安徽省兰科两新记录属

报道了安徽省兰科2新记录属--盂兰属(Lecanorchis)、叠鞘兰属(Chamaegastrodia),及2新记录种：多花盂兰(Lecanorchis multiflora)、叠鞘兰(Chamaegastrodia shikokiana)。     

小朱兰在广东的首次记录及其意义

报道了广东省朱兰属1新记录——小朱兰,并论述了它的分类学、区系学意义。     

Dormancy inDioscorea: Different temperature adaptation of seeds,bulbils and subterranean organs in relation to north-south distribution

Temperature dependencies of sprouting and germination were compared for subterranean perennating organs and seeds of ten closely related species of the genusDioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), a group of monocotyledonous summer perennials which are distributed from the tropics to the subarctic. The species used wereD. nipponica Makino,D. tokoro Makino,D. japonica Thunb.,D. tenuipes Franch. et Savat.,D. septemloba Thunb.,D. quinqueloba Thunb.,D. izuensis Akahori,D. bulbifera L. f.spontanea (Makino) Makino et Nemoto,D. pentaphylla. L. andD. alata L.; they are distributed from cold northern areas to warmer southern areas approximately in this order in and around Japan. Bulbil sprouting was also studied in those forming bulbils. Subterranean organs of the tropical species sprouted faster without any prior temperature treatment, whereas those of species from the more northern areas sprouted after prechilling. Northern species required longer, periods of prechilling for sprouting. On the other hand, with seeds or bulbils, the southern species required longer periods of prior temperature treatment for dormancy breaking. This difference in the length of dormant periods between seeds or bulbils and subterranean organs among the ten species may be related to their size and position of shedding; seeds or bulbils are small and are shed on the ground surface, whereas subterranean organs are large and are located below the surface. It is important to determine in other perennials whether the above relation between dormant features of seeds or bulbils and subterranean organs are common properties or not.     

Development of microsatellite markers for Pasania edulis (Makino) Makino, one of the dominant species of lucidphyllous forests in southern Kyushu, Japan

Pasania edulis (Makino) Makino is a Fagaceous tree species endemic to Japan and one of the dominant species in lucidphyllous forests in southern Kyushu, Japan. Recently, P. edulis was attacked by ambrosia beetles, Platypus quereivorus (Murayama) and mass mortality occurred in several areas in southern Kyushu. We isolated and characterized ten microsatellite loci in this species to reveal the genetic structure and gene flow. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 11 and expected heterozygosities from 0.3761 to 0.8346. The markers described here will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity, genetic structure and gene flow, and planning for conservation of viable population of P. edulis.     

EST‐SSR markers from Fragaria vesca L. cv. Yellow Wonder

Fourteen microsatellite primer pairs were developed from a cDNA library of heat‐treated seedlings of Fragaria vesca cv. yellow wonder. Transferability to 13 species of Fragaria ranged from 71% in diploid species F. gracilis Losinsk., F. iinumae Makino, F. nilgerrensis Schltdl. ex J. Gay and F. nipponica Makino, to 100% in octoploid domestic strawberry and its progenitors. Polymorphism was high in polyploid Fragaria species. However, polymorphism and heterozygosity of eight EST‐SSRs (expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeats) was low in 14 F. vesca genotypes.     

Biology of long slender land planarians (Turbellaria) in Tokyo and environs

The common short-bodied species of Bipalium does not fragment, but individuals of two newly discovered long-bodied species — B. nobile Kawakatsu & Makino, 1982, and B. multilineatum Makino & Shirasawa, 1983 — do regularly fission, usually behind the mouth or genital pore. Some experimental regenerates of these species form rings by adhesion of the anterior with the posterior cut surface. We found two other forms of Bipalium, perhaps representing a further two species, in Hino City, Tokyo, in 1983; and we have preliminarily arranged the forms of Bipalium known in the region into four groups distinguished on the basis of body coloring, position of the mouth, and structure of the copulatory organ.     

Immature Stages of Tomapoderus(T.) ruficollis Fabricius (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) from Korea

Eggs, larvae and pupae of Tomapoderus (T.) ruficollis Fabricius are described and illustrated. The species is found on host plants, Zelkova serrata Makino and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai. and is a well‐known forest pest. Taxonomic notes and cradle structure of this species are provided.     

Infestation of the non‐photosynthetic plant Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Ericales: Mitrastemonaceae) by Assara balanophorae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Although the majority of Assara (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae feed on pinaceous cones, Assara balanophorae Sasaki & Tanaka is known to infest the infructescence of the holoparasitic plant Balanophora tobiracola Makino (Santalales: Balanophoraceae). Here, we report additional feeding ecology of A. balanophorae. We found that A. balanophorae larvae bored into the infructescence of the holoparasitic plant Mitrastemon yamamotoi Makino (Ericales: Mitrastemonaceae), pushing frass to the outside from small holes, and occasionally exited from the holes and consumed the scale leaves. Although Mitrastemon is distantly related to Balanophora at the order level, both plants could present a similar resource for A. balanophorae, due to their convergent holoparasitic characteristics. Given that A. balanophorae is considered as the brood‐site pollinator of Balanophora, rather than only parasitizing it, the morphological and ecological similarities between M. yamamotoi and Balanophora might suggest that the relationship between M. yamamotoi and A. balanophorae is also brood‐site pollination mutualism.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤水分变化特征

选择黄土丘陵区砖窑沟流域不同土地利用方式为研究对象,在2016年6月至11月对0—300 cm土层土壤含水量进行监测,分析刺槐林、草地、柠条灌木林、小叶杨林、海红林和撂荒地6种土地利用方式下土壤含水量的垂直剖面分布特征、土壤贮水量的季节变异特征。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量随深度的变化自上而下均呈"S"状分布,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量呈先增加后减小的趋势,具有明显的垂直变异特征。(2)不同土地利用方式具有不同的土壤湿度剖面,土壤水分活跃层、次活跃层、相对稳定层的深度范围不同。(3)6种土地利用方式下各土层的土壤贮水量均具有明显的季节变化特征,海红林的土壤贮水量最大,为258.21 mm,然后依次为小叶杨林、撂荒地、草地和刺槐林,柠条灌木林样地最小;监测期内土壤贮水量随时间呈增长趋势,在11月达到最大值。土壤含水量的变异系数均随着土层深度的增加逐渐递减,在100 cm以下土壤深层季节变异趋于稳定。研究认为,乔灌林消耗更多深层的土壤水分,柠条灌木林易引起土壤干燥化,海红林的土壤水分条件较好,撂荒地和草地土壤水分条件相对稳定。     

中国大陆兰科植物新记录种——美丽盆距兰

报道了中国大陆兰科植物新记录种——美丽盆距兰[Gastrochilus somai(Hayata)Hayata],并提供形态描述与图片。该植物在福建省的发现有助于研究美丽盆距兰与黄松盆距兰[G.japonicas(Makino)Schltr.]的分类以及中国大陆与附近岛屿植物区系的内在联系。     

Breeding system of Anemone shikokiana and the influential factors of fruit-setting ratio in different habitats

Anemone shikokiana (Makino) Makino is a rare perennial herb distributed only in China and Japan in restricted patches of two different habitats: the shrubs of mountaintop and the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest. Our data showed that the fruit-setting ratio is much lower in the latter than in the former. Given that the reproductive strategy is very crucial for fruit-setting, to reveal the main reasons that influence the fruit-setting ratio, breeding system must be known. Therefore, firstly, P/O and OCI were analyzed and results showed that breeding system of A. shikokiana was self-compatible and mainly outcrossed. Secondly, controlled pollination tests were carried out showing that neither apomixes nor wind pollination occurred. Further results on the type of the breeding system confirmed that A. shikokiana was self-compatible and mainly outcrossed by insects. Lastly, diameters of flowers and frequency of pollinators in two habitats were compared. Results showed that flowers were bigger and frequency of pollinators were higher in shrubs of mountaintop than those in conifer and broadleaf mixed forest, while numbers of pollens and ovaries had little difference. Thus, the overall analysis of the results indicates that the paucity of insect pollinators is the most important reason for the fruit-setting ratio of A. shikokiana lower in the conifer and broadleaf mixed forest than in the shrubs of mountaintop; however, such an implication needs to be further verified with additional work.     

广西植物名录补遗Ⅵ——兰科4新记录属和13新记录种

广西壮族自治区位于我国南部，气候湿润，生境复杂，具有丰富的物种多样性。该文报道广西兰科植物13个新记录种，即旗唇兰[Kuhlhasseltia yakushimensis(Yamamoto) Ormerod]、紫茎兰(Risleya atropurpurea King&Pantl.)、指柱兰(Stigmatodactylus sikokianus Maxim. ex Makino)、二尾兰(Vrydagzynea nuda Bl.)、深圳拟兰(Apostasia shenzhenica Z. J. Liu&L. J. Chen)、拟泰国卷瓣兰(Bulbophyllum nipondhii Seidenf.)、南岭叠鞘兰(Chamaegastrodia nanlingensis H. Z. Tian&F. W. Xing)、垂叶斑叶兰(Goodyera pendula Maxim.)、四腺翻唇兰(Hetaeria anomala Lindl.)、褐花羊耳蒜(Liparis brunnea Ormerod)、聚叶钗子股(Luisia appressifolia Av...     

中国兰科一新记录属──指柱兰属

报道了中国兰科植物一个分布新记录的属－指柱兰属和该属一新记录的种－指柱兰。     

陕西秦巴山区假繁缕研究之评述

在室内查阅标本和文献资料的基础上,结合野外实际调查,对陕西秦巴山区假繁缕研究工作全面述评。作者认为假繁缕为多年生草本,非一年生草本;支持将日本假繁缕作为假繁缕的异名处理。     

Palynological insights of the eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct genus Symplocarpus (Araceae)

Symplocarpus L. (Araceae) is a disjunct genus including S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. var. latissimus (Makino) S. Hara, S. nipponicus Makino, and S. nabekuraensis Otsuka & K. Inoue in temperate eastern Asia; S. egorovii N. S. Pavlova & V. A. Nechaev in the Russian far east; and S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. in temperate northeastern North America. For the first time, pollen morphology of Symplocarpus was investigated by light and scanning electron microscopes. Symplocarpus foetidus var. latissimus and S. foetidus had reticulate surfaces and rounded (obtuse), long, equatorial axis tips, whereas S. nipponicus had microreticulate surfaces and acute tips. Symplocarpus foetidus in North America had larger pollen grains than S. foetidus var. latissimus in eastern Asia. Thus, based on pollen characteristics, S. foetidus var. latissimus is more closely related to S. foetidus than to S. nipponicus. Other lines of evidence, such as molecular phylogenetic studies and phenology, support the phylogenetic relationships among these species proposed in this study. The slightly modified acetolysis procedure conducted in this paper is a promising application to study weak exine or exineless pollen grains.     

No distributional association between the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) and plant surface area

The questing height of the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann was studied on the plant species Solidago altissima L., Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, and Pleioblastus chino Makino in an abandoned rice field and in an ume (Japanese Apricot) orchard in a forest. On all plant species, the vertical distribution of tick adults and nymphs was not significantly correlated with the distribution of plant surface area. This result suggests that the questing height of this tick is related to the body height of its main animal host, the sika deer.     

绞股蓝饮料的开发研究

以绞股蓝为主要原料,配以甘草、蜂蜜等,选择出适宜的配方和工艺条件,研制出色、香、味俱佳,清凉止渴,具有一定保健功能的天然饮品,有助于绞股蓝这一野生植物资源的开发利用.     

EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE FAMILY SAXIFRAGACEAE (S.L.). I. DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVULE AND EMBRYO SAC IN SAXIFRAGA FORTUNEI VAR. PARTITA (MAKINO) NAKAI

The development of the ovule, megaspore and megagametophyte in Saxifraga fortunei var. partita (Makino) Nakai was observed. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. Both integuments originate from the epidermis. The archesporium is considered to be multicellular. The primary sporogenous cell functions as the megaspore mother cell which forms a T-shaped tetrad. The chalazal member of the megaspore tetrad is functional and develops into a Polygonum-type embryo sac. In the pyriform synergids the filiform apparatus is observed, but any hook or indentations could not be recognized. The antipodal cells are detectable until the Helobial endosperm undergoes several nuclear divisions. Secondary multiplication of the nuclei or the cells of the antipodals could not be observed.