科植物天麻的根茎中提取的水溶性物质,经柱色谱将其分为两个组分,分别命名为：Con.1,Con.2;考察灌胃后两个组分对小鼠血清中超氧化物岐化酶活性和过氧化脂质含量的影响,同时探讨两个组分对小鼠和果蝇的抗衰老作用及其机制.结果Con.1 0.1g/kg.d能明显提高小鼠血清中T-SOD活性,降低血清中过氧化脂质降解产物（MDA）含量;Con.1可延长果蝇的平均寿命和最高寿命,因此Con.1具有明显的抗衰老作用。但Con.2影响结果不明量.     

A brief outline of the evolution of lymphoid tissue and its immunocellular reactivity in vertebrates]

The steps of the phylogenetic development of the lymphoid tissue and its immunolcellular reactivity were studied. It was shown that a gradual change from lymphoid multifunctional cells disposed diffusely in primitive lower vertebrates to the concentration of lymphoid cells into complicatedly arranged lymph nodes was taking place. Common features and species (group) peculiarities of the structure of the lymphoid tissue and its immunological reactivity were studied. The similar succession of immunocellular reactions has the phagocyte reaction as the first link. Then goes the lymphocyte reaction with a following transformation of lymphocytes to blasts and their further differentiation and proliferation into young forms of cells of the plasmocyte row. The antibody-forming cells were found in all the vertebrates studied and their morphology was under research. Species peculiarities of lymphoid cells and their immunoreactivity were studied.     

Studies of prevalence rate of furunculosis caused by infection by Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonids of the southern part of Sakhalin Island

Ichthyological studies of spawners of salmonids in the south of Sakhalin Island were studied. Cases of furunculosis disease were revealed. The agent of the disease Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated. Its morphological, physiological-biochemical, and antagonistic properties were studied, and the virulence of the isolated strains was determined. For supporting the species status of the studied strains of A. salmonicida, a molecular-genetic analysis was performed.     

Diversity of topological palmar patterns in Iranian populations

The bilateral palmar prints of 3,158 females and males from 13 Iranian populations of diverse origins were analyzed to see how well topological palmar pattern frequencies reflect population distances. The results showed bimanual variation among most of the populations studied. Sex variation showed significant differences among all of the populations studied. Distance analysis and constructed dendrograms showed separation between the populations studied. These distances were frequently in agreement with the known ethnohistoric background of the populations studied. The male data gave better results. It appears that topological palmar patterns are a better indicator of population distance than topological finger patterns.     

THE CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE OF IOJAP MAIZE

The ultrastructure of the plastids from the genetically caused but maternally transmitted mutant iojap of maize was studied at four stages of development. The plastids of green and potentially green tissue were normal at all stages studied. The plastids of the white tissue were aberrant at all stages studied and lacked the normal grana-fretwork system as well as a normal prolamellar body. DNA-like fibrils were present in aberrant plastids, but ribosomes were absent. This indicates that chloroplast ribosomes are important in chloroplast membrane formation. Aberrant plastids fail to develop normally and are not a degeneration of normal plastids. Aberrant and normal plastids occur in single cells in green tissue, but only aberrant plastids have been found in white tissue.     

Perchloric acid-soluble proteins and protein-bound hexoses in serum and tissues of normal, hypo-and hyperthyroid rats.

The total content of perchloric acid-soluble proteins (PCA-SP) and protein-bound hexoses (PBH) were studied in blood serum and tissues (liver, kidney, lung, brain) of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats. The results obtained indicate that the hyperthyroid state induced an increase in both PCA-SP and PBH in blood serum and studied tissue homogenates, and hypothyreosis causes a decrease of total glycoproteins content in all studied materials. The results were counted per 1 g of protein and in this way the nonspecific effect of thyroid hormones on the protein metabolism had no influence on the measurements.     

Comparative study of the interactions AMP-phosphorylase b and AMP analogues-phosphorylase b

The different effects induced by AMP and its analogues on the tertiary structure and the coenzyme environment of phosphorylase b were studied by titration of the slowly reacting thiol groups and by quenching of the coenzyme fluorescence, respectively, to determine the possible differences that activate phosphorylase b. The following results were obtained: The coenzyme environment depends upon the nucleotide studied. AMP, when bound to its first site, opens the coenzyme pocket. The slow cysteines were shielded by the nucleotides against their DTNB titration depending on the nucleotide studied. The enzyme difference spectra in presence of the nucleotide showed that the negative band of 260 nm is similar for all nucleotides possessing the same base, but the positive band obtained in the presence of AMP was diminished when other nucleotides were present.     

陕西省不同气候区域油松人工林生物量和生产力的比较研究

本文初步研究了陕西省3个气候区域内7个地区的油松人工林生物量和生产力。根据55块标准地的295株伐倒木资料,建立了油松各器官生物量的估计方程。经研究比较不同区域油松人工林的生物量、年平均净初级生产量、现实生产量和叶片的干物质生产效率,结果表明,秦岭山地的油松林一般优于陕西北部的油松林,北亚热带和暖温带的油松林各项指标相差不大,但明显高于温带油松林。树干(带皮)生物量比例从南向北逐渐降低,树冠生物量比例从南向北逐渐增大。各调查区油松林分的林下植物种类不多,生物量约占群落总生物量的1%。林地凋落物重量在各地区之间差异很大,未分解层比例从南向北逐渐减小。经比较发现,陕西省大部分地区的油松人工林具有较高的生产力水平。