Does either the gastrointestinal peptide PYY or the neuropeptide NPY bind aluminium?

Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y are common peptides with a high degree of primary and tertiary structural homology. They are multifunctional and participate in a diverse array of distinct activities including regulation of gastrointestinal function and neural regulation of satiety. Recently both have been implicated in aluminium chemistry in vivo although their modus opperandi have not been determined. We have used molecular fluorescence, RP-HPLC, ESMS and equilibrium dialysis to identify if either peptide YY or neuropeptide Y will bind aluminium in vitro under near-physiological conditions. We were unable to demonstrate any direct interaction between either peptide and aluminium although we have speculated upon an in vivo mechanism whereby PYY, in particular, might form a stable complex with aluminium.     

Treating obesity: does antagonism of NPY fit the bill?

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Erondu et al., (2006) identify a selective neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonist that, as predicted from rodent studies, results in weight loss when administered to overweight and obese human subjects. In a one-year randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, the weight loss was modest; the results support the emerging concept that NPY acts via overlapping and redundant energy homeostasis pathways.     

Are NPY and enkephalins costored in the same noradrenergic neurons and vesicles?

Separate studies show that NPY and enkephalins are widely distributed in peripheral noradrenergic neurons. In the present study, the subcellular costorage and release in response to intense sympathetic stimulation and reserpine at near therapeutic doses (0.05 mg/kg every other day) were examined. In young pig arteries and vas deferens, enkephalin and D beta H immunofluorescence show consistent but not total overlap. Also NPY is colocalized with D beta H in many fibers but with VIP (nonnoradrenergic) in others. Ultrastructural immunogold labeling indicates that individual terminals contain large dense cored vesicles (LDVs) which store either NPY or enkephalins, even though costorage of both peptides occurs. Some LDVs costore NPY and VIP, especially in the middle cerebral artery and in the lamina propria of vas deferens. Acute CNS ischemia depletes enkephalins and norepinephrine in all tissues analyzed without parallel loss of NPY. Reserpine depletes norepinephrine 70-85% but does not deplete NPY or enkephalins. The latter is in contrast to commonly used high doses known to produce nonspecific, detergent-like effects. In fact, low doses of reserpine induce a time-dependent new synthesis and processing of NPY precursor peptides in vas deferns. Contrasting effects of reserpine on NPY and enkephalin contents, new synthesis and apparent processing, and a differential response to acute CNS ischemia were found in every tissue studied. Activation of precursor neuropeptide processing occurred immediately upon intense sympathetic stimulation in most tissues. Dual localization of NPY in noradrenergic and nonnoradrenergic fibers and differences in subcellular LDV storage help explain why enkephalin correlates better than NPY with norepinephrine loss in response to acute CNS ischemia. Furthermore, the costorage of NPY and enkephalins in distinct subpopulations of noradrenergic fibers, which varies according to tissue, is likely to be under separate CNS control.     

水螅中NPY类似物的分布定位

水螅（Ｈｙｄｒａｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）是一种淡水腔肠动物，有原始的两胚层结构：外胚层、内胚层和非细胞结构的中胶层，并出现了组织分化，具有简单的网状神经系统。它是研究动物进化发育的常用材料。自１９８２年Ｔａｔｅｍｏｔｏ等首次在猪脑中分离得到３６个氨基酸的多...     

AgRP/NPY神经元代谢调控功能研究进展

下丘脑"刺鼠相关蛋白/神经肽Y"神经元(agouti-related protein,AgRP/neuropeptide Y,NPYneurons)简称"AgRP神经元",是机体代谢稳态与能量平衡关键神经元,在调节基础代谢率、机体产热、摄食、糖脂代谢、神经内分泌稳态等方面发挥重要作用。AgRP神经元可经体液与神经途径,收集并整合外周营养与代谢信号,并经由特异细胞信号传导通路与神经通路,来发挥其功能。经典理论认为,AgRP神经元发出神经投射至下丘脑"阿黑皮素原"(pro-opiomelanocortin,POMC)神经元、室旁核、臂旁核等中枢代谢调节神经元与核团,并释放AgRP、NPY及抑制性神经递质"γ-氨基丁酸"(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA),以发挥提升食欲、增加摄食量、增加体脂含量、下调基础代谢率等作用。近年来,AgRP神经元的代谢相关调控新功能陆续被发现;而且,AgRP神经元功能异常,亦为摄食紊乱、肥胖、2型糖尿病等疾病的重要病因。值得注意的是,AgRP神经元已成为新型减肥药与降糖降脂药的作用靶点。本文综述近五年来AgRP神经元代谢调控功能研究进展,以期更深入理解AgRP神经元调控代谢的新机制、及其在肥胖和相关代谢疾病发病过程中发挥的作用。     

神经肽Y(NPY)的生理功能研究进展

神经肽Y(NPY)是机体内的一种重要且保守的神经递质,一般以前体形式存在,释放的有活性的NPY主要通过与其受体结合发挥作用。NPY受体包含了亚型Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8。Y1和Y2是NPY发挥收缩血管作用的关键受体;Y1、Y2和Y5是NPY调节动物摄食行为的关键受体;Y1、Y2和Y4是NPY调控动物焦虑、沮丧行为的必要受体。着重对NPY与其各种受体结合后如何行使动物的相关生理功能的情况进行了阐述。     

鸡ICV法的改建与NPY注射试验

目的：在参考Davis等建立的侧脑室注射（ICV）法的基础上,建立鸡ICV法。方法：利用改建的鸡ICV法研究梯度注射神经肽Y（NPY,2．5p．g／bird和5μg／bird）对鸡采食量的影响。结果：ICV套管安装手术的成功率为88％（37／42）,注射成功率为64％（23／36）;NPY可显著提高注射后1～4h和24h鸡的采食量（P〈0．05）,提高幅度在6．88%（5μg／bird,注射后24h）-138．95％（注射后1h）之间,注射后3h内,采食量随注射剂量增加而增加。结论：本研究建立的鸡ICV注射法是适用的,NPY是鸡重要的诱食因子之一,利用建立的ICV法,2．5μg／bird的外源性NPY就足以使鸡产生采食反应,为今后进一步开展鸡行为学研究提供方法和依据。     

水螅AChE和NPY类似物的定位

乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)组织化学定位方法常用于研究动物的神经系统,但迄今未见水螅AChE分布定位的相关报道。本文使用免疫细胞化学、组织化学和亚甲基蓝活染方法,探索AChE、NPY类似物在水螅上的连续分布状态,对阳性标本进行内胚层、外胚层人工分离手术,并与亚甲基蓝染色结果进行比较。本文首次成功地在水螅上定位出AChE,展示了AChE、NPY类似物在水螅上的分布特点。AChE定位在水螅体柱和触手基部外胚层的近外表,呈网状结构,正常水螅上没有发现明显的阳性神经细胞,外胚层表面受损部位内有阳性神经细胞,我们认为是一种临时的生理现象。成熟刺丝囊的刺针内有AChE 产物。NPY免疫组织化学反应(NPYIR)在水螅外胚层近外表处上均有分布,呈网状结构。垂唇和近基盘处NPYIR最强,NPYIR神经细胞仅存在于垂唇和近基盘处的外胚层基部。刺丝囊分化、发育初期NPYIR较强。随刺丝囊发育成熟而逐渐减弱。最后,进行了分析和比较,认为NPY、AChE来源于上皮细胞。水螅刺丝囊的分化和发育与NPY的作用密切相关;刺丝囊发射刺丝的机理与胆碱能的作用可能有联系     

NPY及YWHAH基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联分析

调查了583例精神分裂症患者及372例健康人,对NPY（neuropeptide Y）及YWHAH（14—3．3 eta chain gene）基因中几个已报道过的阳性关联位点进行了检测。YWHAH基因上的-134（GCCTGCA）2-4位点因扩增失败未能考察,NPY基因上的T1128C位点在样本中则不存在。重点对-485C〉T（NPY）和G753A（YWHAH）两个位点进行了分析,各相匹配组间比较均未发现等位型频率（P值分别是0．696和0．743,OR值分别是1．041和0．962）和基因型频率（P值分别是0．45和0．75,x^2值分别是1．51和0．58）的显著性差异。对两个基因之间的基因型相对风险分析表明,它们也不能协同导致疾病风险（P〉0．05）。结果提示,在中国汉族人群中-485C〉T（NPY）和G753A（YWHAH）两个多态性位点与精神分裂症的遗传易感性不存在关联。     

Effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction. Can pre- and postjunctional receptors be distinguished?

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in central and peripheral neurons. In sympathetic postganglionic neurons, NPY coexists with noradrenaline. NPY and its structural relative peptide YY (PYY) appear to exert three principally different effects at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction. Firstly, NPY has a direct postjunctional effect; this effect is manifested as a vasoconstriction when studied on the guinea pig iliac vein. Secondly, NPY has an indirect postjunctional effect in that it potentiates the response to various vasoconstrictors; this was studied on the rabbit femoral artery and vein, using noradrenaline and histamine, respectively, as vasoconstrictors. Thirdly, NPY acts prejunctionally in that it suppresses the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve terminals; this was studied in the rat vas deferens. The aim of the investigation was to examine whether the three effects of NPY were mediated by the same type of receptor. For this purpose, we examined the effects of a series of NPY-related peptides, namely NPY, PYY, desamido-NPY, and five C-terminal fragments (NPY 19-36, NPY 24-36, PYY 13-36, PYY 24-36 and PYY 27-36). NPY and PYY were active in all three assay systems. The C-terminal amide appears to be crucial for maintaining the biological activity, since desamido-NPY was inactive in the three test systems. Interestingly, PYY 13-36 was almost as active as NPY and PYY in suppressing the electrically evoked contractions of the vas deferens; PYY 13-36 was inactive in the two other test systems. None of the shorter fragments had any biological activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

神经肽CGRP、SP、NPY对软骨细胞的影响研究

近年来,由于创伤和感染等多类原因导致的骨折和骨不连等症状均是威胁到人类生命安全及生活质量的一个医学难题,为了更好地提升对于此类患者的治疗效果,有必要明确骨形成和重建等病理生理学情况以及相应的生物学机制。同时,骨组织是一类随细胞外基质的矿化,并根据其自身需求进行修复的动态组织,也是有着血管和神经支配的活性组织,所以,骨折的修复过程当中不仅含机体各类组织和细胞因子间的复杂作用,还和血液供应及神经支配紧密相连。目前,临床关于神经肽的研究逐渐增多,且越来越多的报道表明神经肽类物质能够在骨折愈合及重建过程中发挥出重要作用,原因可能和机体神经发挥相应的调控作用,并刺激骨细胞发生变化等因素有关。本文即据此展开关于神经肽CGRP(降钙素基因相关肽,Calcitonin gene-related peptide)、SP(P物质,Substance P)、NPY(神经肽Y,Neuropeptide Y)对软骨细胞影响情况的综述分析,从而更好地服务临床。     

电针对海洛因成瘾大鼠PAG的NPY表达的影响

目的:观察韩氏穴位神经刺激器(HNAS)针刺对海洛因成瘾大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)的神经肽Y(NPY)表达的影响。方法:按给药剂量逐日递增的原则皮下注射海洛因建立成瘾模型,Morris水迷宫测大鼠空间学习记忆,免疫组化测大鼠PAG的NPY表达。结果:①成瘾组大鼠在定位航行实验中逃避潜伏期及搜索距离较正常组明显延长(P0.05),而针刺组较成瘾组明显缩短(P0.05);空间探索实验中,成瘾组原平台所在象限搜索时间及原平台所在象限的游泳距离占总距离的百分比较正常组明显缩短(P0.05),针刺组较成瘾组明显增加(P0.01)。②PAG的NPY表达成瘾组低于正常组(P0.05),针刺组高于成瘾组(P0.05)。结论:HANS针刺对海洛因成瘾引起的大鼠学习记忆减退有恢复作用,并上调其PAG的NPY表达。     

大口黑鲈NPY基因多态性及与生长的关联分析

神经肽Y (NPY)是鱼类摄食调控网络中具有促进食欲的摄食因子,NPY基因上的多态性可能影响鱼类的摄食进而对生长性状产生影响。本研究通过PCR扩增和直接测序在大口黑鲈NPY基因5'非编码区筛选获得1个SNP位点S1 (A-85C)。随机选取同塘饲养的12月龄大口黑鲈327尾作为分型群体,采用SNaPshot方法检测每尾鱼中S1位点的基因型,运用Popgene 32软件进行群体遗传结构分析。结果表明,S1位点共有3种基因型:AA、AC和CC,其分布频率分别为0.560、0.416和0.024。该位点在群体中的有效等位基因数(Ne)、观测杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为1.928、0.450和0.449,处于哈温平衡。采用一般线性模型分析不同基因型与大口黑鲈生长性状之间的相关性,结果显示:AC基因型群体的平均体质量、体宽、全长和体高分别高于AA基因型群体和CC基因型群体,其中AC基因型个体的平均体质量比CC基因型个体的平均体质量增加了15.37%,但在统计上均没有达到显著相关(p0.05)。这可能与CC基因型个体明显偏少,只占分型群体的2.4%有关。     

一次性运动对肥胖大鼠NPY蛋白及其基因表达的影响

目的通过观察一次性运动对肥胖大鼠摄食量、血清学指标、血浆和下丘脑NPY蛋白及其基因表达的影响，探讨运动影响摄食量和体重的分子生物学机制。方法肥胖建模成功大鼠分为对照、即刻、1h、3h、12h和24h等6组，分别在一次性跑台运动后不同时间段观察大鼠进食量并测试相关指标。结果一次性运动后肥胖大鼠摄食量明显下降，血糖和血脂等在运动后即刻没有明显变化，在运动后的恢复期开始明显下降，恢复后期才逐渐恢复到正常水平。血浆NPY水平显著下降，下丘脑NPY水平明显上升，而下丘脑NPY基因表达变化不明显。结论肥胖大鼠运动后摄食量下降；下丘脑NPY分泌增加而基因表达没有明显增加；下丘脑NPY蛋白增加可以促进机体运动后摄食，防止能量的进一步消耗，有利于运动后的能量恢复。     

NPY样免疫反应在蝾螈发育过程中神经系统的定位研究

By immuno-cytochemical method the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the nervous system during embryonic development of Cynops orientalis was studied. The results revealed that NPY was first localized in the peripheral nervous system (late tail-bud stage), and later appeared in the central nervous system (larval stage) where it appeared with the appearance of glial cells. Very probably with the migration of neural crest cells NPY appeared first in the peripheral nervous system and then distributed to the central nervous system.     

人胎视皮质皮质下层NPY－IR神经元的发育

本文用免疫组化方法研究了１６周至足月人胎视皮质皮质下层ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元的发育。各胎龄视皮质ＳＰ层内均有ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元分布。从１６周至２６周,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元密度逐渐增高并于２６周达高峰;３２周以后阳性神经元密度随胎龄增长而下降。人胎视皮质ＳＰ层ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元形态也随胎龄而变化;２０周以前,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元大多是胞体较小,突起短而少的未分化神经元、ＳＰ层内ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ纤维少。２０周以后,ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元胞体增大,突起增多、变长;多极和双极、双簇神经元随胎龄增长而增多;ＳＰ层内的ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ纤维大量增加,部分纤维穿入皮质板。３２周以后,多极ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元逐渐减少,双极双簇神经元所占比例相对增高。ＮＰＹ免疫组化结合ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组化显示人胎视皮质ＳＰ层大多数ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元同时呈ＮＯＳ阳性。本研究观察到人胎视皮质ＳＰ层内ＮＰＹ－ＩＲ神经元发育可分为发生、成熟和退化三个阶段。     

NPY样免疫反应在蝾螈发育过程中神经系统的定位研究

用免疫组化方法研究在蝾螈胚胎发育中神经肽Y(NPY)在神经系统中的定位.结果表明NPY最早分布在周边神经系统(尾芽晚期),之后才在中枢神经系统出现(幼虫期),而且是随着胶质细胞的出现而出现的.我们认为NPY是随着神经嵴细胞的迁移而进入周边神经系统,再分布到中枢神经系统的.     

Kinetic Study of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Proteolysis in Blood and Identification of NPY3�C35: A NEW PEPTIDE GENERATED BY PLASMA KALLIKREIN*

There is little information on how neuropeptide Y (NPY) proteolysis by peptidases occurs in serum, in part because reliable techniques are lacking to distinguish different NPY immunoreactive forms and also because the factors affecting the expression of these enzymes have been poorly studied. In the present study, LC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify NPY fragments resulting from peptidolytic cleavage of NPY_1–36 upon incubation with human serum. Kinetic studies indicated that NPY_1–36 is rapidly cleaved in serum into 3 main fragments with the following order of efficacy: NPY_3–36 ≫ NPY_3–35 > NPY_2–36. Trace amounts of additional NPY forms were identified by accurate mass spectrometry. Specific inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, kallikrein, and aminopeptidase P prevented the production of NPY_3–36, NPY_3–35, and NPY_2–36, respectively. Plasma kallikrein at physiological concentrations converted NPY_3–36 into NPY_3–35. Receptor binding assays revealed that NPY_3–35 is unable to bind to NPY Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors; thus NPY_3–35 may represent the major metabolic clearance product of the Y2/Y5 agonist, NPY_3–36.Neuropeptide Y (NPY)² is a 36-amino acid peptide involved in the central and peripheral control of blood pressure (1–4) and in feeding behavior and obesity (5–9). NPY stimulates at least 6 types of receptors, called Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, and y6 (10–12). The Y1 receptor has high affinity for full-length NPY, while Y2 and Y5 receptors bind and are stimulated by full-length and N-terminally truncated NPY. The physiological effects associated to the Y1 and Y2 receptors are the best known; exposure to a Y1 agonist causes an increase in blood pressure and potentiates postsynaptically the action of other vasoactive substances (1, 4, 13), whereas Y2 receptors are mainly located presynaptically, and upon stimulation mediate the inhibition of neurotransmitter release (14, 15). NPY is a prototype of peptide whose function can be altered by proteases. Among peptidases displaying a high affinity for NPY, the primary role appears to be played by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, EC 3.4.14.5), a serine-type protease, also known as CD26, that releases an N-terminal dipeptide, Xaa-Xab- -Xac, preferentially when Xab is a proline or an alanine residue (16). By cleaving the Tyr-Pro dipeptide off the NPY N-terminal extremity, DPPIV generates NPY_3–36, a truncated form that loses its affinity for the Y1 receptor and becomes a Y2/Y5 receptor agonist (17, 18).NPY can also be degraded by aminopeptidase P (AmP, EC 3.4.11.9), a metalloprotease that hydrolyzes the peptide bond between the first and the second amino acid residue at the N terminus of proteins, if the second amino acid is a proline (19). AmP removes the N-terminal tyrosine from NPY to generate NPY_2–36, a selective Y2 agonist (18, 20). There is little information on how NPY cleavage by these enzymes occurs in serum, in part because reliable techniques are lacking to distinguish different NPY immunoreactive (NPYir) forms and also because the factors affecting the expression of these enzymes have been poorly studied. Recently, Frerker et al. (21) reported by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry that NPY_1–36 is exclusively degraded by DPPIV into NPY_3–36 in EDTA-plasma but they did not provide kinetics of NPY cleavage efficiency of DPPIV. Beck-Sickinger and co-workers (22) studied with the same technique the metabolic stability of fluorescent N-terminally labeled NPY analogues incubated in human plasma and found that the 36th, 35th, and 33rd residues of NPY analogues may also be removed by unknown carboxypeptidases.We have set up a method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSⁿ) to selectively quantify NPY and its C-terminal fragments NPY_2–36 and NPY_3–36 digested by human serum. The assays used the internal standard methodology with stable isotopes NPY_1–36 (IDA) (23, 24) or porcine NPY_1–36 as internal standard.The goal of this work was: 1) to determine to which extent NPY_1–36 is degraded by proteases present in human serum and whether an inhibition of DPPIV and AmP by vildagliptin and apstatin (two specific protease inhibitors), respectively, may affect the metabolism of NPY in serum; 2) to assign kinetic values to the proteases involved in the cleavage process toward NPY; and 3) to characterize new NPY-truncated forms and to check for their possible binding capacities on NPY receptors.