共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Annual Variation of Environmental Variables, Phytoplankton Species Composition and Photosynthetic Parameters in a Coastal Lagoon 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Physicalchemical variables, phytoplankton biomass, speciescomposition and photosynthesisirradiance (P-I) parameterswere analysed during 1 year in the Santo André Lagoon,SouthwestPortugal a land-locked coastal ecosystem withtemporary connections with the sea. When the lagoon stayed closedthe observed phytoplankton blooms were mainly caused by Prorocentrumminimum, a potentially toxic dinoflagellate. It was dominantduring most of the year but the seawater inflow to the lagoontriggered a decrease in phytoplankton biomass and an abruptshift in species composition. The maximum photosynthetic rate(Pmax) ranged from 2.0 to 22.5 mg C (mg chlorophyll a)1h1 and the light saturation index (Ik), ranged from 5.2to 335.0 µE m2 s1, with winter minima andsummer maxima. Pmax and Ik were both positively correlated totemperature. Abundance ofP. minimum was associated with highnitrate concentrations whereas diatoms appear when ammonium,salinity and wind velocity are high. A mathematical model todescribe photosynthetic rate as a function of irradiance andtemperature [P (I, t)] was applied to the samples in which P.minimum was the dominant species 相似文献
2.
Predicting chlorophyll vertical distribution in response to epilimnetic nutrient enrichment in small stratified lakes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christensen David L.; Carpenter Stephen R.; Cottingham Kathryn L. 《Journal of plankton research》1995,17(7):1461-1477
Light-limited metalimnetic phytoplankton communities are thoughtto be negatively impacted by epilimnetic nutrient enrichmentbecause of shading by increased epilimnetic phytoplankton biomass.We tested this expectation with a dynamic simulation model thatwas calibrated to three lakes undergoing whole-lake nutrientand food web manipulations. Total areal chlorophyll increaseddue to nutrient enrichment in each lake, but the magnitude ofthe response varied between lakes. Modeling experiments, whichallowed analysis of separate components of each lake's responseto nutrient enrichment, indicated that the response to enrichmentdepended on lake water color and food web structure. In weaklystained lakes ({small tilde}10 mg Pt 11, k4 = 0.4 m1),metalimnetic chlorophyll was stimulated by nutrient enrichmentup to moderate levels (1 µg Pt11 day1).In more strongly colored lakes (25 mg Pt 11, k4 = 1.0),metalimnetic chlorophyll responded negatively to nutrient enrichmentat all P loading rates. Food web structure, as expressed byrates of zooplanktivory, interacted with water color in twoways. One impact was through direct grazing losses on metalimneticchlorophyll. The other process involved was indirect impactfrom grazing on epilimnetic phytoplankton, which reduced shadingon metalimnetic chlorophyll. Vertical redistribution of chlorophyllbetween the epilimnion and the metalimnion led to little accumulationof areal chlorophyll with increased P loading over limited rangesof water color and nutrient input rates. Model predictions maybe most effectively tested with whole-lake experiments contrastingfood web structure, water color and nutrient loading. 相似文献
3.
Hogan K.P.; Fleck I.; Bungard R.; Cheeseman J.M.; Whitehead D. 《Journal of experimental botany》1997,48(6):1289-1297
Red beech (Nothofagus fusca (Hook. F.) Oerst.; Fagaceae) andradiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don; Pinaceae) were grown for16 months in large open-top chambers at ambient (37 Pa) andelevated (66 Pa) atmospheric partial pressure of CO2, and incontrol plots (no chamber). Summer-time measurements showedthat photosynthetic capacity was similar at elevated CO2 (lightand CO2-saturated value of 17.2 µmol m2 s1for beech, 13.5 µmol m2 s1 for pine), plantsgrown at ambient CO2 (beech 21.0 µmol2 s1,pine 14.9 µmol m2s1) or control plants grownwithout chambers (beech 23.2 µmol m2 s1,pine 12.9 µmol m2 s1). However, the higherCO2 partial pressure had a direct effect on photosynthetic rate,such that under their respective growth conditions, photosynthesisfor the elevated CO2 treatment (measured at 70 Pa CO2 partialpressure: beech 14.1 µmol m2 s1 pine 10.3)was greater than in ambient (measured at 35 Pa CO2: beech 9.7µmol m2 s1, pine 7.0 µmol m2s1) or control plants (beech 10.8 µmol m2s1, pine 7.2 µmol m2 s1). Measurementsof chlorophyll fluorescence revealed no evidence of photodamagein any treatment for either species. The quantity of the photoprotectivexanthophyll cycle pigments and their degree of de-epoxidationat midday did not differ among treatments for either species.The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (yield) was lowerin control plants than in chamber-grown plants, and was higherin chamber plants at ambient than at elevated CO2. These resultssuggest that at lower (ambient) CO2 partial pressure, beechplants may have dissipated excess energy by a mechanism thatdoes not involve the xanthophyll cycle pigments. Key words: Carotenoids, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, photoinhibition, photoprotection, xanthophyll cycle 相似文献
4.
In situ light measurements were used to obtain information oninherent and apparent optical properties. The average verticalattenuation coefficient Kd(ave) varied from 1.1 to 4.6 In unitsm1 During three periods the variation in Kd(ave) correlatedwith changes in chlorophyll a concentration and specific attenuationcoefficients Ks, of 0.013, 0.014 and 0.022 m2 mg Chl a1were calculated. Chlorophyll-specific diffuse absorption coefficients(A,) for these periods were 0.012. 0.013 and 0.017 m2 mg Chla1 and only varied significantly from estimates of Ksin the period when scattering was intense. Absorption coefficientsa(zmid) and scattering coefficients b(zmid) calculated for themid-point of the euphotic zone ranged between 0.45 and 2.9 mand 3.552.0 m respectively. Chlorophyll-specific absorptioncoefficients Ka, of 0.005, 0.006 and 0.007 m2 mg Chl a1and scattering coefficients Kb of 0.05. 0.09 and 0.191 m2 mgChl a1 were measured during the three periods. The highKb value occurred when gas-vacuolate cyanobactena were dominant.Algal photosynthesis and light absorption were related throughthe maximum quantum yield m which varied between 0.019 and 0.11mol C Einstein1 while average quantum yields a, variedbetween 0.006 and 0.024 with a mean of 0.013 mol C Einstein1A comparison of changes in the mean irradiance of the mixedzone and chlorophyll concentration indicated that growth waslight limited below 0.040.05 Einsteins absorbed mg Chla1 day1. 相似文献
5.
Primary production was measured for 7 years, using the in situ14C-method in hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa,to examine the influence of light and water temperature on theupper limit of Microcystis aeruginosa production. Water temperaturesvaried from 11 to >25°C and chlorophyll concentrationsreached 6500 mg m3. The maximum volumetric rate of production(Amax) was 12->8800 mg C m3 h1 with areal productions(A) of 69->3300 mg C m2 h1 for euphotic zonedepths of <0.58.4 m. The intrinsic parameters of phytoplanktonproduction (, Amax/B, Ik) indicated that the phytoplankton populationwas adapted to high light levels. Both Amax/B and Ik were correlatedwith temperature. Under optimal conditions, , the theoreticalupper limit of A, was calculated to be 2.8 g Cm2 h1,while the measured rate was 2.5 g Cm2 h1. Measuredareal rates exceeding were overestimated due to methodologicalproblems when working with Microcystis scums. Light and watertemperature interacted to yield high production rates: watertemperature through its direct effect on photosynthetic ratesand indirectly in the formation of diurnal mixed layers; lightindirectly through water temperature and directly through itsattenuation and induction of light-adapted physiology in Microcystis. 相似文献
6.
The effects of phthalate esters on chlorophyll a2 fluorescencein radish plants (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) wereexamined Fluorescence yield was increased in those plants exposedto an aerial concentration of 120 ng dm3 dibutyl phthaiatc(DBP) at a rate of 3.0 dm3 min1 for 13 d. Comparisonof fluorescence enhancement ratios and Fred/Fox, suggests thatDBP inhibits photosynthesis in radish plants at a site afterQA. Both DBP and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) strongly inhibiteduncoupled (PS2+PS1) electron transport rates in thylakoids isolatedfrom spinach. At a chlorophyll concentration of 10 µgcm3 the concentrations of DBP and DIBP exhibiting 50%inhibition were 44 mmol m3 and 42 mmol m3 respectively.Basal electron transport rates were also inhibited, with 87mmol m3 of DBP or DIBP producing 50% inhibition. Measurementof photosystcm 1 activity suggested that the main site of actionof these phthalates was localized at a site near the reducingside of photosystem 2. Key words: Phthalate, plasticiser, chlorophyll, fluorescence, photosynthesis, inhibition 相似文献
7.
Cobelas M.Alvarez; Haering F.J.; Velasco J.L.; Rubio A. 《Journal of plankton research》1992,14(7):979-996
The seasonal time course of phytoplankton primary productivitywas studied weekly in a hypertrophic, gravel-pit lake closeto Madrid, Spain. Chlorophyll a ranged 22445 mg m2.Gross primary productivity attained 0.28±0.14 g C m2h1 (range: 0.060.60), its yearly value being 900g C m2, but the shallow euphotic depths and the highplankton respiration ensured that net productivity was generallylow. Respiration losses amounted to 0.31±0.24 g O2 m2h1, with phytoplankton respiration roughly attainingone-half of overall plankton respiration. Areal phytoplanktonproductivity and plankton respiration followed a seasonal trendbut this was not the case for photosynthetic capacity. Surfacephotoinhibition was evenly distributed throughout the study.Quantum yields showed an increasing depth trend, but no seasonaltrend. Both Pmax and Ik were both temperature- and irradiance-dependent.As compared with lakes of lesser trophic degree, phytoplanktonprimary production in hypertrophic lakes might be increasednot only by higher nutrient contents but also by low chlorophyll-specificattenuation coefficients and low background, non-algal attenuation,thereby allowing for higher areal chlorophyll contents and hencehigher areal productivity. Our study suggests that physical(irradiance and water column stability) as well as chemicalfeatures (dissolved inorganic carbon and soluble reactive phosphorus)may control seasonality of phytoplankton primary productionin this lake despite recent claims that only physical factorsare of significance in hypertrophic lakes. However, this doesnot explain all the variability observed and so a food web controlis also likely to be operating. 相似文献
8.
Planktonic primary production in the German Wadden Sea 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
By combining weekly data of irradiance, attenuation and chlorophylla concentrations with photosynthesis (P) versus light intensity(E) curve characteristics, the annual cycle of planktonic primaryproduction in the estuarine part of the Northfrisian WaddenSea was computed for a 2 year period. Daily water column particulategross production ranged from 5 to 2200 mg C m2 day1and showed a seasonal pattern similar to chlorophyll a. Budgetcalculation yielded annual gross particulate primary productionsof 124 and 176 g C m2 year1 in 1995 and 1996,respectively. Annual amounts of phytoplankton respiration, calculatedaccording to a two-compartment model of Langdon [in Li,W.K.W.and Maestrini,S.Y. (eds), Measurement of Primary Productionfrom the Molecular to the Global Scale. International Councilfor the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, 1993, pp. 2036],and dissolved production in 1996, were both in the range of2439 g C m2 year1. Annual total net productionwas thus very similar to particulate gross production (127 and177 g C m2 year1 in 1995 and 1996, respectively).Phytoplankton growth was low or even negative in winter. Inspring and summer, production/biomass (Pr/B) ratios varied from0.2 up to 1.7. Phytoplankton growth during the growth seasonalways surpassed average flushing time in the area, thus underliningthe potential of local phytoplankton bloom development in thispart of the Wadden Sea. The chlorophyll-specific maximum photosyntheticrate (PBmax) ranged from 0.8 to 9.9 mg C mg1 Chl h1and was strongly correlated with water temperature (r2 = 0.67).By contrast, there was no clear seasonal cycle in B, which rangedfrom 0.007 to 0.039 mg C mg1 Chl h1 (µmolphotons m2 s1)1. Its variability was muchless than PBmax and independent of temperature. The magnitudeand part of the variability of PBmax and B are presumably causedby changes in species composition, as evidenced from the rangeof these parameters found among 10 predominant diatom speciesisolated from the Wadden Sea. The ratio of average light conditionsin the water column (Eav) to the light saturation parameterEk indicates that primary production in the Wadden Sea regionunder study is predominantly controlled by light limitationand that nutrient limitation was likely to occur for a few hoursper day only during 5 (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) to 10 (PO4,Si) weeks in the 2 year period investigated. 相似文献
9.
Biochemical Limitations to Carbon Assimilation in C3 Plants--A Retrospective Analysis of the A/Ci Curves from 109 Species 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Species-specific differences in the assimilation of atmosphericCO2 depends upon differences in the capacities for the biochemicalreactions that regulate the gas-exchange process. Quantifyingthese differences for more than a few species, however, hasproven difficult. Therefore, to understand better how speciesdiffer in their capacity for CO2 assimilation, a widely usedmodel, capable of partitioning limitations to the activity ofribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, to the rateof ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration via electron transport,and to the rate of triose phosphate utilization was used toanalyse 164 previously published A/Ci, curves for 109 C3 plantspecies. Based on this analysis, the maximum rate of carboxylation,Vcmax, ranged from 6µmol m2 s1 for the coniferousspecies Picea abies to 194µmol m2 s1 forthe agricultural species Beta vulgaris, and averaged 64µmolm2 s1 across all species. The maximum rate ofelectron transport, Jmax, ranged from 17µmol m2s1 again for Picea abies to 372µmol m2 s1for the desert annual Malvastrum rotundifolium, and averaged134µmol m2 s1 across all species. A strongpositive correlation between Vcmax and Jmax indicated that theassimilation of CO2 was regulated in a co-ordinated manner bythese two component processes. Of the A/Ci curves analysed,23 showed either an insensitivity or reversed-sensitivity toincreasing CO2 concentration, indicating that CO2 assimilationwas limited by the utilization of triose phosphates. The rateof triose phosphate utilization ranged from 4·9 µmolm2 s1 for the tropical perennial Tabebuia roseato 20·1 µmol m2 s1 for the weedyannual Xanthium strumarium, and averaged 10·1 µmolm2 s1 across all species. Despite what at first glance would appear to be a wide rangeof estimates for the biochemical capacities that regulate CO2assimilation, separating these species-specific results intothose of broad plant categories revealed that Vcmax and Jmaxwere in general higher for herbaceous annuals than they werefor woody perennials. For annuals, Vcmax and Jmax averaged 75and 154 µmol m2 s1, while for perennialsthese same two parameters averaged only 44 and 97 µmolm2 s1, respectively. Although these differencesbetween groups may be coincidental, such an observation pointsto differences between annuals and perennials in either theavailability or allocation of resources to the gas-exchangeprocess. Key words: A/Ci curve, CO2 assimilation, internal CO2 partial pressure, photosynthesis 相似文献
10.
The role of Cl in the reactivation of O2 evolution inphotosystem II (PS II) particles derived from spinach chloroplastswas studied in the presence of various salts. Multivalent ion(especially anion) salts were found to strongly suppress thereactivation of O2 evolution by Cl in the Cl-depletedPS II particles in a competitive manner. The effectiveness ofanions in the suppression of Cl-supported O2 evolutionwas in the order of trivalent>divalent>monovalent ones.Multivalent anions similarly suppressed O2 evolution in theuntreated PS II particles under low and moderate Cl concentrations.pH dependence of the Cl-affinity (Km) value for Cl)was also studied. Within the pH range 5.5 to 8 the Km valuebecame higher as the pH of the medium increased. These resultssuggest that the membrane surface in the vicinity of the Claction site is net positively charged and attracts Clelectrostatically, and that the site is almost freely accessibleto various anions. The origin and role of the local net positivedomain and the role of peripheral proteins are discussed. (Received May 27, 1985; Accepted October 8, 1985) 相似文献
11.
The relationships between CO2 concentrating mechanisms, photosyntheticefficiency and inorganic carbon supply have been investigatedfor the aquatic macrophyte Littorella uniflora. Plants wereobtained from Esthwaite Water or a local reservoir, with thelatter plants transplanted into a range of sediment types toalter CO2 supply around the roots. Free CO2 in sediment-interstitial-waterranged from 101 mol m3 (Esthwaite), 0.79 mol m3(peat), 0.32 mol m3 (silt) and 017 mol m3(sand), with plants maintained under PAR of 40 µmol m2s1. A comparison of gross morphology of plants maintained underthese conditions showed that the peat-grown plants with highsediment CO2 had larger leaf fresh weight (069 g) andtotal surface area (223 cm2 g1 fr. wt. including lacunalsurface area) than the sand-grown plants (0.21 g and 196 cm2g1 fr. wt. respectively). Root fresh weights were similarfor all treatments. In contrast, leaf internal CO2 concentration[CO2], was highest in the sand-grown plants (269 molm3, corresponding to 6.5% CO2 in air) and lowest inthe Esthwaite plants (108 mol m3). Expressionof CAM in transplants was also greatest in the low CO2 regime,with H+ (measured as dawn-dusk titratable acidity) of 50µmolg fr. wt., similar to Esthwaite plants in natural sediment.Assuming typical CAM stoichiometry, decarboxylation of malatecould account largely for the measured [CO2]1 and would makea major contribution to daytime CO2 fixation in vivo. A range of leaf sections (02, 10, 50 and170 mm) was used to evaluate diffusion limitation andto select a suitable size for comparative studies of photosyntheticO2 evolution. The longer leaf sections (17.0 mm), which weresealed and included the leaf tip, were diffusion-limited witha linear response to incremental addition of CO2 and 10mol m3 exogenous CO2 was required to saturate photosynthesis.Shorter leaf sections were less diffusion-limited, with thegreatest photosynthetic capacity (36 µmol O2 g1 fr. wt. h1) obtainedfrom the 1.0 mm size and were not infiltrated by the incubatingmedium. Comparative studies with 1.0 mm sections from plants grown inthe different sediment types revealed that the photosyntheticcapacity of the sand-grown plants was greatest (45 µmolO2 g1 fr. wt. h1) with a K0.5 of 80 mmol m3.In terms of light response, saturation of photosynthesis intissue slices occurred at 8501000 µmol m2s1 although light compensation points (611 µmolm2s1) and chlorophyll a: b ratios (1.3) were low.While CO2 and PAR responses were obtained using varying numbersof sections with a constant fresh weight, the relationshipsbetween photosynthetic capacity and CO2 supply or PAR were maintainedwhen the data were expressed on a chlorophyll basis. It is concludedthat under low PAR, CO2 concentrating mechanisms interact inintact plants to maintain saturating CO2 levels within leaflacunae, although the responses of the various components ofCO2 supply to PAR require further investigation. Key words: Key words-Uttorella uniflora, internal CO2 concentration, crassulacean acid metabolism, root inorganic carbon supply, CO2 concentrating mechanism 相似文献
12.
K+ efflux from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L, cv. Samsun NN)leaf discs into the external medium was increased and the membranepotential (Em) changed in the positive direction with a changein pH from 8.0 to 4.0. Em was affected by the external concentrationof KCl, greatly decreasing with a change in concentration from1 mM to 100 mM. The equilibrium potential of the membrane forK+ (Ek) was decreased in a Nernst fashion with increasing externalconcentrations of KCl. Ek is more positive than Em above ca.50 µM KCl. Most of the experiments were carried out underconditions in which the difference between the electrochemicalpotential for K+ on the inside to the outside of the cell (µkis positive. Thus, K+ may passively flow to the outside of thecells accompanied by the depolarization of the membrane. Abscisic acid (ABA) increased the K+ efflux under conditionsof passive transport. K+ efflux was accelerated with an increasingconcentration of ABA, being maximal at 104 M103M. This acceleration was due to the enhancement of the potassiummotive force (µk/F) which is the force causing the netpassive transport of K+. The membrane potential was decreasedfrom 205 mV to 170 mV by 2 x 104 M ABAwithin 10 min. The depolarization was not transient, being lostfor at least 3 hr. These results show that ABA accelerated passive K+ efflux, whichaccompanied depolarization of the membrane. (Received June 22, 1981; Accepted August 24, 1981) 相似文献
13.
Ion Fluxes in 'Isolated' Guard Cells of Commelina communis L. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Ion fluxes have been measured in isolated guardcells of Commelina communis L. using 86RbCl and K82Br, in epidermalstrips in which all cells other than guard cells have been killedby treatment at low pH. To avoid problems of slow free spaceexchange most fluxes have been measured at pH 3.9, at whichstomata open well in K(Rb) Cl(Br) and are stable for many hours.At pH 3.9 the intracellular 86Rb exchanged as a single compartmentwith a half-time of 23 h, independent of external concentration(Co). The influx of 86Rb rose with concentration, to a Vmaxof about 23 pmol mm2 h1. The efflux curve of 82Brcould be well fitted by two exponential terms, with half-timesof 38 min (independent of Co), and 535 h (falling withincreasing Co). Bromide contents of cytoplasm and vacuole (Qcand Qv), and fluxes at plasmalemma and tonoplast, were calculatedfrom the efflux kinetics. Over Co 2060 mM, as the apertureincreased from 7 µm to 17 µm, the tonoplast flux(0.511.5 pmol mm2h1) was always much lessthan the plasmalemma flux (777 pmol mm2 h1).Qc and Qv both increased with aperture. The increase in Qc of10.3 pmol mm2 µm1 is adequate to accountfor the osmotic changes required to change the aperture, aspreviously estimated. However, the change in vacuolar contentof only 5.9 pmol mm2 µm1 is much too smallto account for the osmotic changes required, or to balance thecytoplasmic changes. It appears therefore that increasing KBroutside not only increases the cytoplasmic salt content, andthe Br flux at the tonoplast, but also stimulates the vacuolaraccumulation of some other solute. 相似文献
14.
The Effect of Current Photosynthesis on the Origin of Translocates in Old Tomato Leaves 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The rate of carbon transport from an old tomato leaf (54 days),grown at 80 W m2, was measured under light flux densitiesbetween 7 and 90 W m2. Under low light, the rate of carbontransport over a 6 h period was about 1 mg C dm2 h1,well in excess of the concurrent photosynthetic rate. The lossfrom these leaves of 14C-leaf assimilate which was fixed beforethe experimental period amounted to 62 per cent of the totalinitial uptake and was higher than that from leaves with higherconcurrent photosynthetic rates. The higher loss of 14C fromleaves with low photosynthetic rates was due to a greater contributionof 14C from the starch and residue fractions. The rate of transportappeared to be determined by the concentration of the labilesucrose, not the total sucrose concentration. In comparisonwith young fully-expanded tomato leaves (Ho, 1976) the sizeof the labile sucrose pool appeared to decrease with age. Thephotosynthesistranslocation coefficient was low (k1k2=021)for an old tomato leaf. Based on these results a scheme of carbonpartitioning in relation to translocation is proposed. Criteriafor assessing the efficiency of translocation in leaves arediscussed. 相似文献
15.
SCHMITT ANDREAS K.; LEE HELEN S. J.; LUTTGE ULRICH 《Journal of experimental botany》1988,39(11):1581-1590
Gas exchange measurements were undertaken on 2-year-old plantsof Clusia rosea. The plants were shown to have the ability toswitch from C3-photosynthesis to CAM and vice versa regardlessof leaf age and, under some conditions, CO2 was taken up continuously,throughout the day and night. The light response was saturatedby 120 µmol m2 s1 typical of a shade plant. Gas exchange patterns in response to light, water and VPD wereexamined. All combinations of daytime and night-time CO2 uptakewere observed, with rates of CO2 uptake ranging from 2 to 11µmol m2 s1 depending upon water status andlight. Categorization of this plant asC3, CAM or an intermediateis impossible. Differing VPD affected the magnitude of changesfrom CAM to C3-photosynthesis (0 to 0.5 and 0 to 6.0 µmolm2 s1 CO2, respectively) when plants were watered.Under well-watered conditions, but not under water stress, highPPFD elicited changes from CAM to C3 gas exchange. This is unusualnot only for a shade plant but also for a plant with CAM. Itis of ecological importance for C. rosea, which may spend theearly years of its life as an epiphyte or in the forest understorey,to be able to maximize photosynthesis with minimal water loss. Key words: Clusia rosea, CAM, C3, stress 相似文献
16.
Imaizumi Nobuyuki; Usuda Hideaki; Nakamoto Hitoshi; Ishihara Kuni 《Plant & cell physiology》1990,31(6):835-844
Photosynthesis is known to occur in rice panicles, but littlehas been reported about the photosynthetic or biochemical characteristicsof such panicles. The estimated gross amount of photo-syntheticallyassimilated CO2 in a panicle is 30% of that in a flag leaf.This result and the good light-intercepting characteristicsof the panicle in the canopy suggest that photosynthesis inthe panicle may contribute significantly to grain filling. Therice panicle is composed of spikelets and of rachis-branchesincluding rachis which have estimated gross rates of photosynthesisduring the 30-day period after anthesis of 130 to 180 and 50to 100 µmol CO2.(mg Chl)1.h1, respectively.The corresponding rate for the flag leaf is 180 to 230 µmolCO2.(mg Chl).h. On the basis of Chl, spikeletshave a high photosynthetic capability which is similar to thatof the flag leaf. The activities of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase),phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), and pyruvate.Pi dikinase(PPDK) in spikelets were 129, 220, and 87 µmol.(mg Chl).h,respectively. The activities of PEPCase and PPDK in spikeletswere considerably higher than those in the flag leaf or rachis-branches.Oxygen-insensitive photosynthesis was found only in spikelets.The Km of NaHCO3 for photosynthesis by slices of spikelets inan aqueous solution (0.6 mM) was considerably lower than thatfor slices of flag leaf (4.2 mM). All these results indicatethat spikelets have different photosynthetic characteristicsfrom those of the flag leaf and rachis-branches. The possibilityof C3C4 intermediate photosynthesis or C4-like photosynthesisin spikelets is discussed.
4Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,Saitama University, Urawa, 338 Japan (Received February 14, 1990; Accepted June 12, 1990) 相似文献
17.
Oikopleura longicauda occurred throughout the year in ToyamaBay, southern Japan Sea, and analysis of its size compositionand maturity revealed that reproduction was continuous overtheyear. Somatic growth production (Pg) varied with season from0.03 to 103 mg carbon (C) m2day1 (annual Pg 4.5g C m2), and house production (Pe) from 0.11 to 266 mgC m2 day1 (annualPe 11.3 g C m2). The annualPg/B ratio was 176. Compared with production data of some predominantzooplankton species in Toyama Bay, it is suggested that despitetheir smaller biomass, appendicularians are an important secondaryproducer. 相似文献
18.
In situ growth and development of Neocalanus flemingeri/plumchrusstage C1C4 copepodites were estimated by both the artificial-cohortand the single-stage incubation methods in March, April andMay of 20012005 at 56°C. Results from thesetwo methods were comparable and consistent. In the field, C1C4stage durations ranged from 7 to >100 days, dependent ontemperature and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration. Averagestage durations were 12.414.1 days, yielding an averageof 56 days to reach C5, but under optimal conditions stage durationswere closer to 10 days, shortening the time to reach C5 (fromC1) to 46 days. Generally, growth rates decreased with increasingstage, ranging from 0.28 day1 to close to zero but weretypically between 0.20 and 0.05 day1, averaging 0.110± 0.006 day1 (mean ± SE) for single-stageand 0.107 ± 0.005 day1 (mean ± SE) forartificial-cohort methods. Growth was well described by equationsof MichaelisMenten form, with maximum growth rates (Gmax)of 0.170.18 day1 and half saturation Chl a concentrations(Kchl) of 0.450.46 mg m3 for combined C13,while Gmax dropped to 0.080.09 day1 but Kchl remainedat 0.380.93 mg m3 for C4. In this study, in situgrowth of N. flemingeri/plumchrus was frequently food limitedto some degree, particularly during March. A comparison withglobal models of copepod growth rates suggests that these modelsstill require considerable refinement. We suggest that the artificial-cohortmethod is the most practical approach to generating the multispeciesdata required to address these deficiencies. 相似文献
19.
The kinetic properties of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylasehave been studied among several Flaveria species: the C3 speciesF. cronquistii, the C3C4 species F. pubescens and F.linearis, and the C4 species F. trinervia. At either pH 7 or8, the maximum activities (in µmol.mg Chl1.h1)for F. pubescens and linearis (187513) were intermediateto those of the C3 species (1219) and the C4 species(2,1822,627). The response curves of velocity versusPEP concentration were hyperbolic for the C3 and C3C4species at either pH 7 or 8 while they were sigmoidal for theC4 species at pH 7 and hyperbolic at pH 8. The Km values forPEP determined from reciprocal plots were lowest in the C3 species,and of intermediate value in the C3C4 species comparedto the K' values of the C4 species determined from Hill plotsat either pH 7 or 8. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) decreased theKm values for PEP at both pH 7 and 8 in the C3 and C3C4species. In the C4 species, G6P decreased the K' values at pH8 but increased the K' values at pH 7. In all cases, G6P hadits effect by influencing the activity at limiting PEP concentrationswith little or no effect on the maximum activity. At pH 8 andlimiting concentrations of PEP the degree of stimulation ofthe activity by G6P was greatest in the C4 species, intermediatein F. linearis, a C3C4 species, and lowest in the C3species. In several respects, the PEP carboxylases of the C3C4Flaveria species have properties intermediate to those of theC3 and C4 species. (Received April 30, 1983; Accepted August 22, 1983) 相似文献
20.
DAVIES E. C.; CHOW W. S.; LE FAY J. M.; JORDAN B. R. 《Journal of experimental botany》1986,37(2):211-220
When young tomato plants grown in high light (400 µmolquanta m2s1 PAR) were transferred to low light(100 µmol quanta m2s1 PAR), non-cyclic electrontransport capacity was decreased and the rate of dark re-oxidationof Q, the first quinone electron acceptor of photosystemII, was decreased within 12 d. In contrast, the amountof coupling factor CF1, assayed by its ATPase activity, decreasedmore gradually over several days. The total chlorophyll contentper unit leaf area remained relatively constant, although thechlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio declined. When young tomato plants grown in low light were transferredto high light, the ATPase activity of isolated thylakoids increasedmarkedly within 1 d of transfer. This increase occurred morerapidly than changes in chlorophyll content per leaf area. Inaddition, in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence induction curvesindicate that forward electron transfer from Q occurredmore readily. The functional implications of these changes arediscussed. Key words: Tomato, leaves, light intensity, thylakoid membrane 相似文献