农药对土壤脲酶活性的影响

通过模拟方法,研究了豆磺隆和呋喃丹对草甸棕壤和黑土6个土样脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,两种农药对土壤脲酶均有不同程度的激活作用,其中豆磺隆对草甸棕壤和黑土脲酶活性的最大增幅分别为46.95％和39.36％,呋喃丹分别为21.08％和12.70％.豆磺隆和呋喃丹浓度与土壤脲酶活性之间用二元一次方程拟和效果较好,分别有5个和3个土样的方程达到了显著或极显著相关水平,且二次项系数为负,总体上表现为先增加后降低的规律性变化.从两种农药对土壤脲酶的增幅和方程系数来看,豆磺隆对土壤脲酶活性的影响比呋喃丹明显.     

豆磺隆对北方草甸棕壤土壤酶活性的影响

通过室内模拟方法, 以北方具有代表性的草甸棕壤为研究对象, 研究了除草剂豆磺隆对土壤脲酶、转化酶和三种磷酸酶活性的影响。结果显示, 在试验浓度范围内 , 豆磺隆对土壤脲酶和转化酶总体上有激活作用 , 影响幅度分别为 3.07%-20.02%和−1.73%-5.67%; 除个别浓度外, 豆磺隆对三种土壤磷酸酶均有抑制作用 , 豆磺隆浓度为 5 mg⋅kg–1时对酸性磷酸酶的抑制作用最强, 抑制率为 17.92%, 对中性磷酸酶的抑制率仅在 0.77%-1.54%之间 , 对碱性磷酸酶的抑制率为 8.95%-20.60%。豆磺隆对脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性的影响较小 , 且未表现出明显规律性, 仅与碱性磷酸酶呈显著(p < 0.05)的对数负相关关系 , 表明碱性磷酸酶在一定程度上可作为豆磺隆污染土壤的监测指标。     

砷对土壤脲酶活性影响的研究

采用模拟方法对As污染土壤脲酶特征进行了研究．结果表明,土壤中As浓度在0～200mg·kg^-1浓度范围内,反应初期脲酶活性变化无明显规律;一年后砷激活土壤脲酶活性,二者达到显著或极显著正相关．随As浓度增加,土壤脲酶Km值基本不变或略有增加,Vmax增大,从机制上揭示出As加速脲酶-尿素复合物的解离．厩肥和无肥土样脲酶对As的反应类似,只是变化幅度有所差异．     

镉、汞复合污染对土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

通过土壤培养试验, 研究了重金属镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）复合污染对小粉土和黄红壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明：整个培养过程中,Cd、Hg单一及复合污染都对两种土壤中脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性具有明显抑制作用,且随重金属浓度增强而增强（浓度≤1 mg·kg^-1Cd除外）.与单一Cd或Hg污染相比,同剂量Cd和Hg复合污染时两种酶活性的净变化量均大于0,表明Cd和Hg复合污染在两种土壤中对土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的抑制作用均表现为一定的协同作用.所有处理黄红壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均高于小粉土,这可能与黄红壤有机质和粘粒含量相对较高有关.     

温度对Cd抑制土壤脲酶影响机理研究

通过土壤培养实验、紫外光谱和荧光光谱技术,研究了不同温度下Cd对土壤脲酶催化活性、动力学性质的影响及其机理。结果表明：（1）在供试温度范围内,土壤脲酶活性、动力学参数Vmax和Vmax/Km值与温度呈正相关,且土壤脲酶活性随着培养时间延长呈现先增后减的趋势; （2）土壤脲酶活性、动力学参数Vmax和Vmax/Km值与Cd^2＋呈显著负相关,表明Cd对土壤脲酶的抑制作用为非竞争性抑制,且抑制程度随处理温度升高而加强; （3）低浓度Cd处理刀豆脲酶后,随着体系中Cd^2＋的增加,脲酶的紫外吸收光谱发生红移,荧光发射峰发生蓝移。 关     

甲磺隆对微囊藻生长和光合系统的影响

研究选取了水体常见蓝藻优势种类——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806)作为研究对象, 了解磺酰脲类除草剂甲磺隆(Metsulfuron-methyl)对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合系统的影响。研究表明, 当甲磺隆浓度大于80 mg/L时, 对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有显著抑制。通过回归分析和Probit分析, 甲磺隆对铜绿微囊藻生长的EC₅₀为81.998 mg/L。细胞色素研究结果显示, 实验第6天, 各浓度处理下单位细胞内Chl.a和类胡萝卜素含量均低于对照组, 且当甲磺隆浓度为80 mg/L时, 单位细胞内类胡萝卜素含量显著低于对照组。快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学变化结果分析显示, 实验第6天甲磺隆胁迫下单位反应中心捕获的用于电子传递的能量(ET₀/RC)及单位反应中心用于电子传递的量子产额(φE₀)受到显著抑制, 综合细胞色素变化结果显示, 甲磺隆能显著抑制光合系统反应中心电子受体侧电子性能。综上所述, 甲磺隆可能作用于光合系统反应中心电子受体侧, 从而对铜绿微囊藻光合系统造成影响。     

一株氯嘧磺隆降解菌分离鉴定及降解条件优化

为解决氯嘧磺隆残留对土壤、水体污染及后茬敏感作物药害问题,为污染土壤微生物修复提供降解菌种资源,文中采用富集培养、逐级驯化等方法,从氯嘧磺隆污染土壤中分离到1株高效氯嘧磺隆降解菌T9DB-01,经形态特征、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.。采用单因素实验探究温度、pH值、底物浓度、装液量和接种量对菌株T9DB-01降解氯嘧磺隆的影响,采用正交试验及验证,优化菌株T9DB-01对氯嘧磺隆降解条件。结果表明,在30℃,pH 8.0,底物浓度200 mg/L,装液量100 mL/250 mL,接种量4%的条件下,5 d后降解率达到93.7%。该降解菌株对氯嘧磺隆污染土壤原位生物修复具有一定的应用潜力。     

酸雨、铜和莠去津对土壤水解酶活性的影响

运用正交试验设计方案,考察了酸雨、重金属铜和农药莠去津复合污染情况下各因素的主效应及两两交互作用对土壤脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,H^+、Cu^2+对酶活性影响显著且其对3种酶的抑制效应为H^+>Cu^2+;Al^3+仅对脲酶表现出一定的激活效应;而除磷酸酶外,莠去津对脲酶、转化酶活性无明显影响。交互作用试验表明：莠去津×Cu的协同作用主要表现为对磷酸酶活性的影响;而H×Cu对脲酶、转化酶均表现为颉抗作用;在本文所考察的浓度范围内,未见莠去津与氢有显著的交互作用存在3种酶中,以磷酸酶对外来污染物最为敏感。     

氯嘧磺隆降解菌株LW-3的分离及生物学特性研究

从长期受氯嘧磺隆污染的土壤中分离到一株氯嘧磺隆高效降解菌株,命名为LW-3,菌株LW-3可以氯嘧磺隆为唯一氮源生长,接种量为2%时,50 mg/L氯嘧磺隆经过7 d,降解率达70%～80%.生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将菌株LW-3归属于假单胞茵属(Pseudomonas sp.);菌株的适宜降解条件为;温度30℃～35℃,pH 6.5～7.2,pH对菌株LW-3降解氯嘧磺隆有明显地影响.     

不同土壤细菌种群结构对氯嘧磺隆胁迫的响应及降解菌系的获得

应用PCR-DGGE、DNA测序等方法,在室内驯化条件下研究了8种来源于中国不同地区土壤样品细菌种群结构对氯嘧磺隆胁迫的响应。结果表明:在氯嘧磺隆100～500mg·L-1浓度梯度下,土壤细菌群落组成有明显的更迭现象,多样性发生明显变化,驯化至10周,绝大部分细菌种群消失,样品的细菌种群结构趋于简单并呈现趋同效应;DNA测序结果表明,在驯化第10周可培养Methylophilus sp.、Beta proteobacterium、uncultured bacterium成为优势菌属,所获细菌种群出现的16个优势种群中有10个与已知的具有有机污染物降解功能和有机污染环境修复功能细菌的相似性大于97%;其中5个与嗜甲基菌16S rDNA部分序列相似性达98%以上。获得了一组对氯嘧磺隆具有降解作用的细菌菌系,可在5d内将100mg·L-1氯嘧磺隆降解67%;其主要组成为嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus sp.)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas sp.)、鞘酯杆菌属(Sphingobacterium sp.)和嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophi-lus sp.)。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.