经咬嘴或面罩呼吸时外加阻力性负荷所致呼吸型式变化的比较

以9名健康男青年为对象,采用2×2×4析因实验设计和析因方差分析,比较了经咬嘴或面罩呼吸条件下、分别增大吸气相或呼气相阻力(阻力值78、113、213 mmH_2O.L~(-1)·s)对口腔压力,克服外加阻力消耗的额外呼吸功率和呼吸气体流率,流量、时相持续时间等共18项呼吸生理指标的影响。结果表明:无论采用何种呼吸装置,均见施于某一时相的阻力可引起该相的口腔压力值及呼吸功率增加、气体流率降低、时相持续时间延长;另一相的气体流率及功率则可能增加。施加于不同时相的阻力皆引起潮气量加大、呼吸频率减慢,但以呼气阻力引起者更为严重。口腔压力、克服阻力消耗的功率以及呼、吸气时间的三种比值(T_I/T_E,T_I/T_c、T_E/T_c)分别与阻力施加时相及阻力值呈高度相关关系。 本实验还观察到使用不同呼吸装置可影响机械负荷作用下的呼吸型式反应:戴面罩条件下,增大阻力性负荷时的肺通气量及额外吸气功率普遍高于咬嘴组,而阻力负荷引起的气体流率及呼、吸气时间变动程度则均不及咬嘴组严重。前一种影响与使用面罩时外加死腔容积较大有关;后者可能反映两种条件下呼吸中枢的驱动机制及时间控制机制的活动情况不同。     

关于复合呼吸机械负荷生理、心理效应的观察与分析

以12名男性成年为被试者,观察了外加死腔(V_(ADS))与吸气阻力(RI)对呼吸型式、通气功能以及呼吸不适感觉的联合影响。结果表明:(1)V_(ADS)及R_I对吸气相面罩腔(口腔)压力(P_I)及外呼吸功率(W_I)具有协同的增强作用;复合呼吸机械负荷的强度越大,此种协同作用也越加明显。(2)无论V_(ADS)及R_I的比例关系如何,反应呼吸不适感觉强度的类别量值(S)与P_I(或W_I)之间,总是符合共同的线性关系,故可以P_I(或W_I)作为复合呼吸机械负荷的综合强度指标。(3)在所观察范围内,V_(ADS)并不影响对阻力性机械负荷的呼吸调节功能。以上结果对制订呼吸防护装备生理标准有一定意义。     

呼吸阻力感觉的辨别阈梯级——一种辨别阈量表

以9名健康男性为对象,测量了其对于10～500mmH_2O·l~(-1)·S范围吸气(I)或呼气(E)阻力负荷(R)的辨别阈梯级(或“最小可觉差”梯级,JND梯级),以及各梯级所对应的呼吸感觉类别量表值和相应的呼吸型式变化。结果如下:在所观察的阻力范围内,IR或ER负荷的感觉连续体,一般包含6～7个JND梯级。物理或生理刺激量(Y)(如R、口腔压力、外呼吸功等)均与JND感觉单位(X)呈下列指数函数关系:Y=~(A bx)-K(A、b、K—参数)。由多级估量法评量之呼吸感觉量与JND感觉单位亦呈指数函数关系,并能反映I、E在感觉强度上的差别。当感觉强度达3JND时,多数呼吸型式参数已有较明显变化;4JND时,肺通气量仍可维持对照水平。3JND之阻力感觉类别仍属“轻度”,在IR或ER负荷下,其相应的Pmax分别为70或55mmH_2O。本文提出可将JND梯级测量作为一种辨别阈量表用于呼吸感觉评量,并就其对制订呼吸防护装备生理标准的意义进行了讨论。     

人的等呼吸阻力感曲线及相应呼吸型式变化

以13名健康男性为对象,测定了以第2、3、4IND感觉单位平均吸气阻力负荷为参照刺激,属于“等阻力感”的各联合阻力(CR)的总阻力值(R总)、吸气阻力(IR)/呼气阻力(ER)比值;以及呼吸型式参数,如吸气及呼气流率峰值(Imax及Emax),和口腔压力等。结果表明:由物理刺激量R或生理刺激量,如口腔压力峰值(Pmax)、积分均值()、压力积分值(·T),外呼吸功(W)标出的等呼吸阻力感曲线的形状相似,均可由二次多项式拟合。由Pmax标出的等感曲线可见:在单相ER负荷下,引起“等感”的P_(Emax)均有低于相应P_1 msx的趋势;而在CR,则“等感”的口腔压力波动幅度(=|P Imax| PEmax)均较所参照的相应生理刺激量为高。就呼吸不适感的程度而言,属于“等阻力感”关系的各R负荷中,IR>ER>CR。Imax、Emax相对变化取决于JND梯级数及IR/ER比值,而Imax/Emax则只与IR/ER一项因素有关。本文还讨论了CR条件下可耐受更高的机理及其实际意义。     

呼、吸气流阻力不同匹配对呼吸型式及主观感觉影响的多因素分析

以19名健康男性青年为实验对象,观察了吸气阻力(IR)与呼气阻力(ER)比例不同的外加联合呼吸阻力(CR)对呼吸型式和主观感觉的影响。施加 CR 时,IR 与 ER 同时对呼吸发生影响,总的效应相当于 IR 与 ER 单独作用的“相加”,未发现交互作用。随着 CR 中 IR/ER 比值的逐步增加,表征呼吸型式的变量呈现有规律的变化。     

面神经核腹内侧区微量注射三种递质的呼吸效应

实验用兔,在乌拉坦静脉麻醉、切断双侧颈迷走神经、自主呼吸条件下进行,以膈神经放电作呼吸指标。观察了面神经核腹内侧区(VMNF)微量注射三种递质对呼吸节律的影响。结果如下:(1)VMNF 区微量注射肾上腺素呼吸频率增加,膈神经吸气性放电的递增速度加快,积分幅度升高,VMNF 区微量注射妥拉苏林,呼吸频率下降且妥拉苏林可阻断肾上腺素的呼吸效应。(2)VMNF 区微量注射γ-氨基丁酸、甘氨酸导致呼吸频率下降,吸气时程、呼气时程延长。提示肾上腺素、γ-氨基丁酸、甘氨酸可能作为递质作用于 VMNF 区的神经元而发挥呼吸调节作用。     

空气流动增加压力型整体体积描记箱内压力变化的空气动力学研究

动物实验中,计算小动物呼吸容量如潮气量时通常遵循Boyle定律。而小动物在压力型体积描记箱内呼吸时,箱内气体处于不停的流动状态。为了研究气体流动本身对描记箱内压力是否产生影响,本研究采用空气动力学理论推导出压力型体积描记箱内压力变化的近似公式,并设计了三个实验对理论公式进行证明。首先,往体积描记箱内注入0.1mL、0.2mL和0.4mL空气,结果显示,描记箱内压力迅速上升至一峰值然后下降为一水平的基线压力值。3种容量的空气注入产生的压力变化最大值(峰压)及压力保持平稳时的压力变化值(基线压)分别为:(0.828±0.004)cmH2O、(0.684±0.003)cmH2O;(1.650±0.010)cmH2O、(1.350±0.007)cmH2O;(3.280±0.014)cmH2O、(2.658±0.011)cmH2O,峰压均显著高于基线压。其次,往体积描记箱内注入相同容量、但通气频率不同的空气,结果显示,随着注入空气的频率增加,描记箱内压力变化幅度亦显著增加。最后,用小动物呼吸机和微量移液器分别往描记箱内注入相同容量、相同频率但流量-时间函数不同的气体,结果显示,呼吸机引起的体积描记箱内峰压及基线压均显著高于微量移液器。以上结果表明,空气流动本身在压力型体积描记箱内引起压力变化;空气流动越快,压力变化幅度也越大;流动空气的流量是时间的不同函数时,压力变化也将显著不同。因此要精确地计算小动物呼吸容量变化,需要使用更多的空气动力学原理。     

慢性心力衰竭患者波浪呼吸的平均幅度和周期时长与运动能力的关系

目的:探讨心衰患者(CHF)波浪呼吸的周期长度、振幅与运动能力的关系.方法:237例心力衰竭患者进行症状限制性极限心肺运动试验(CPET).将CPET每次呼吸的原始数据每秒切割,再进行单位时间的平均计算、分析.波浪式呼吸(OB)定义为CPET期间连续3次及其以上的呼吸波动,其中分钟通气量((V?)E)波动幅度超过同期均...     

家兔脑内微量注射或脊髓珠网膜下腔注射氟安定的呼吸抑制作用

实验在49只局部麻醉、肌肉麻痹、切断双侧颈迷走神经的家兔上进行。观察到一侧孤束核(NTS)区微量注射氟安定,使对侧膈神经放电平均幅度减低,呼吸频率加快。事先在NTS区微量注射GABA 受体拮抗剂印防己毒素,可阻断氟安定的减低膈神经放电平均幅度的作用。在脑桥头端横断脑干出现长吸式呼吸的免上,一侧NTS区微量注射氟安定,也使对侧膈神经放电平均幅度减低,但呼吸频率减慢。在脑桥结合臂旁内侧核(NPBM)区微量注射氟安定,使呼吸频率明显减慢,吸气和呼气时程延长,这效应可被毒扁豆碱阻断。脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射氟安定,使膈神经放电平均幅度减低,血压下降,这效应可被印防己毒素阻断。结果提示,NPBM 的存在与呼吸频率加快有关;而氟安定作用于NPBM区,却减慢呼吸频率,其机制可能是抗胆碱能作用。氟安定直接作用于NTS 区或脊髓使膈神经放电平均幅度减低、血压下降,其机制可能与激活GABA 受体有关。     

安定对家兔呼吸的作用

在切断迷走神经和局部麻醉的家兔中观察了静脉注射安定(2mg/kg)对呼吸和循环的影响。在动物进行自然呼吸的条件下,安定使每分通气量减少,心率变慢和血压降低。在将动物肌肉麻痹并进行正压人工呼吸的条件下,安定使呼吸频率加快,吸气时程和呼气时程缩短,即呼吸周期缩短。此外,膈神经放电的高频振荡频率增高而电位的幅度变小,动物的血压也降低。在桥脑头端去大脑而表现长吸式呼吸,以及在延體髓纹水平横断脑干而表观喘息式呼吸的动物中,安定亦使膈神经放电的幅度减小,呼吸周期延长和血压降低。以上结果表明安定可使呼吸抑制、血压降低,而其作用的基本部位可能主要在延髓。     

Changes in breathing pattern at loads near perceptual threshold at different work levels

Five subjects were tested to determine the threshold for detection of an added resistance to inspiration in three tests, one at rest and two with exercise (mild = 50 W; moderate = 100 W) on a cycle ergometer. Changes in the breathing pattern were examined at added resistances near the perceptual threshold. Added inspiratory resistances with a 50% probability of detection were very variable at rest; they decreased significantly from rest (250 Pa.l-1.s-1) to moderate exercise (98 Pa.l-1.s-1) in four subjects. It is suggested that physical exercise may cause discomfort even when workers wearing a respirator do not have any abnormal sensation during sedentary work. Breathing patterns were compared between resistance loaded and unloaded breathing during each test. Decreases in inspiratory peak flow and acceleration of flow early in inspiration were found in resistance loaded breathing in almost all tests and a tendency for tidal volume to decrease was found during moderate exercise only. The ratios of resistance loaded to unloaded breathing for inspiratory time (ti) and total time (tt) tended to be greater in the detected than in the undetected responses at rest and during mild exercise but not during moderate exercise. This would imply that further prolongation of ti and tt in the detected responses was attributable to conscious or subconscious aspects of the resistance leading responses: however, these adjustments in breathing, which reduce frequency, would be less likely to occur as the work rate increases.     

Effect of heating rate on evaporative heat loss in the microwave-exposed mouse

Male CBA/J mice were administered heat loads of 0-28 J X g-1 at specific absorption rates (SARs) of either 47 or 93 W X kg-1 by exposure to 2,450-MHz microwave radiation at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C while evaporative heat loss (EHL) was continuously monitored with dew-point hygrometry. At an SAR of 47 W X kg-1 a threshold heat load of 10.5 J X g-1 had to be exceeded before EHL increased. An approximate doubling of SAR to 93 W X kg-1 reduced the threshold to 5.2 J X g-1. Above threshold the slopes of the regression lines were 1.15 and 0.929 for the low- and high-SAR groups, respectively. Thus the difference in threshold and not slope attributes to the significant increase in EHL when mice are exposed at a high SAR (P less than 0.02). In separate experiments a SAR of 47 W X kg-1 raised the deep body temperature of anesthetized mice at a rate of 0.026 degrees C X s-1, whereas 93 W X kg-1 raised temperature at 0.049 degrees C X s-1. Hence the sensitivity of the EHL mode of heat dissipation is directly proportional to the rate of heat absorption and to the rate of rise in body temperature. These data contradict the notion that mammals have control over whole-body heat exchange only (i.e., thermoregulation) but instead indicate that the EHL system is highly responsive to the rate of heat absorption (i.e., temperature regulation).     

Study of the respiratory sensation on high-altitude andeans

The respiratory sensation and some routine cardiorespiratory parameters were studied on native Highlanders from the Argentine Andes and on Lowlanders from Europe, already tested during previous high altitude expeditions. The tests were performed at various altitude levels from 2688m e.i., the village altitude for Highlanders, to 5600m during an expedition to Mt. Aconcagua (6990m). At rest, the perception of 4 external inspiratory resistive loads (ranged between 2.5 and 13 cm.H2O.L-1.s) can allow us to fix by discrimination the sensitivity index P(A) independently of response bias (B) according to Sensory Decision Theory (SDT). The Andean highlanders did not experience the respiratory sensation at the same limits as the European lowlanders well adaptated to high altitude. At higher altitudes than their village altitude, their respiratory sensation presented a lower threshold of perception and a weaker discrimination which might be partly explained by the evolution of some parameters of their cardio-respiratory function when altitude increased. Indeed, in response to high altitude hypoxia (5600m), they increased their respiratory frequency and not their minuteventilation or mouth pressure. This chosen ventilatory pattern was opposite to the one chosen by the Lowlanders and did not allow for sufficient adaptation to a more important altitude hypoxia than that of their village altitude. In conclusion, the Andean highlanders wellbeing adapted to their village altitude, exhibited a difficult acclimatization to higher altitudes which might be due to the characteristics of their respiratory sensation. These results might explain their weak physical performances during ascent to the Mt. Aconcagua summit in spite of special training.     

水分胁迫对黄河三角洲河口湿地芦苇光合参数的影响

通过盆栽试验,分析了多梯度土壤水分条件对黄河三角洲河口湿地淡水沼泽芦苇快速生长期叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率(LUE)等光合参数的影响,探讨淡水沼泽芦苇正常生长发育适宜的土壤水分条件.结果表明：淡水沼泽芦苇的P_n、T_r、WUE及LUE对土壤水分的变化有明显的响应阈值.渍水状态不是淡水沼泽芦苇生理状态最好的水分条件.维持淡水沼泽芦苇快速生长期正常生长,适宜的土壤体积含水率(W_v)应大于25.7%(即相对含水率W_r>66.6%),最佳W_v为36.9%(W_r为95.6%),正常生长所允许的最低土壤含水率W_v为21.5%(W_r为55.7%).气孔限制是淡水沼泽芦苇对水分胁迫的主要响应机制.干旱胁迫下,淡水沼泽芦苇的最大净光合速率(P_{n max})和表观量子效率(AQY)均显著下降,其暗呼吸速率(R_d)降低,减少呼吸作用对光合产物的消耗,提高WUE,以维持较高的光合速率.     

Reduction mammaplasty improves breast sensibility

The belief that breast hypesthesia is an expected consequence of reduction mammaplasty is based on past reports that failed to objectively quantify breast sensibility. Forty-five women undergoing reduction mammaplasty by one plastic surgeon using a single operative technique were followed prospectively for change in breast sensation. Pressure threshold measurements were taken preoperatively and at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively, by using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Areas tested included the nipple, four points on the areola, and four points 1 cm from the areola on the breast skin. The data were nonparametric and were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. For all areas tested, sensation significantly improved from preoperatively to 2 weeks (i.e., nipple: 33.1 versus 29.3, p<0.0004) and again from 2 to 6 weeks (i.e., nipple: 29.3 versus 19.3, p<0.002). Relief of chronic nerve traction injury is conjectured as the reason for sensibility improvement. Numb nipples persisted in 2 percent of breasts at 6 weeks.     

The effectiveness of resisted jump training on the VertiMax in high school athletes

Resisted jumping devices and resisted plyometric training have become more common in recent years. The effectiveness of such training has yet to be determined among high school athletes. Sixty-four high school athletes (50 boys and 14 girls) from a variety of sports were divided into 2 groups and participated in a training intervention that differed only by the use of the VertiMax jump trainer in 1 group. Lower-body power was tested before and after the intervention and compared statistically for differences between the groups. Athletes from both groups followed a periodized training program with resistance exercises performed 2 or 3 days per week, and sprint and plyometric training (i.e., training control group) or sprint, plyometric, and VertiMax training (i.e., VertiMax group) 1 or 2 days per week, for 12 total weeks. In addition to the traditional compound lower-body lifts and equated sprint work, the VertiMax group performed supplementary exercises on the VertiMax training apparatus. The average improvement in power observed in the training control group was 49.50 +/- 97.83 W, and the increase in power in the VertiMax group was 217.14 +/- 99.21 W. The differences in power after the test and improvements in power with training were found to differ between the groups (P < 0.05) and favored the VertiMax training group. Combined with previous research with college athletes, these data show the added effectiveness of resisted jump training on the VertiMax among athletes for the development of lower-body power.     

Electrophysiological correlates of strategic monitoring in event-based and time-based prospective memory

Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to accomplish an action when a particular event occurs (i.e., event-based PM), or at a specific time (i.e., time-based PM) while performing an ongoing activity. Strategic Monitoring is one of the basic cognitive functions supporting PM tasks, and involves two mechanisms: a retrieval mode, which consists of maintaining active the intention in memory; and target checking, engaged for verifying the presence of the PM cue in the environment. The present study is aimed at providing the first evidence of event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with time-based PM, and at examining differences and commonalities in the ERPs related to Strategic Monitoring mechanisms between event- and time-based PM tasks.The addition of an event-based or a time-based PM task to an ongoing activity led to a similar sustained positive modulation of the ERPs in the ongoing trials, mainly expressed over prefrontal and frontal regions. This modulation might index the retrieval mode mechanism, similarly engaged in the two PM tasks. On the other hand, two further ERP modulations were shown specifically in an event-based PM task. An increased positivity was shown at 400-600 ms post-stimulus over occipital and parietal regions, and might be related to target checking. Moreover, an early modulation at 130-180 ms post-stimulus seems to reflect the recruitment of attentional resources for being ready to respond to the event-based PM cue. This latter modulation suggests the existence of a third mechanism specific for the event-based PM; that is, the "readiness mode".     

Carbohydrate-binding agents cause deletions of highly conserved glycosylation sites in HIV GP120: a new therapeutic concept to hit the achilles heel of HIV

Mannose-binding proteins derived from several plants (i.e. Hippeastrum hybrid and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) or prokaryotes (i.e. cyanovirin-N) inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and select for drug-resistant viruses that show profound deletion of N-glycosylation sites in the GP120 envelope (Balzarini, J., Van Laethem, K., Hatse, S., Vermeire, K., De Clercq, E., Peumans, W., Van Damme, E., Vandamme, A.-M., Bolmstedt, A., and Schols, D. (2004) J. Virol. 78, 10617-10627; Balzarini, J., Van Laethem, K., Hatse, S., Froeyen, M., Van Damme, E., Bolmstedt, A., Peumans, W., De Clercq, E., and Schols, D. (2005) Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1556-1565). Here we demonstrated that the N-acetylglucosamine-binding protein from Urtica dioica (UDA) prevents HIV entry and eventually selects for viruses in which conserved N-glycosylation sites in GP120 were deleted. In contrast to the mannose-binding proteins, which have a 50-100-fold decreased antiviral activity against the UDA-exposed mutant viruses, UDA has decreased anti-HIV activity to a very limited extent, even against those mutant virus strains that lack at least 9 of 22 ( approximately 40%) glycosylation sites in their GP120 envelope. Therefore, UDA represents the prototype of a new conceptual class of carbohydrate-binding agents with an unusually specific and targeted drug resistance profile. It forces HIV to escape drug pressure by deleting the indispensable glycans on its GP120, thereby obligatorily exposing previously hidden immunogenic epitopes on its envelope.