Inhibition of Catalase by Tea Catechins in Free and Cellular State: A Biophysical Approach

Tea flavonoids bind to variety of enzymes and inhibit their activities. In the present study, binding and inhibition of catalase activity by catechins with respect to their structure-affinity relationship has been elucidated. Fluorimetrically determined binding constants for (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) with catalase were observed to be 2.27×10⁶ M⁻¹ and 1.66×10⁶ M⁻¹, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters evidence exothermic and spontaneous interaction between catechins and catalase. Major forces of interaction are suggested to be through hydrogen bonding along with electrostatic contributions and conformational changes. Distinct loss of α-helical structure of catalase by interaction with EGCG was captured in circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Gallated catechins demonstrated higher binding constants and inhibition efficacy than non-gallated catechins. EGCG exhibited maximum inhibition of pure catalase. It also inhibited cellular catalase in K562 cancer cells with significant increase in cellular ROS and suppression of cell viability (IC₅₀ 54.5 µM). These results decipher the molecular mechanism by which tea catechins interact with catalase and highlight the potential of gallated catechin like EGCG as an anticancer drug. EGCG may have other non-specific targets in the cell, but its anticancer property is mainly defined by ROS accumulation due to catalase inhibition.     

Efficacy of standard disinfectant test methods for contact lens-care solutions

Two disinfection systems based on hydrogen peroxide (0.5, 1.5 and 3%) and chlorhexidine gluconate (0.004%) were challenged in suspension tests using a modification of a standard method, with inocula containing 10⁶ or 10⁸ cfu/ml of the standard organisms Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus warneri. The effect of an organic load on the shapes of microbial inactivation curves was also investigated. Although there were rapid declines in viability of 1–2 log units (cfu/ml) within the first minute of challenge in all cases, declines in viability subsequently levelled out rapidly, and with hydrogen peroxide viable counts increased slightly thereafter. These increases are unexplained, but may in part be attributable to disruption of cell clumps during challenge.     

Characterization and properties of catalase immobilized onto controlled pore glass and its application in batch and plug-flow type reactors

Bovine liver catalase was covalently immobilized onto controlled pore glass (CPG) beads modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) followed by treatment with glutaraldehyde. Coupling of catalase onto CPG was optimized to improve the efficiency of the overall immobilization procedure. The optimum coupling conditions: pore diameter of CPG, pH, buffer concentration, temperature, coupling time and initial catalase amount per grams of carrier were determined as 70 nm, 6.0, 75 mM, 5 °C, 7 h and 6 mg catalase, respectively. Catalytic efficiencies (k_cat/K_m) and thermal inactivation rate constants (k_i) of ICPG1 were determined and compared with that of free catalase. Suitability of ICPG1 was also investigated by using it in batch and plug-flow type reactors. When the remaining activity of ICPG1 retained was about 50% of its initial activity the highest total productivity of ICPG1 was determined as 7.6 × 10⁶ U g immobilized catalase⁻¹ in plug-flow type reactor. However, the highest total productivity of ICPG1 was 6.2 × 10⁵ U g immobilized catalase⁻¹ in batch type reactor. ICPG1 may have great potentials as biocatalyst for the application in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in plug-flow type reactor.     

Hydrogen peroxide and ischemic renal injury: effect of catalase inhibition.

Although reactive oxygen species are believed to participate in postischemic renal injury, the actual chemical species involved and the role of endogenous scavenging systems in protecting against injury requires additional study. Hydrogen peroxide, which derives from superoxide radical, is toxic and also yields toxic hydroxyl radical. 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole reacts with catalase to form irreversibly inactivated catalase only in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. We made use of this chemical reaction both to determine whether inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme catalase would influence ischemic renal injury and to measure hydrogen peroxide production rates after ischemia. Sprague-Dawley rats were given aminotriazole (100 mg/kg) one hour before 40 min of renal ischemia. Twenty-four h after ischemia GFR had decreased to 300 microL/min in control animals and to 50 microL/min in aminotriazole-treated animals. Histologic evidence of injury was also worse in catalase-inhibited animals. To measure hydrogen peroxide production rates aminotriazole was given 60 min before measurement of renal catalase activity. In control animals, aminotriazole caused a 53.4% decrease in catalase activity. In animals subjected to 40 min of ischemia plus either 10 or 60 min of reflow catalase activity decreased by 33.9 and 49.5% (not significantly different from control). Thus, when measured by this method total renal hydrogen peroxide production was considerable but was not increased by ischemia. However, in isolated proximal tubule segments 60 min of anoxia and 30 min of reoxygenation caused a 42% increase in H2O2 released into the incubation medium. In summary, inhibition of catalase before ischemia led to exacerbation of ischemic injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Kinetics and mechanisms of catalase in peroxisomes of the mitochondrial fraction

1. The primary intermediate of catalase and hydrogen peroxide was identified and investigated in peroxisome-rich mitochondrial fractions of rat liver. On the basis of kinetic constants determined in vitro, it is possible to calculate with reasonable precision the molecular statistics of catalase action in the peroxisomes. 2. The endogenous hydrogen peroxide generation is adequate to sustain a concentration of the catalase intermediate (p(m)/e) of 60-70% of the hydrogen peroxide saturation value. Total amount of catalase corresponds to 0.12-0.15nmol of haem iron/mg of protein. In State 1 the rate of hydrogen peroxide generation corresponds to 0.9nmol/min per mg of protein or 5% of the mitochondrial respiratory rate in State 4. 3. Partial saturation of the catalase intermediate with hydrogen peroxide (p(m)/e) in the mitochondrial fraction suggests its significant peroxidatic activity towards its endogenous hydrogen donor. A variation of this value (p(m)/e) from 0.3 in State 4 to 0 under anaerobic conditions is observed. 4. For a particular preparation the hydrogen peroxide generation rate in the substrate-supplemented State 4 corresponds to 0.17s(-1) (eqn. 6), the hydrogen peroxide concentration to 2.5nm and the hydrogen-donor concentration (in terms of ethanol) to 0.12mm. The reaction is 70% peroxidatic and 30% catalatic. 5. A co-ordinated production of both oxidizing and reducing substrates for catalase in the mitochondrial fraction is suggested by a 2.2-fold increase of hydrogen peroxide generation and a threefold increase in hydrogen-donor generation in the State 1 to State 4 transition. 6. Additional hydrogen peroxide generation provided by the urate oxidase system of peroxisomes (8-12nmol of uric acid oxidized/min per mg of protein) permits saturation of the catalase with hydrogen peroxide to haem occupancy of 40% compared with values of 36% for a purified rat liver catalase ofk(1)=1.7x10(7)m(-1).s(-1) and k'(4)=2.6x10(7)m(-1). s(-1)(Chance, Greenstein & Roughton, 1952). 7. The turnover of the catalase ethyl hydrogen peroxide intermediate (k'(3)) in the peroxisomes is initially very rapid since endogenous hydrogen peroxide acts as a hydrogen donor. k'(3) decreases fivefold in the uncoupled state of the mitochondria.     

Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Reduces the Numbers of Lactobacilli, Nourishes Yeast, and Leaves No Residues in the Ethanol Fermentation

Urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) at a concentration of 30 to 32 mmol/liter reduced the numbers of five Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, Lactobacillus sp. strain 3, L. rhamnosus, and L. fermentum) from ~10⁷ to ~10² CFU/ml in a 2-h preincubation at 30°C of normal-gravity wheat mash at ~21 g of dissolved solids per ml containing normal levels of suspended grain particles. Fermentation was completed 36 h after inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of UHP, even when wheat mash was deliberately contaminated (infected) with L. paracasei at ~10⁷ CFU/ml. There were no significant differences in the maximum ethanol produced between treatments when urea hydrogen peroxide was used to kill the bacteria and controls (in which no bacteria were added). However, the presence of L. paracasei at ~10⁷ CFU/ml without added agent resulted in a 5.84% reduction in the maximum ethanol produced compared to the control. The bactericidal activity of UHP is greatly affected by the presence of particulate matter. In fact, only 2 mmol of urea hydrogen peroxide per liter was required for disinfection when mashes had little or no particulate matter present. No significant differences were observed in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in normal-gravity wheat mash at 30°C whether the bactericidal agent was added as H₂O₂ or as urea hydrogen peroxide. NADH peroxidase activity (involved in degrading H₂O₂) increased significantly (P = 0.05) in the presence of 0.75 mM hydrogen peroxide (sublethal level) in all five strains of lactobacilli tested but did not persist in cells regrown in the absence of H₂O₂. H₂O₂-resistant mutants were not expected or found when lethal levels of H₂O₂ or UHP were used. Contaminating lactobacilli can be effectively managed by UHP, a compound which when used at ca. 30 mmol/liter happens to provide near-optimum levels of assimilable nitrogen and oxygen that aid in vigorous fermentation performance by yeast.     

Immobilized antibody-based flow type enzyme immunosensor for determination of human serum albumin

A flow-type enzyme immunosensor was prepared for the electrochemical determination of human serum albumin (HSA). The immunosensor was constructed from the immobilized antibody (anti-HSA IgG) reactor and an oxygen electrode. The immunochemical reaction of catalase-labelled antibody with HSA was completed with 30 min. After the immunochemical reaction, hydrogen peroxide solution was injected into the system and a peak current was obtained within 2 min. A linear relationship was observed between the current increase and the logarithm of HSA concentration in the range 10⁻⁸-10⁻⁶ g ml⁻¹. The minimum measurable concentration was 10⁻⁸ g ml⁻¹. The current increase was reproducible with 10% of the relative errors when a sample solution containing 10⁻⁷ g ml⁻¹ of HSA was used. The minimum measurable concentration increased to 10⁻⁹ g ml⁻¹ when hydrogen peroxide was recycled for 5 min in the reactor system. The immobilized antibody reactor could be reused. HSA in human serum was determined by the system proposed.     

Thermo-alkali-stable catalases from newly isolated Bacillus sp. for the treatment and recycling of textile bleaching effluents

Three thermoalkaliphilic bacteria, which were grown at pH 9.3–10 and 60–65 °C were isolated out of a textile wastewater drain. The unknown micro-organisms were identified as thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Growth conditions were studied and catalase activities and stabilities compared. Catalases from Bacillus SF showed high stabilities at 60 °C and pH 9 (t_1/2=38 h) and thus this strain was chosen for further investigations, such as electron microscopy, immobilization of catalase and hydrogen peroxide degradation studies. Degradation of hydrogen peroxide with an immobilized catalase from Bacillus SF enabled the reuse of the water for the dyeing process. In contrast, application of the free enzyme for treatment of bleaching effluents, caused interaction between the denaturated protein and the dye, resulting in reduced dye uptake, and a higher color difference of 1.3 ΔE* of dyed fabrics compared to 0.9 ΔE* when using the immobilized enzyme.     

Polarographic Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation in Microbial Cultures

A method is described for determining low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide by using a polarographic oxygen electrode to measure the oxygen released into solution on addition of catalase. A sample can be assayed directly without prior manipulation in 3 min. The method is capable of assaying hydrogen peroxide concentrations as low as 7 μM. The method has proved extremely useful for the assay of hydrogen peroxide secreted into milk by lactic acid bacteria.     

Hydroxyl radical generation theory: a possible explanation of unexplained actions of mammalian catalase

Catalase is well known antioxidant enzyme which catalyses the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide directly into H₂O and O₂. Mammalian catalase has been considered as ‘a venerable enzyme with new mysteries’. Some aspects of its mechanism of action are mystifying and many of new findings are still unexplained. To fill up the gap we propose the ‘Hydroxyl Radical Generation Theory (HRGT)’ with possible mechanism. According to HRGT, mammalian catalase apart from its known catalytic reaction generates hydroxyl radicals (HRs). The HR generation mainly depends on concentration of specific substrate, hydrogen peroxide. The present theory is supported by previous experimental findings and has great deal of observational evidences. The proposed mechanism of generation of HRs answer several unexplained features of mammalian catalase, however, should be tested further.     

Septage treatments to reduce the numbers of bacteria and polioviruses

Disposal of the pumped contents of septic tanks (septage) represents a possible means of dissemination of enteric pathogens including viruses, since persistence of enteroviruses in septic tank sludge for greater than 100 days has been demonstrated. The risk of exposure to potentially infectious agents can be reduced by disinfecting septages before their disposal. Of the septage disinfectants examined (technical and analytical grade glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, heat treatments, and a combination of heat and hydrogen peroxide), the treatment including hydrogen peroxide (5 mg, plus 0.33 mg of trichloroacetic acid, per ml of septage) and 55 degrees C killed virtually all the bacteria in septage within 1 h, whereas 55 degrees C alone inactivated inoculated polioviruses within 30 min. Virus was the most sensitive to heat, whereas fecal coliforms appeared to be the most sensitive to all chemical treatments. The responses of fecal streptococci and virus to both grades of glutaraldehyde (each at 1 mg/ml) were similar. Virus was more resistant than either fecal streptococci or total bacteria to low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (1 to 5 mg/ml); however, virus and fecal streptococci were more labile than total bacteria to the highest peroxide concentration (10 mg/ml) examined. It is possible that the treatment combining heat and hydrogen peroxide was the most effective in reducing the concentrations of all bacteria, because catalase and peroxidases as well as other enzymes were heat inactivated, although catalase seems the most likely cause of damage. However, this most effective treatment does not appear to be practical for on-site use as performed, so further work on septage disinfection is recommended.     

Quantitative study of natural antioxidant systems for cellular nitrofurantoin toxicity

The toxicity of nitrofurantoin was studied on human WI-38 fibroblasts: this chemical was lethal when added at concentrations higher than 5·10⁻⁵ M in the culture medium. The protection afforded by anitoxidants was then tested: α-tocopherol gave at 10⁻⁴ M a light protection in contrast to ascorbic acid which even became toxic at high concentrations. We also tested catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase introduced intracellularly by the microinjection technique. On a molecular basis, glutathione peroxidase was 23-times more efficient than catalase and 3000-times more than superoxide dismutase. The results also showed that a similar range of enzyme concentrations was found for the protection against high oxygen pressure. This suggests that, in the case of both oxygen and nitrofurantoin toxicity, the peroxide derivatives are the most toxic intermediates of the free radical attacks.     

Septage treatments to reduce the numbers of bacteria and polioviruses.

Disposal of the pumped contents of septic tanks (septage) represents a possible means of dissemination of enteric pathogens including viruses, since persistence of enteroviruses in septic tank sludge for greater than 100 days has been demonstrated. The risk of exposure to potentially infectious agents can be reduced by disinfecting septages before their disposal. Of the septage disinfectants examined (technical and analytical grade glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, heat treatments, and a combination of heat and hydrogen peroxide), the treatment including hydrogen peroxide (5 mg, plus 0.33 mg of trichloroacetic acid, per ml of septage) and 55 degrees C killed virtually all the bacteria in septage within 1 h, whereas 55 degrees C alone inactivated inoculated polioviruses within 30 min. Virus was the most sensitive to heat, whereas fecal coliforms appeared to be the most sensitive to all chemical treatments. The responses of fecal streptococci and virus to both grades of glutaraldehyde (each at 1 mg/ml) were similar. Virus was more resistant than either fecal streptococci or total bacteria to low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (1 to 5 mg/ml); however, virus and fecal streptococci were more labile than total bacteria to the highest peroxide concentration (10 mg/ml) examined. It is possible that the treatment combining heat and hydrogen peroxide was the most effective in reducing the concentrations of all bacteria, because catalase and peroxidases as well as other enzymes were heat inactivated, although catalase seems the most likely cause of damage. However, this most effective treatment does not appear to be practical for on-site use as performed, so further work on septage disinfection is recommended.     

Hydrogen peroxide release from human blood platelets

The release of hydrogen peroxide from human blood platelets after stimulation with particulate membrane-perturbing agents has been determined by fluorescence using scopoletin as the detecting agent. Platelet suspensions containing less than 1 polymorphonuclear leukocyte/10⁸ platelets showed a significant release of hydrogen peroxide (6.11 nmol/10⁹ platelets per 20 min, S.D., 0.26, n=9) after addition of zymosan or latex particles, compared to unstimulated platelets. The release of hydrogen peroxide was only observed when the scopoletin was added to the platelet suspensions during the stimulation. Any attempt to determine hydrogen peroxide release in the supernatant at the end of the incubation with zymosan or latex failed. A NADH-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide was observed by measuring the difference of oxygen uptake in the presence and absence of catalase (500 units), which was not inhibited by potassium cyanide (1 mM). By this method the NADH-dependent cyanide-insensitive peroxide production and release was 6.0 nmol/10⁹ platelets per 20 min from resting platelets (S.D., 2, n=6) vs. 15 nmol/10⁹ platelets per 20 min from stimulated platelets (S.D., 2, n=6).     

Reversible inhibition of the calvin cycle and activation of oxidative pentose phosphate cycle in isolated intact chloroplasts by hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (6x10^-4 M) causes a 90% inhibition of CO₂-fixation in isolated intact chloroplasts. The inhibition is reversed by adding catalase (2500 U/ml) or DTT (10 mM). If hydrogen peroxide is added to a suspension of intact chloroplasts in the light, the incorporation of carbon into hexose- and heptulose bisphosphates and into pentose monophosphates is significantly increased, whereas; carbon incorporation into hexose monophosphates and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is decreased. At the same time formation of 6-phosphogluconate is dramatically stimulated, and the level of ATP is increased. All these changes induced by hydrogen peroxide are reversed by addition of catalase or DTT. Additionally, the conversion of [¹⁴C]glucose-6-phosphate into different metabolites by lysed chloroplasts in the dark has been studied. In presence of hydrogen peroxide, formation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is inhibited, whereas formation of other bisphosphates,of triose phosphates, and pentose monophosphates is stimulated. Again, DTT has the opposite effect. The release of ¹⁴CO₂ from added [¹⁴C]glucose-6-phosphate by the soluble fraction of lysed chloroplasts via the reactions of oxidative pentose phosphate cycle is completely inhibited by DTT (0.5 mM) and re-activated by comparable concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that hydrogen peroxide interacts with reduced sulfhydryl groups which are involved in the light activation of enzymes of the Calvin cycle at the site of fructose- and sedoheptulose bisphophatase, of phosphoribulokinase, as well as in light-inactivation of oxidative pentose phosphate cycle at the site of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.Abbreviations ADPG ADP-glucose - DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate - DTT dithiothreitol - FBP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid - HMP hexose monophosphates (fructose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate) - 6-PGI 6-phosphogluconate - PMP pentose monophosphates (xylulose-5-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate) - RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate - S7P sedoheptulose-7-phosphate - SBP sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Simonis on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Suicide Inactivation of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 by 3-Halocatechols

The inactivation of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 by 3-chloro- and 3-fluorocatechol and the iron-chelating agent Tiron (catechol-3,5-disulfonate) was studied. Whereas inactivation by Tiron is an oxygen-independent and mostly reversible process, inactivation by the 3-halocatechols was only observed in the presence of oxygen and was largely irreversible. The rate constants for inactivation (K₂) were 1.62 × 10⁻³ sec⁻¹ for 3-chlorocatechol and 2.38 × 10⁻³ sec⁻¹ for 3-fluorocatechol. The inhibitor constants (K_i) were 23 μM for 3-chlorocatechol and 17 μM for 3-fluorocatechol. The kinetic data for 3-fluorocatechol could only be obtained in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Besides inactivated enzyme, some 2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-diendioic acid was formed from 3-chlorocatechol, suggesting 5-chloroformyl-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoic acid as the actual suicide product of meta-cleavage. A side product of 3-fluorocatechol cleavage is a yellow compound with the spectral characteristics of a 2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoic acid indicating 1,6-cleavage. Rates of inactivation by 3-fluorocatechol were reduced in the presence of superoxide dismutase, catalase, formate, and mannitol, which implies that superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical exhibit additional inactivation.     

Pine nut peroxidase immobilized on chitosan crosslinked with citrate and ionic liquid used in the construction of a biosensor

A biosensor based on the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMI·Tf₂N) and a novel source of peroxidase (tissue from the pine nuts of Araucaria angustifolia) was constructed. This enzyme was immobilized on chitosan crosslinked with citrate and the biosensor used for the determination of rosmarinic acid by square-wave voltammetry. The peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide catalyzes the oxidation of rosmarinic acid to quinone and the electrochemical reduction of the product was obtained at a potential of +0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Different analytical parameters influencing the biosensor response, that is, peroxidase units, pH, hydrogen peroxide concentration and parameters for the square-wave voltammetry (frequency, pulse amplitude and scan increment), were investigated. The best performance was observed for the biosensor under the following conditions: 1000 units mL⁻¹ peroxidase, pH 7.0 and 8.3 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ hydrogen peroxide with a frequency of 30 Hz, pulse amplitude of 100 mV and scan increment of 5.0 mV. The biosensor gave a linear response to rosmarinic acid over the concentration range of 9.07 × 10⁻⁷ to 4.46 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 7.25 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹. The recovery of rosmarinic acid in plant extracts ranged from 97.0% to 109.6% and the determination of this substance in these samples using the biosensor compared favorably with that using the capillary electrophoresis method.     

Filter Paper Dot-Immunobinding Assay for Detection of Spiroplasma citri

A rapid filter paper dot-immunobinding assay was adapted to detect the wall-less mollicute Spiroplasma citri in medium, plants, or insects. Filter paper spotted with sample was incubated first in dilute antiserum, then in protein A-peroxidase, and finally in a substrate of 4-chloro-1-naphthol plus hydrogen peroxide. The detection limit averaged 2.3 × 10¹⁰ CFU/ml in cultures, and S. citri was detected in single infected leafhoppers. This assay was less sensitive but more rapid and economical than an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.     

Response of Plant-Colonizing Pseudomonads to Hydrogen Peroxide

Colonization of plant root surfaces by Pseudomonas putida may require mechanisms that protect this bacterium against superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide produced by the root. Catalase and superoxide dismutase may be important in this bacterial defense system. Stationary-phase cells of P. putida were not killed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at concentrations up to 10 mM, and extracts from these cells possessed three isozymic bands (A, B, and C) of catalase activity in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Logarithmic-phase cells exposed directly to hydrogen peroxide concentrations above 1 mM were killed. Extracts of logarithmic-phase cells displayed only band A catalase activity. Protection against 5 mM H₂O₂ was apparent after previous exposure of the logarithmic-phase cells to nonlethal concentrations (30 to 300 μM) of H₂O₂. Extracts of these protected cells possessed enhanced catalase activity of band A and small amounts of bands B and C. A single form of superoxide dismutase and isoforms of catalase were apparent in extracts from a foliar intercellular pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. The mobilities of these P. syringae enzymes were distinct from those of enzymes in P. putida extracts.