四川养殖黑熊现状及管理对策讨论

四川养殖黑熊现状及管理对策讨论杨旭煜,李红英四川省野生动物资源调查保护管理站成都６１００８１中国是野生黑熊Ｓｅｌｅｎａｒｃｔｏｓｔｈｉｂｅｔａｎｕｓ最主要的分布区,而四川又是黑熊重要产区。近年来,四川养殖黑熊产业已起步,并有了较大发展。根据调查统计,...     

浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区黑熊活动监测 及其华东地区潜在分布区预测

2017至2020年,在浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区内及周边网格化布设63台Ltl-6210MC红外相机,对区内的黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)及其同域物种进行调查。监测期间,5台红外相机共拍摄到9张黑熊活动照片和6次黑熊活动视频,提取到7次黑熊有效照片。根据本次监测到的黑熊位点与文献记录,共确定华东地区黑熊出现位点14个。基于黑熊栖息地特征选择土地利用和7个生境因子为预测背景,利用物种分布模型预测黑熊在华东地区的潜在分布区。为提高预测的精准度,采用了biomod 2软件包中的10种模型算法,并用真实技能统计值(TSS)和曲线下面积值(AUC)来评估这10种算法,只有当TSS值超过0.8且AUC值大于0.9时,才使用该模型算法预测物种的潜在分布区。结果表明:(1)推测保护区内现存2或3只黑熊;(2)最冷月份最低温(Bio6)和最湿季节降水量(Bio16)是限制黑熊分布的主要环境因子;(3)黑熊在华东地区存在3个主要潜在分布区,即浙–赣潜在分布区、浙–赣–皖潜在分布区和浙–皖潜在分布区,适生区面积约为317km~2。综上所述,这些结果可为加强华东地区黑熊的保护提供一定的资料。     

广西野生淡水鱼类的物种多样性及其资源的可持续利用

广西地形复杂,河流众多,适于不同鱼类的栖息和繁殖.经对分布于广西境内的各水系鱼类资源的调查、对相关馆藏标本的进一步鉴定以及对相关文献的整理,目前已知广西淡水鱼类15目37科143属290种和亚种,其中很多种类具有重要经济价值.对广西及其邻近省区鱼类多样性指数的计算、比较和分析表明,广西地区G指数最高,F指数和G-F指数除低于云南外,高于广东、海南、贵州和湖南.广西野生淡水鱼类的显著特点是物种多样性高,特有属、种多,很多物种分布区狭窄,区系成分表现出明显的东洋界特点,不同水系鱼类组成各具特色.近年来,广西自然水域的野生鱼类资源的破坏较为严重,本文对广西野生淡水鱼类资源的可持续利用进行了讨论.     

四川省乐山市黑熊资源调查

四川省乐山市黑熊资源调查蒋少林,敖良义,杨剑英,范金,李远华乐山市林业局乐山６１４０００乐山教育学院乐山市黑熊资源分布广泛,栖息地面积大,生活环境复杂多样,各县（区）黑熊种群密度差异悬殊。近年来部分县区随着生产建设的需要、旅游业的开发,破坏和影响了黑...     

广西蔬菜种质资源调查收集与研究

2015-2019年通过对广西全区14个地级市111个县级行政区开展种质资源普查与征集工作,同时组织专业调查队对13个地级市的50个县(区、市)开展系统调查与抢救性收集,共征集和收集到蔬菜资源1836份,隶属于19科,51属,81种.结果 表明,广西蔬菜种质资源主要分布在桂北和桂西地区,海拔100～300m的资源占比4...     

万县市黑熊资源现状及其保护的初探

万县市黑熊资源现状及其保护的初探杨桂权,杨大胜万县市森林病虫防治检疫站６３４０００根据１９９２年１０月至１９９３年１０月万县市黑熊资源专题调查资料,栖息于我市森林中的黑熊约有５００头,主要分布在我市北部城口（占４４％）、东部的巫溪（占４２％）、巫山（...     

广西地方辣椒种质资源调查收集与鉴定分析

2015-2018年通过普查征集和系统调查,对广西13个地级市、44个县(区)、80个乡(镇)的辣椒种质资源进行了收集、调查、鉴定,并分析其分布情况、类型、农艺性状和优异性状。结果表明,在广西共收集到144份辣椒种质资源,主要分布在桂西、桂北地区,多集中在海拔0～300 m,指形椒、羊角椒是广西辣椒种质资源的主要类型;通过鉴定筛选出了上思彩椒、钟山大泡椒、黄坪辣椒、西林野山椒、荔浦指天椒、宁明辣椒6份特色优异的辣椒种质资源,为进一步利用和创制材料奠定基础。     

广西雅长发现白冠长尾雉

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticusreevesii)是分布狭窄的全球性易危鸟类.2020年5月,在位于广西百色市乐业县的雅长兰科植物国家级自然保护区观察到白冠长尾雉活动,确认为广西鸟类分布新记录种.生境的丧失和河面的加宽导致广西西北部的白冠长尾雉可能形成一个与贵州分布区隔离的孤立种群,建议对其分布区和种群数量进行专门调查...     

长白山自然保护区黑熊和棕熊种群数量动态分析

1986～2010年冬季采用路线调查方法,对吉林省长白山国家级自然保护区阔叶红松林和针叶林中的黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)及棕熊(U.arctos)的相对种群数量和幼年个体比例进行了长期调查。调查面积分别为4万和3万hm2。调查期间累计遇到黑熊65头次(2.6头/年)、棕熊46头次(1.8头/年)。各年度黑熊和棕熊的数量变动很大,总体呈下降趋势。黑熊的数量较20世纪80年代下降了93.4%,幼体所占比率从17.2%下降为0%;棕熊种群数量下降了38.8%,幼体所占比率仅为7.1%。黑熊和棕熊的种群幼体所占比例极低,说明长白山自然保护区黑熊和棕熊自然繁殖力很低,2种熊种群均处于极度濒危状态。栖息地减少和盗猎可能是导致熊类数量急剧下降的主要因素。     

广西灵长类动物的种类分布及数量估计

广西灵长类动物资源丰富,遍布全境。经过历年多次反复调查,现查实有树鼩,白头叶猴、黑叶猴、懒猴、猕猴、熊猴、短尾猴藏酋猴、短尾猴红面猴等8个不同种,兹将分布和数量报道如下: 树鼩Tupaia glis 兼有灵长目和食虫目特点,分布在桂西南龙州,凭祥、大新等一带,在桂中金秀和桂西北林区也有分布。 白头叶猴 Presbytis ieucocephalus 分布在左江以南明江以东,喀斯特地区,面积200-500平方公里,跨4县12个公社,由于保护不力,数量下降,现约有400头,1979年建立保护区后情况有所好转。     

广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿新群体的发现及种群数量现状

东黑冠长臂猿是极度濒危物种,全球种群数量极其稀少。2015年5月和8月,采用在固定地点监听鸣叫的方法在广西邦亮长臂猿国家级自然保护区内对东黑冠长臂猿开展两次实地调查,发现在中国境内形成了由1只成年雄性,2只成年雌性和1只婴猿组成的新群体。这是自2006年该物种在中国被重新发现后,首次在中国境内发现形成新群体。中国境内东黑冠长臂猿的种群数量也由3群22只,增长到4群26只。有限的栖息地可能是未来限制东黑冠长臂猿新群体形成的主要因素之一,所以栖息地恢复对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量增长尤为重要。放牧不利于栖息地恢复,要逐步减少,进而杜绝在保护区内放牧。另外,东黑冠长臂猿跨国界分布,中越两国政府之间应加强协调,避免在保护区内实施对栖息地不利的边境管理活动。如果两国间出现种群隔离,对东黑冠长臂猿种群数量的增长将会非常不利。     

Comparative Analysis and Molecular Characterization of a Gene BANF1 Encoded a DNA-Binding Protein During Mitosis from the Giant Panda and Black Bear

Barrier to autointegration factor 1 (BANF1) is a DNA-binding protein found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that functions to establish nuclear architecture during mitosis. The cDNA and the genomic sequence of BANF1 were cloned from the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus mupinensis) using RT-PCR technology and Touchdown-PCR, respectively. The cDNA of the BANF1 cloned from Giant Panda and Black Bear is 297 bp in size, containing an open reading frame of 270 bp encoding 89 amino acids. The length of the genomic sequence from Giant Panda is 521 bp, from Black Bear is 536 bp, which were found both to possess 2 exons. Alignment analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence are highly conserved to some mammalian species studied. Topology prediction showed there is one Protein kinase C phosphorylation site, one Casein kinase II phosphorylation site, one Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site, one N-myristoylation site, and one Amidation site in the BANF1 protein of the Giant Panda, and there is one Protein kinase C phosphorylation site, one Tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site, one N-myristoylation site, and one Amidation site in the BANF1 protein of the Black Bear. The BANF1 gene can be readily expressed in E. coli. Results showed that the protein BANF1 fusion with the N-terminally His-tagged form gave rise to the accumulation of an expected 14 kD polypeptide that formed inclusion bodies. The expression products obtained could be used to purify the proteins and study their function further.     

粪便取样对亚洲黑熊脑源性神经营养因子基因全长序列分析

沿用本室改进的粪便提取方法,参照马来熊BDNF基因序列设计引物,首次从亚洲黑熊粪便DNA中扩增和克隆到包含完整核BDNF基因的753 bp片段,以毛发作阳性对照并进行重复实验,获得稳定一致结果。序列分析表明,亚洲黑熊的BDNF基因非常保守,与人相比,一致性达94.5%,与大熊猫比达98.9%。在推导的多肽序列中,其成熟区氨基酸序列与所有已报道哺乳动物的完全一致;对亚洲黑熊及其相关物种BDNF基因序列的比较分析,发现大熊猫与包括黑熊在内的熊科动物亲缘关系更近,而与小熊猫较远。文章首次采用非损伤性取样法在分子生物学水平对亚洲黑熊基因组核BDNF基因进行分析,不仅为亚洲黑熊的保护和繁育提供重要参考资料,为非损伤性取样在珍稀濒危野生动物研究中的应用拓宽了思路,也为亚洲黑熊及其近缘种的系统分类研究提供分子证据。     

Density and genetic structure of black bears in coastal South Carolina

The frequency of black bear (Ursus americanus) sightings, vehicle collisions, and nuisance incidents in the coastal region of South Carolina has increased over the past 4 decades. To develop the statewide Black Bear Management and Conservation Strategy, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources needed reliable information for the coastal population. Because no such data were available, we initiated a study to determine population density and genetic structure of black bears. We selected 2 study areas that were representative of the major habitat types in the study region: Lewis Ocean Bay consisted primarily of Carolina Bays and pocosin habitats, whereas Carvers Bay was representative of extensive pine plantations commonly found in the region. We established hair snares on both study areas to obtain DNA from hair samples during 8 weekly sampling periods in 2008 and again in 2009. We used genotypes to obtain capture histories of sampled bears. We estimated density using spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models and used information-theoretic procedures to fit parameters for capture heterogeneity and behavioral responses and to test if density and model parameters varied by year. Model-averaged density was 0.046 bears/km² (SE = 0.011) for Carvers Bay and 0.339 bears/km² (SE = 0.056) for Lewis Ocean Bay. Next, we sampled habitat covariates for all locations in the SECR sampling grid to derive spatially explicit estimates of density based on habitat characteristics. Addition of habitat covariates had substantial support, and accounted for differences in density between Carvers Bay and Lewis Ocean Bay; black bear density showed a negative association with the area of pine forests (4.5-km² scale) and a marginal, positive association with the area of pocosin habitat (0.3-km² scale). Bear density was not associated with pine forest at a smaller scale (0.3-km²), nor with major road density or an index of largest patch size. Predicted bear densities were low throughout the coastal region and only a few larger areas had high predicted densities, most of which were centered on public lands (e.g., Francis Marion National Forest, Lewis Ocean Bay). We sampled a third bear population in the Green Swamp area of North Carolina for genetic structure analyses and found no evidence of historic fragmentation among the 3 sampled populations. Neither did we find evidence of more recent barriers to gene exchange; with the exception of 1 recent migrant, Bayesian population assignment techniques identified only a single population cluster that incorporated all 3 sampled areas. Bears in the region may best be managed as 1 population. If the goal is to maintain or increase bear densities, demographic connectivity of high-density areas within the low-density landscape matrix is a key consideration and managers would need to mitigate potential impacts of planned highway expansions and anticipated development. Because the distribution of black bears in coastal South Carolina is not fully known, the regional map of potential black bear density can be used to identify focal areas for management and sites that should be surveyed for occupancy or where more intensive studies are needed. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.     

The role of forest maturation in causing the decline of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix

Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix in Britain have declined through the 20th century, and most birds are now in Scotland. Many causes for this decline have been suggested, notably agricultural intensification, increased grazing levels and moorland afforestation. We examine habitat correlates of Black Grouse distribution and population change from a 700-km² area in the core of the Scottish range, where the numbers of lekking male Black Grouse declined by an estimated 70% to 270 between 1990 and 2002. Habitat data were derived from satellite imagery, in combination with map and field-collected data. Lek occurrence, lek size and changes in lek size were all correlated with forest structure, either positively with the amount of pre-thicket forest cover, or negatively with closed canopy cover. Additional effects of the cover of grass moor and dry heath suggest that Black Grouse are most likely to occur where moorland comprises Heather Calluna vulgaris and grass mosaics. Analysis of the change in Black Grouse abundance within 1.5 km of discrete forest blocks suggests that forest maturation, which has been the dominant habitat change during the course of the study, alone accounts for 58–78% of the decline. Given the close association of Black Grouse and the occurrence of woodland (and particularly conifer plantation) throughout much of their British range, these findings can be used to inform the design of management schemes for the recovery of Black Grouse.     

完达山东部林区野猪种群数量和栖息地特征的初步分析

2008 年11 月18 日至2009 年3 月20 日,为了调查黑龙江省完达山东部林区野猪种群数量和栖息地特征,我们采用随机布设样线的方法在东方红林业局境内13 个林场共布设大样方40 个,样线200 条。调查结果表明,东方红林业局境内野猪分布平均密度为0.175 头/ km² , 种群数量为546 ～ 680 头;野猪主要分布在河口、奇源、青山、五林洞、独木河、海音山和东林7 个林场,位于海拔300 ～ 800 m 的范围内。1989 年调查的野猪平均密度为0.372 头/ km² ,种群数量为1302 ; 2002 年调查的野猪平均密度为0. 342 头/ km² , 种群数量为1 198 头。近年来野猪种群密度降低,种群数量呈加速下降趋势。对野猪栖息地特征分析表明,野猪喜欢选择中坡位、阳坡、坡度小于5°、地表植被盖度大于30% 、隐蔽度和郁闭度在25% ～ 50% 之间的生境。阔叶林、灌丛是野猪的主要栖息地。非法捕猎、森林采伐、坚果采摘和东北虎的捕食是造成野猪种群数量减少、栖息地质量下降的主要因素。     

Status of the Black muntjac, Muntiacus crinifrons, in eastern China

A detailed survey was conducted to show the relative abundance and current known distribution of the Black muntjac population. New information on the distribution, abundance and status of Black muntjac shows it has a small population within a restricted geographical area and habitat range, which covers an area of approximately 76 , 500 km². The relative abundance of the Black muntjac at different locations was divided into three categories, depending on the percentage composition in hunting returns; these correlated with the amount of habitat destruction and hunting pressure. With the additional consideration of reproductive performance, the Black muntjac is doing well in some suitable areas. Data from historical records, and the new discovery of an isolated population in 1980 and 1981 indicated that habitat destruction and hunting greatly reduced the range and numbers of Black muntjac in the last hundred years. The paper also suggests that the current status of the Black muntjac should be given in the Red Data Book as a rare species.     

黔桂黑叶猴自然保护区苔藓植物初步研究

本文报道中国西南黔桂两省区三个黑叶猴自然保护区内石灰岩苔藓植物９１种,并对其生境进行了描述。在上述石灰岩苔藓植物中,包含２１种贵州新记录,１３种广西新记录,６种中国西南新记录和１种中国新记录。     

Genetic structure of a disjunct peripheral population of mountain sucker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pantosteus jordani</Emphasis> in the Black Hills,South Dakota,USA

A peripheral population of mountain sucker, Pantosteus jordani, located in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA, represents the eastern-most range of the species and is completely isolated from other populations. Over the last 50 years, mountain sucker populations have declined in the Black Hills, and now only occur in 40 % of the historic local range, with densities decreasing by more than 84 %.We used microsatellite DNA markers to estimate genetic diversity and to assess population structure across five streams where mountain suckers persist. We evaluated results in the context of recent ecological surveys to inform decisions about mountain sucker conservation. Significant allele frequency differences existed among sample streams (Global F_ST = 0.041) but there was no evidence of isolation by distance. Regionally, genetic effective size, N_e, was estimated to be at least 338 breeding individuals, but N_e within streams was expected to be less. Despite almost complete demographic isolation and reduced population size, there appears to be little evidence of inbreeding, but genetic drift and local isolation due to fragmentation probably best explains genetic structure in this peripheral mountain sucker population. Recommended strategies for population enhancement include restoration of stream connectivity and habitat improvement. Moreover, repatriation and assisted movement (i.e., gene flow) of fishes should maximize genetic diversity in stream fragments in the Black Hills region.