饥饿对转基因鲤与野生鲤生长竞争和性腺发育的影响

为研究转大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)生长激素基因鲤(转基因鲤)在不同食物含量条件下的生长竞争(主要是生长、生殖),实验设定两个实验组,分别为正常投饲组和半饥饿实验组,每组的饲养池大小相同、混养的转基因鲤和对照鲤初始总体重相等。连续3个月定期采样后,处理数据并拟合体重体长方程,从形态学和组织学入手对转基因鲤和对照鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的生长状况、饲料占有情况和性腺发育状况开展研究。结果表明,正常投饲组的转基因鲤和对照鲤体重相对增长率分别为127.9%和70.6%,而半饥饿实验组的转基因鲤、对照鲤的体重相对增长率分别是72.3%和52.2%,表明无论在饱食还是在饲料短缺情况下,转基因鲤显示出快速生长的优势;通过比较两组转基因鲤和对照鲤的肠道充塞度,发现正常投饲组的转基因鲤和对照鲤的肠道食物充塞度差异不显著(P0.05),半饥饿组中的两种鱼的肠道食物充塞度差异不显著(P0.05),但是转基因鲤的肠长/体长比大于对照鲤,差异显著(P0.05),表明转基因鲤可能对饲料具有较强的消化、吸收能力;总体来看,两组实验鱼的性腺发育进程无明显差异(P0.05),但在部分月份转基因鲤和对照雌、雄鲤的相对性腺重差异显著(P0.05),无论在饱食还是在半饥饿情况下,转基因鲤的性腺发育情况略好于对照鲤。     

异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼的黑色素分布

本文运用组织学方法对异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼发育过程中除眼睛以外的黑色素分布进行研究。结果表明: 异齿裂腹鱼孵化出膜后,黑色素在各个组织器官的出现顺序为: 脑颅外膜→围心腔、背部皮肤→腹腔内膜、脊髓腔。其中,出膜5 d时脑颅外膜处出现黑色素;7 d时围心腔和背部皮肤出现黑色素;10 d时腹腔内膜、脊髓腔出现黑色素。异齿裂腹鱼出膜10 d后,其皮肤和内脏器官(脑颅、围心腔、腹腔内膜、脊髓腔)均具有黑色素,且主要分布在背侧。黑色素在异齿裂腹鱼仔鱼发育过程中的出现时序和分布规律可能与其所处的强紫外辐射环境有关。本研究可为研究鱼类黑色素的紫外防护机制提供参考,并为今后高原鱼类仔鱼的培育条件优化提供理论支撑。     

投喂策略对黄颡鱼生长和繁殖的影响

实验设置饱食投喂(AS)、80%饱食(80AS)、50%饱食(50AS)及先饥饿34d后再饱食投喂31d (HAS)四个处理组,饲养初重(86.6±0.41) g的雌性黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 65d,于实验中期(34d)和实验结束时取样,以探究投喂策略对黄颡鱼母本生长性能和繁殖能力的影响。实验结果显示:80AS组、50AS组和HAS组的总摄食量基本符合实验设计的比例且显著低于AS组。在实验结束时, 80AS组的增重率和体重与AS组无显著差异, HAS组体重显著低于AS组并与80AS组无显著差异,生长未能达到同期饱食水平。各组在实验结束时的肌肉粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均随投喂水平降低而降低,性腺粗脂肪和粗蛋白则无显著差异,据此可以推测母本将营养优先供给性腺而非肌肉。实验末期AS组和80AS组卵直径无显著差异,均显著高于50AS组并低于HAS组,表明饥饿后恢复摄食对卵的发育有补偿效应。实验结束时各处理组的绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力未受到投喂策略的显著影响。80AS、50AS及HAS组的star、sf-1、3β-hsd和cyp19a1基因表达由中期的显著低于AS组上调...     

摄食水平对不同性别食蚊鱼仔幼鱼生长发育的影响

在实验室27℃水温下,研究了少食、中食和饱食三个摄食水平对0至25日龄雌雄食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的生长发育特征和饵料利用效率的影响。26d饲养实验结束后,对试验鱼摄食和生长指标、臀鳍分化、性成熟及饵料转换效率进行分析。结果显示:到臀鳍开始分化时,饱食组雄鱼的累计摄食总能量和生长速度开始小于雌鱼,且随日龄的增加差异加大;随摄食水平的增加,0日龄仔鱼到臀鳍分化和性成熟的时间缩短。至实验结束,各摄食组的雄鱼均形成发育完善的生殖足,性腺都达到成熟状态;而雌鱼性成熟迟于雄鱼,且其性成熟更易受到摄食水平的影响,饱食组只有约50%的个体达到性成熟,少食组的卵母细胞则均处在小生长期。随着摄食水平的增加,雌雄鱼的体长、体重和干物质特定生长率均呈明显上升趋势,而干物质饵料转化效率则呈明显下降趋势;实验结束时,雌鱼的生长指标和干物质饵料转化率均大于雄鱼。以上结果表明,伴随臀鳍的分化,食蚊鱼在摄食、生长、发育、性成熟和应对食物丰度变化上表现出显著的性别差异。       

大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼仔鱼形态发育及生长

通过人工干法授精获得大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼的受精卵,观察了实验室孵化培育条件下的仔鱼形态变化过程。结果表明:在平均水温为11.86℃(9.0~16.0℃)下胚胎历时9 d出膜。初孵仔鱼全长11.65 mm±0.27 mm,鳃弓、口凹和肛门原基明显,眼色素和胸鳍原基出现,肌节43对(12+20+11),心跳140~160次/min。出膜9 d,仔鱼肠道贯通,鳔雏形和背鳍原基出现。臀鳍原基出现和尾鳍分叉分别于出膜后13 d和16 d发生。出膜19 d,腹鳍原基出现,此时背鳍鳍条4~6枚,臀鳍鳍条2~4枚。出膜32 d,鱼体全长22.99 mm±0.65 mm,除存在少量鳍褶外,基本具备成鱼的形态特征。仔鱼卵黄于出膜第12天吸收完全,卵黄囊体积与出膜后天数呈显著的多项式相关(P0.01)。体长、全长、头长和肛后长的生长均呈明显的二项式关系。研究结果丰富了大渡软刺裸裂尻鱼早期发育生物学资料,为人工养殖研究等提供参考。     

新疆特克斯河斑重唇鱼胚胎发育和胚后发育观察北大核心CSCD

为保护伊犁河水系特克斯河特有鱼类斑重唇鱼(Distychus maculates)种质资源,探究斑重唇鱼胚胎发育与胚后发育规律。2021年5月,对斑重唇鱼开展人工繁殖,观察其胚胎发育和胚后发育过程,记录各发育阶段形态特征。水温15.0~16.0℃条件下,斑重唇鱼胚胎发育历经受精、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和孵化出膜7个阶段,经过2969.830℃·h破膜而出。斑重唇鱼成熟卵子淡黄色,卵径(2.75±0.24)mm(n=20),卵受精35 min后卵周隙最大,为(3.46±0.16)mm(n=20),其中卵黄约占体积的3/5。胚后发育过程中,仔鱼全长(L_(T),mm)和出膜天数(D)关系式:L_(T)=0.50D+9.15(R^(2)=0.90);卵黄囊全长(L_(Y))和出膜天数(D)关系式:L_(Y)=﹣0.11D^(2)+7.61(R^(2)=0.76);仔鱼全长(LT)和卵黄囊体积(L_(P))关系式:LT=﹣2.35LP+19.96(R2=0.88);卵黄囊全长(LY)和卵黄囊体积(L_(P))关系式:L_(Y)=0.49LP+5.34(R^(2)=0.68);卵黄囊体积(L_(P))和出膜天数(D)关系式:L_(P)=0.002D^(2)﹣0.24D+4.67(R^(2)=0.98)。本研究通过特克斯河斑重唇鱼人工繁殖实验,观察其胚胎和胚后发育特征,丰富斑重唇鱼早期生活史资料,为特有鱼类苗种培育提供理论数据,进一步为种质资源保护和开发奠定基础。     

食物水平和初始体重对杂交罗非鱼生长和个体生长分化的影响

将72尾杂交罗非鱼分别养在12个水槽内,每个水槽内养6尾大小不同的鱼(A、B、C、D、E、F),其中鱼A的初始体重为62．69±1．46g,B为56．48±1．30g,C为50．75±1．19g,D为35．56±1．18g,E为31．05±0．88g,F为27。35±0．95g(平均值±标准误)．在4周实验中,实验鱼分别被停食或每天按体重1．5％、3．0％和饱食水平投喂．鱼的特定生长率(SGR)和食物效率(FE)先随食物水平增加而增加,当食物水平超过鱼体重的3．0％后,继续增加投喂量,SGR不再升高而FE明显下降．按体重1．5％投喂的鱼SGR和终体重个体间变异较大．对鱼A而言,食物水平超过体重1．5％后对其SGR无显著影响,但对鱼F而言,食物水平对SGR影响较大．结果表明,杂交罗非鱼的生长和个体生长分化与食物条件和初始体重有关,当食物水平超过体重的3．0％后,鱼的SGR较高,个体生长分化相对较轻．     

温度对黄颡鱼仔鱼摄食强度及饥饿耐受力的影响

对不同温度下黄颡鱼仔鱼的摄食强度及抵达不可逆点(PNR)时间的变化进行初步研究。结果表明,黄颡鱼仔鱼的摄食强度随温度升高而增大;仔鱼抵达PNR的时间随温度升高而缩短,在24～28℃下,仔鱼的PNR点出现在出膜后的7～8d。实验结果显示,28℃是比较适宜黄颡鱼仔鱼生长的水温。     

人生长激素和转移的人生长激素基因对去垂体鱼的生长代偿效应

通过显微注射技术,将小鼠重金属螯合蛋白(MT-1)基因启动顺序与人生长激素基因顺序的重组体pMThGH注入鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)的受精卵内,由此发育的转基因鱼及其后代F1和F2均显示出快速生长效应。去垂体后,转基因鲤鱼F2持续生长,而非转基因鲤鱼和鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的生长停止。给去垂体的鲫鱼腹腔注射生物合成的人生长激素(hGH),可恢复其生长。实验结果表明,转基因鱼体内表达和体外生物合成的hGH均能代偿鲤鱼和鲫鱼的内源生长激素并刺激去垂体鱼的生长。     

池养条件下似刺鳊(鱼句)早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊(鱼句)(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究.结果显示,在1~70日龄间,似刺鳊(鱼句)全长平均日增长率为3.55%,体重平均日增长率为11.26%,头长/全长值随着13龄的增长而变小.全长(L,mm)与体重(M,mg)的关系式为M=0.001 2 L2-0.056 4L+0.650 4;体重(M,mg)与日龄(D,d)的关系式为M=0.004 3 e0.0936D;全长(L,mm)和日龄(D,d)的关系式为L=0.015 4 D2-0.012 8 D+8.196 5.在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8:00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2.337 6%.20 13龄仔鱼和40日龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6 h、5 h整个消化道排空.在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3 d即开始出现死亡个体,经5 d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6 d开始出现死亡个体,经9 d全部死亡;40 13龄稚鱼经7 d才开始出现死亡个体,10 d后全部个体均死亡.     

Oxygen uptake of growth hormone transgenic coho salmon during starvation and feeding

Oxygen uptake of growth hormone transgenic coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch was measured in individual fish with a closed-system respirometer and was compared with that of similar-sized non-transgenic control coho salmon during starvation and when fed a fixed ration or to satiation. Transgenic and control fish did not differ in their standard oxygen uptake after 4 days of starvation, although control fish had a higher routine oxygen uptake, scope for spontaneous activity and initial acclimation oxygen uptake. During feeding, transgenic fish ate significantly more than control fish, and had an overall oxygen uptake that was 1·7 times greater than control fish. When fish that had eaten the same per cent body mass were compared, transgenic fish had an oxygen uptake that was 1·4 times greater than control fish. Differences in oxygen uptake in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon and non-transgenic fish appear to be due to the effects of feeding, acclimation and activity level, and not to a difference in basal metabolism.     

转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼外源基因拷贝数的测定

目的:测定转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼的外源基因拷贝数。方法:以杂合F5代和杂合F6代转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼为材料,以其外源插入片段(pDsRed-mylz2)与基因组插入位点5′侧翼区之间的边界序列作为特异性内参片段,同时以外源整合的红色荧光表达载体序列(pDsRed-mylz2)作为目的基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定外源基因整合的拷贝数。结果:运用外源基因与特异内参在同批次实时荧光定量PCR中的初始拷贝数比值,得到杂合F5代和杂合F6代转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼中插入的外源红色荧光表达载体序列pDsRed-mylz2的拷贝数均值均为3。结论:转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼的外源基因拷贝数为3。     

Gut morphology,feeding rate and gut clearance in five species of caddis larvae

Feeding rate, the rate of movement of food through the gut and gut morphology of large larvae of five caddis species (Halesus radiatus, Hydropsyche instabilis, Polycentropus kingi, Rhyacophila dorsalis and Potamophylax cingulatus) were investigated in the laboratory. Following 72 hr starvation, P. cingulatus and H. radiatus larvae became satiated (refused prey offered directly to the mouthparts) after consuming 8–11 and 9–13 mayfly nymphs (Baetis rhodani, 3.5–4.6 mm) respectively. Hunger level affected prey consumption. In P. cingulatus, the number of prey consumed over 24 h (at 9.5–12 °C) increased with starvation periods from 0–72 h, but declined following longer starvation periods. Six clearly recognisable gut states (defined by the position of food material in various parts of the gut) can be identified at different times since commencement of a meal. As environmental temperature increased (from 8–12 °C to 15–17 °C), the rate of change of the gut state increased and the food retention time decreased in all species. Feeding periodicity (i.e. nocturnal/diurnal activity) in the field was estimated based on the evacuation rate and the gut state and environmental temperature at the known time of collection. Initiation of consumption of prey appeared to coincide with emptying of the foregut and proximal midgut, whereas actual feeding continued until complete satiation when some threshold fullness of the foregut had been reached. The length of time food was held in the foregut was positively correlated with increasing specialisation of the foregut (particularly elaboration of the proventriculus).     

Responses to starvation in a mantis,Paratenodera angustipennis (S.)

Summary Survival period, pattern of decrease in body weight and metabolic rate under starvation conditions were examined to clarify responses to starvation of a predatory insect, the mantis, Paratenodera angustipennis (S.). (i) The average survival period in starved condition was the shortest in the 1st instar larvae (5.4 days) and the longest in the adults (15.0 days for males, 26.7 days for females). (ii) The body weights of the 3rd and the 5th instar larvae decreased almost linearly during fasting period, whereas those of adults decreased greatly during the initial 5 days, and then exhibited little further decline until their death. (iii) The carbon dioxide production by the adult mantids in the dark condition at constant 26°C was measured by the improved Boysen-Jensen's method. There was a linear relationship between the body weight and the metabolic rate per individual on a double logarithmic scale, and the regression coefficient b was 0.806. (iv) The metabolic rate per individual was greatest at satiation, but the rate per unit weight was maximum on the 5th day after satiation when the food had been just digested completely, and both decreased with the progress of starvation. (v) Based on the above mentioned results, properties of P. angustipennis as a predator were discussed.     

Shoaling and mate choice of wild-type Tanichthys albonubes in the presence of the red fluorescent transgenic conspecifics

Shoaling and sexual behaviour of wild-type male and female white cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes were measured in the presence of the red fluorescent transgenic conspecifics under laboratory conditions. Wild-type female test fish showed no significant preference, whereas wild-type male test fish preferred to be near a shoal of red transgenic fish rather than wild-type fish. When placed in a potentially reproductive context, wild-type males had a higher competitive ability over transgenic males; wild-type females spent more time with wild-type males in visually mediated experiments, but wild-type males performed more courtship displays towards transgenic females. These results suggest that the red body colouration does not appear to disturb signal communication between wild-type and transgenic T. albonubes in shoaling behaviour; transgenic males have no mating advantage over wild-type males, but the red body colouration of transgenic females may affect mate choice of wild-type males.     

不同方法处理供核细胞对细胞周期和重构胚发育的影响

利用流式细胞仪和细胞染色体核型分析技术,比较奶牛的转基因体细胞和正常细胞经血清饥饿、抑制培养周期同步化处理后的G0/G1期细胞比例;并将同步化处理的核供体细胞进行核移植,然后统计囊胚发育率.结果表明,血清饥饿和抑制培养均能获得较高比例的G0/G1期细胞,两组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于未处理对照组(P<0.05);血清饥饿组的囊胚率显著高于抑制培养组和非处理对照组(P<0.05);但细胞同步化处理6 d后细胞染色体核型异常率增加.因此,要获得正常核型的G0/G1核移植供体细胞和较高的囊胚率,同步化处理时间以不超过4 d为宜.     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系．通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉．运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂——中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验．结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致．     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系.通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉.运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂———中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验.结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致.     

Growth and nutritional trials on transgenic Nile tilapia containing an exogenous fish growth hormone gene

In a long-term growth trial, transgenic tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. showed a 2·5-fold increase in growth compared with non-transgenic siblings. At 7 months, mean mass of transgenic tilapia was 653 g compared with 260 g for non-transgenic siblings. A significant increase ( P >0·01) in head: total length ratio, viscera-somatic index and hepato-somatic index was observed in transgenic fish. Female gonado-somatic index ( I G) was found to be lower in transgenics than non-transgenic siblings in both mixed and separate culture conditions. Transgenic male I G values were found to be higher in mixed culture and lower in separate culture than that of their non-transgenic siblings. Food conversion efficiency was more than 20% greater in the transgenic fish. In a second shorter-term growth performance trial, the transgenic fish grew to about four times the size of their non-transgenic siblings. A digestibility trial suggested that transgenic tilapia were more efficient utilizers of protein, dry matter and energy. Apparent digestibility of protein and apparent energy digestibility were higher in the transgenic fish.     

Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata

A transgenic corn event (MON 863) has been recently developed by Monsanto Company for control of corn rootworms, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). This transgenic corn event expresses the cry3Bb1 gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), which encodes the insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein for corn rootworm control. A continuous feeding study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the dietary effect of MON 863 pollen expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein on the survival, larval development, and reproductive capacity of the non-target species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). First instar C. maculata (less than 24 h old) and newly emerging adults (less than 72 h old) were fed individually on a diet mixture containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic (control) corn pollen, bee pollen (a component of normal rearing diet), or potassium arsenate-treated control corn pollen. In the larval tests, 96.7%, 90.0%, and 93.3% of C. maculata larvae successfully pupated and then emerged as adults when fed on MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen (normal rearing) diets, respectively. Among the larvae completing their development, there were no significant differences in the developmental time to pupation and adult emergence among the transgenic corn pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen diet treatments. All larvae fed on arsenate treated corn pollen diet died as larvae. For tests with adults, 83.3%, 80.0%, and 100% of adult C. maculata survived for the 30 days of the test period when reared on diets containing 50% of MON 863 pollen, non-transgenic corn pollen, and bee pollen respectively. While the adult survival rate on MON 863 pollen diet was significantly less than that on the bee pollen diet, there was no significant difference between the MON 863 and non-transgenic corn pollen treatments. During the period of adult testing, an average of 77, 80, and 89 eggs per female were laid by females fed on the MON 863 pollen, control corn pollen, and bee pollen, respectively; no significant differences were detected in the number of eggs laid among these treatments. These results demonstrate that when offered at 50% by weight of the dietary component, transgenic corn (MON 863) pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein had no measurable negative effect on the survival and development of C. maculata larvae to pupation and adulthood nor any adverse effect on adult survival and reproductive capacity. Relevance of these findings to ecological impacts of transgenic Bt crops on non-target beneficial insects is discussed.