Two-stage fermentation method for production of protein-enriched feed from cassava

Studies have been carried out into the production of microbial protein from cassava using Trichoderma reesei and yeast. In monoculture studies, T. reesei was grown on whole cassava medium to give 0.74g dry cell/g cassava. The dry material contained 42% protein. The culture filtrate contained 5.8 g/l glucose, which supported the growth of yeast. Mixed culture fermentation was also carried out with the two microorganisms. Besides accelerating the rate of degradation and conversion of cassava to cells (0.85g cell/g cassava) the yeast boosted the protein content of the growth product to 51%.     

木薯发酵产丁醇的研究

对丙酮丁醇梭菌发酵木薯产溶剂进行研究,分别考察了N源、木薯含量、酶处理条件和培养基pH对发酵产丁醇的影响。结果表明：最佳的产丁醇发酵培养基为木薯粉120g／L,乙酸铵6g／L;木薯粉先用高温淀粉酶按酶量20U／g、90℃水解60min,再糊化30min;发酵初始pH为6．0,发酵96h。在此条件下,5L发酵罐中丁醇产量达到13．5g／L,总溶剂达到22．8g／L。     

木薯原料生产燃料乙醇

以下介绍了我国木薯原料生产燃料乙醇的最新进展,并对我国的木薯资源分布作了分析,特别强调了木薯资源占全国总产量的65%以上的广西壮族自治区在我国发展木薯原料燃料乙醇过程中所起的重要作用,在此基础上对我国发展木薯原料燃料乙醇所遇到的困难和挑战进行了分析,并根据国内外的科技进展对如何克服这些困难提出了几个可能的解决方案。     

A consolidated bio-processing of ethanol from cassava pulp accompanied by hydrogen production

A biphasic fermentation approach was undertaken for the production of ethanol and hydrogen from cassava pulp. The glucose generated by co-culture of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense was 13.65±0.45 g L(-1), which was 1.75 and 1.17-fold greater than that produced by mono-cultures of C. thermocellum and T. aotearoense, respectively. The accumulated glucose could be utilised rapidly by subsequently inoculated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An inoculum ratio of 1:1, a thermophilic fermentation of 84 h, and a pulp concentration of 4% proved optimal for ethanol production, fermentation efficiency, and productivity. With these conditions, the ethanol level reached 8.83±0.31 g L(-1) with a fermentation efficiency of 64.95±2.71%. Hydrogen production of 4.06 mmol by the co-culture system was 1.54 and 2.09-fold greater than that produced by mono-cultures of C. thermocellum and T. aotearoense, respectively. This sequential co-culture approach provided a consolidated bio-processing means to produce ethanol and hydrogen from cassava pulp.     

Phosphatase production by mycorrhizal fungi

Summary Sheathing mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to possess phosphatase enzymes which can hydrolyse inositol hexaphosphate. In a range of mycorrhizal fungi, this activity was often greater than in two common decomposer basidiomycetes. Mycorrhizal birch and pine roots both produce phosphatases. In birch production is inversely related to the inorganic phosphorus concentration in the growth medium. Mycorrhizas reduce phosphatase activity compared with non-mycorrhizal plants.Phosphatase production by basidiomycete fungi in liquid culture is independent of P in the medium. Saprophytic basidiomycetes tend to incorporate hydrolysed phosphate into their biomass. In contrast mycorrhizal fungi release more into solution than they absorb. The significance of this difference in relation to the supply of nutrients to plants is discussed.     

Mevinolin production by some fungi

The potentiality of twenty-five fungal species belonging to 14 genera isolated from Egyptian soils to produce mevinolin, a hypocholesterolemic agent, when grown on selected substrates was tested. For the first screening samples of culture filtrates were tested by TLC and the positive results were further estimated by HPLC analysis. It was found that nearly one-third of the tested fungi showed positive results as to production of mevinolin.Aspergillus terreus was distinguished by its capacity to produce mevinolin when cultivated on a selected medium. The maximum mevinolin yields were achieved after on 8-d incubation at 30°C. An initial pH value of 5–6 was found to be the optimum for growth ofA. terreus and mevinolin production.     

Mycotoxin production from fungi isolated from grapes

AIMS: In order to assess the potential for producing mycotoxins, fungi were isolated from wine producing grapes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The isolates were identified and Penicillium expansum, the most well recognized mycotoxin producer, was analysed for mycotoxin production by TLC. Many of the strains produced patulin and/or citrinin, often depending on whether they were grown on a grape or yeast extract sucrose media. CONCLUSION: Citrinin was produced by all strains grown in the yeast extract sucrose medium, but only one strain (from 51) was able to produce this compound in grape juice medium. Patulin was produced in the yeast extract medium by 20 strains and in grape juice medium by 33 strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The presence of mycotoxins in wine producing grapes is discussed. Grapes contamination with patulin seems not to contribute to wine contamination, and no ochratoxin producing fungi was identified.     

Indole 3-acetic acid production by ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Ability of 8 ectomycorrhizal fungi to synthesise indole 3-acetic acid from L-tryptophan and their growth rate were studied. Differences in the levels of IAA synthesis and biomass production among the 8 mycorrhizal fungi were observed. A positive correlation was recorded between IAA level and mycelial growth. The synthesis of IAA and mycelial biomass were maximum on 30th day after incubation. Pisolithus tinctorius and Laccaria laccata exhibited higher amounts of IAA production than other fungi, whereas Amanita muscaria and Rhizopogon luteolus showed least quantity of IAA.     

Microbial population and biochemical changes during production of protein-enriched fufu

Summary Candida utilis strain BKT4 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BKT7 isolated from burukutu (a local wine brewed from sorghum) were used to enrich fufu. During the fermentation process, there were changes in the microbiological and biochemical characteristics of the cassava. The total viable counts increased with increasing fermentation time while the counts of the lactics and fungi increased at the later stages of the fermentation due to the acidity of the medium. Various bacteria (Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Corynebacterium), moulds (Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus) and yeasts (Candida, Saccharomyces, Hansenula, Rhodotorula) were found to be associated with the fermentation process. The pH of the fermenting cassava increased from 4.2 to 5.7 after 72 h while the cyanide level decreased from 2.2 mg/kg to 0.7 mg/kg over the same period of fermentation. Fufu (prepared by crushing and sieving fermenting cassava roots) enriched with 0.5 g of C. utilis strain BKT4, S. cerevisiae BKT7 and a mixed culture of the two organisms revealed a crude protein of 7.90, 6.34 and 10.0% respectively as compared to 2% protein content of the enriched fufu. There was a corresponding increase in protein content of the product as the quantity of the enrichment yeast was increased from 0.5 to 3.0 g. The aroma of the enriched fufu was preferred to that of the commercial fufu. Generally, good acceptability and organoleptic qualities (colour, taste, texture and aroma) of the protein enriched fufu was best achieved within 48 h of enrichment. The results of this study suggest that fufu can be made more nutritious with yeasts particularly Candida utilis strain BKT4 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BKT7.     

Natural products from filamentous fungi and production by heterologous expression

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Filamentous fungi represent an incredibly rich and rather overlooked reservoir of natural products, which often show potent bioactivity and find...     

Thermal stabilization of putative karyoskeletal protein-enriched fractions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Elevated growth temperature (heat shock) promoted the structural stability of karyoskeletal protein-enriched fractions isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Similar stabilization could be induced by brief incubation of nuclei at 37 degrees C in vitro. These results are similar to those reported for higher eucaryotes and have practical implications for investigation of the karyoskeleton in S. cerevisiae.     

Commercial production of acids by fungi

Citric, gluconic, fumaric and gallic acids, all having industrial applications, are the only ones among 41 known fungus acids that are produced commercially today.     

The betulinic acid production from betulin through biotransformation by fungi

Betulinic acid, a triterpenoid found in many plant species, has attracted attention due to its important physiological and pharmacological properties. In order to obtain betulinic acid, betulin was submitted to transformation with the selected microorganisms. Betulin biotransformation was carried out with the filamentous fungi Armillaria luteo-virens Sacc QH (ALVS), Aspergillus foetidus ZU-G1 (AF) and Aspergillus oryzae (AO) under seven kinds of transformation condition. As a result of transformation of betulin, A. luteo-virens Sacc QH was the best biocatalyst to produce betulinic acid under the designed conditions. Transformation caused by pre-cultured fungal mycelia, a process designated as G2, was favorable condition for betulin biotransformation as the productivity of betulinic acid was evaluated (>20%). M1 and M2 systems, where the betulin substrate was micro-emulsified in mixtures of Tween 80 and organic solvents, were potential substitutes for G2. The possible pathway of betulin transformation is postulated in this work. The use of fungi and transformation mode described in current work are viable procedures for producing betulinic acid, which is of most importance to replace chemical synthesis ways.     

Efficient 2,3-butanediol production from cassava powder by a crop-biomass-utilizer, Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens SDM

Background

2,3-Butanediol (BD) is considered as one of the key platform chemicals used in a variety of industrial applications. It is crucial to find an efficient sugar-utilizing strain and feasible carbon source for the economical production of BD.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Efficient BD production by a newly isolated Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens SDM was studied using crop-biomass cassava powder as substrate. The culture conditions and fermentation medium for BD production were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, 78.3 g l⁻¹ of BD was produced after 24 h in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), with a yield of 0.42 g BD g⁻¹ cassava powder and a specific productivity of 3.3 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹. A higher BD concentration (93.9 g l⁻¹) was produced after 47 h in fed-batch SSF.

Conclusions/Significance

The results suggest that strain SDM is a good candidate for the BD production, and cassava powder could be used as an alternative substrate for the efficient production of BD.     

SCP production and removal of organic load from cassava starch industry waste by yeasts

Wastewater obtained from the cassava processing industry was used to produce single cell protein (SCP). A few selected strains of yeasts were analysed for the SCP production based on the criteria of best biomass yield and high reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) under nitrogen limitation. The monoculturing of Candida tropicalis gave the highest μmax with a protein enhancement of 4 fold and 50% decrease in COD. The performance of cocultures have shown an improvement in the COD removal of the wastewater and in the percent increase of protein. The effects of coculturing were better in a lab fermentor under controlled conditions.     

Optimization of single-cell-protein production from cassava starch using Schwanniomyces castellii

Schwanniomyces castellii B5285 grew faster and produced greater biomass and higher protein yield than either S. alluvius ATCC 26074 or S. alluvius 81Y when these amylolytic yeasts were grown with 2% (w/v) cassava starch as sole C source. With 0.5% (w/v) glutamate as N source, S. castellii reached 7.12 g cell dry mass/l, with a protein yield of 6.4 g/100 g starch. The optimal agitation speed, aeration rate and pH for growth of this yeast in a fermenter were 400 rev/min, 1.67 vol./vol.min. and 5.0, respectively. Tween 80 at 0.1% increased cell dry mass to 8.90 g/l, cell yield to 44 g/100 g starch and protein yield to 7.4 g/100 g starch.The authors are with the Department of industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand