A Single-Dose Intra-Articular Morphine plus Bupivacaine versus Morphine Alone following Knee Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of a single-dose intra-articular morphine plus bupivacaine versus morphine alone in patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials comparing a combination of morphine and bupivacaine with morphine alone injected intra-articularly in the management of pain after knee arthrocopic surgery were retrieved (up to August 10, 2014) from MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and Embase databases. The weighted mean difference (WMD), relative risk (RR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using RevMan statistical software.

Results

Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included. Statistically significant differences were observed with regard to the VAS values during the immediate period (0-2h) (WMD -1.16; 95% CI -2.01 to -0.31; p = 0.007) and the time to first request for rescue analgesia (WMD = 2.05; 95% CI 0.19 to 3.92; p = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in the VAS pain score during the early period (2-6h) (WMD -0.36; 95% CI -1.13 to 0.41; p = 0.35), the late period (6-48h) (WMD 0.11; 95% CI -0.40 to 0.63; p = 0.67), and the number of patients requiring supplementary analgesia (RR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.57 to 1.05; p = 0.10). In addition, systematic review showed that intra-articular morphine plus bupivacaine would not increase the incidence of adverse effects compared with morphine alone.

Conclusion

The present study suggested that the administration of single-dose intra-articular morphine plus bupivacaine provided better pain relief during the immediate period (0-2h), and lengthened the time interval before the first request for analgesic rescue without increasing the short-term side effects when compared with morphine alone.

Level of Evidence

Level I, meta-analysis of Level I studies.     

Sufentanil and Bupivacaine Combination versus Bupivacaine Alone for Spinal Anesthesia during Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Objective

The addition of lipophilic opioids to local anesthetics for spinal anesthesia has become a widely used strategy for cesarean anesthesia. A meta-analysis to quantify the benefits and risks of combining sufentanil with bupivacaine for patients undergoing cesarean delivery was conducted.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search without language or date limitation was performed to identify clinical trials that compared the addition of sufentanil to bupivacaine with bupivacaine alone for spinal anesthesia in healthy parturients choosing cesarean delivery. The Q and I² tests were used to assess heterogeneity of the data. Data from each trial were combined using relative ratios (RRs) for dichotomous data or weighted mean differences (WMDs) for continuous data and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for each trial. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by removing one study a time to assess the quality and consistency of the results. Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s linear regression test were used to detect any publication bias.

Results

This study included 9 trials containing 578 patients in the final meta-analysis. Sufentanil addition provided a better analgesia quality with less breakthrough pain during surgery than bupivacaine alone (RR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.18, P < 0.001). Sensory block onset time was shorter and first analgesic request time was longer in sufentanil added group compared with the bupivacaine-alone group (WMD = −1.0 min, 95% CI −1.5 to −0.58, P < 0.001 and WMD = 133 min, 95% CI 75 to 213, P < 192, respectively). There was no significant difference in the risk of hypotension and vomiting between these two groups. But pruritus was more frequentely reported in the group with sufentanil added (RR = 7.63, 95% CI 3.85 to 15.12, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Bupivacaine and sufentanil combination is superior to that of bupivacaine alone for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in analgesia quality. Women receiving the combined two drugs had less breakthrough pain, shorter sensory block onset time, and longer first analgesic request time. However, the addition of sufentanil to bupivacaine increased the incidence of pruritus.     

超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞与静脉镇痛在腹股沟疝气手术中的应用价值

摘要 目的：分析超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞与静脉镇痛在腹股沟疝气手术中的应用价值。方法：选择2019年1月～2020年12月我院的120例腹股沟疝气手术患者为研究对象,按照麻醉镇痛方法的差异分为两组,对照组采用静脉镇痛,观察组采用腹横肌平面阻滞。记录两组患者术中丙泊酚、麻黄碱以及芬太尼的使用剂量以及手术后不同时间的VAS评分和芬太尼追加次数;比较两组术后恶心呕吐的发生率,并比较进食时间、肠道功能恢复时间以及下床活动时间。结果：观察组患者丙泊酚、麻黄碱以及芬太尼的使用剂量均显著少于对照组(P<0.05);观察组疝气手术后1 h(T0)、5 h(T1)、10 h(T2)、1d (T3)、2 d(T4)的VAS评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组的芬太尼追加次数为4次/人,明显低于对照组的11次(P<0.05);观察组疝气手术后恶心呕吐的发生率（6.67%）、进食时间、肠道功能恢复时间以及下床活动时间均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：腹横肌平面阻滞对腹股沟疝气手术后患者的镇痛效果明显优于静脉镇痛,且更有助于促进术后恢复。     

Effects of Fentanyl on Emergence Agitation in Children under Sevoflurane Anesthesia: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background and Objectives

The goal of this meta-analysis study was to assess the effects of fentanyl on emergence agitation (EA) under sevoflurane anesthesia in children.

Subjects and Methods

We searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) for articles published until December 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effects of fentanyl and placebo on EA under sevoflurane anesthesia in children that the outcome were the incidence of EA, postoperative pain, emergence time or adverse effects were included in this meta-analysis.

Results

A total of 16 studies, including 1362 patients (737 patients for the fentanyl group and 625 for the placebo group), were evaluated in final analysis. We found that administration of fentanyl decreased the incidences of EA (RR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.27~0.49, P<0.00001) and postoperative pain (RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.41~0.85, P = 0.004) but increased the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (RR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.33~3.77, P = 0.003). The extubation time (WMD = 0.71 min, 95% CI 0.12~1.3, P = 0.02), emergence time (WMD = 4.90 min, 95% CI 2.49~7.30, P<0.0001), and time in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) (WMD = 2.65 min, 95% CI 0.76~4.53, P = 0.006) were slightly increased. There were no significant differences in the time to discharge of day patients (WMD = 3.72 min, 95% CI -2.80~10.24, P = 0.26).

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis suggests that fentanyl decreases the incidence of EA under sevoflurane anesthesia in children and postoperative pain, but has a higher incidence of PONV. Considering the inherent limitations of the included studies, more RCTs with extensive follow-up should be performed to validate our findings in the future.     

Synergistic effect of intrathecal fentanyl and bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section

BACKGROUND: Potentiating the effect of intrathecal local anesthetics by addition of intrathecal opiods for intra-abdominal surgeries is known. In this study by addition of fentanyl we tried to minimize the dose of bupivacaine, thereby reducing the side effects caused by higher doses of intrathecal bupivacaine in cesarean section. METHODS: Study was performed on 120 cesarean section parturients divided into six groups, identified as B8, B10 and B 12.5 8.10 and 12.5 mg of bupivacaine mg and FB8, FB10 and FB 12.5 received a combination of 12.5 mug intrathecal fentanyl respectively. The parameters taken into consideration were visceral pain, hemodynamic stability, intraoperative sedation, intraoperative and postoperative shivering, and postoperative pain. RESULTS: Onset of sensory block to T6 occurred faster with increasing bupivacaine doses in bupivacaine only groups and bupivacaine -fentanyl combination groups. Alone lower concentrations of bupivacaine could not complete removed the visceral pain. Blood pressure declined with the increasing concentration of Bupivacaine and Fentanyl. Incidence of nausea and shivering reduces significantly whereas, the postoperative pain relief and hemodynamics increased by adding fentanyl. Pruritis, maternal respiratory depression and changes in Apgar score of babies do not occur with fentanyl. CONCLUSION: Spinal anesthesia among the neuraxial blocks in obstetric patients needs strict dose calculations because minimal dose changes, complications and side effects arise, providing impetus for this study. Here the synergistic, potentiating effect of fentanyl (an opiod) on bupivacaine (a local anesthetic) in spinal anesthesia for cesarian section is presented, fentanyl is able to reduce the dose of bupivacaine and therefore its harmful effects.     

Obesity Is Independently Associated with Spinal Anesthesia Outcomes: A Prospective Observational Study

The influence of body-mass index (BMI) on spinal anesthesia is still controversial, with discrepant results reported in previous studies. To compare spinal anesthesia in obese and non-obese subjects, the anesthesia profiles in patients who underwent spinal anesthesia using intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine were compared. A total of 209 patients undergoing elective total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKRA) surgery under spinal anesthesia were divided into an NO (non-obese) group (BMI < 30 kg/m², n = 141) and an O (obese) group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², n = 68). Anesthesia was deemed successful if a bilateral T12 sensory block occurred within 15 minutes of intrathecal drug administration, and if the level of sensory block was higher than T12 when the surgery ended. Logistic regression analysis with multiple variables known to influence spinal anesthesia was performed to identify which parameters independently determined the spinal anesthesia outcome. Similar doses of bupivacaine were administered to the NO and O groups. The incidence of anesthesia failure was significantly lower in the O group [n = 43 (30.5%) in the NO group vs. n = 10 (18.9%) in the O group, p = 0.014]. The independent predictors for successful anesthesia in all patients were dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine [odds ratio (OR) 2.12, 95% CI: 1.64–2.73] and obese status (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², OR 2.86, 95% CI: 1.25–6.52). Time to first report of postoperative pain and time to first self-void were significantly longer in the O group. These results suggest that the duration of block with hyperbaric bupivacaine is prolonged in obese patients and obesity is independently associated with spinal anesthesia outcomes, as is bupivacaine dosage. A further study enrolling patients with morbid obesity and using a fixed bupivacaine dosage is required to confirm the effect of obesity on spinal anesthesia.     

Meta-Analysis of Dexmedetomidine on Emergence Agitation and Recovery Profiles in Children after Sevoflurane Anesthesia: Different Administration and Different Dosage

The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation (EA) and recovery profiles in children after sevoflurane anesthesia and its pharmacological mechanisms. Standard bibliographic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFP, Springer and ISI Web of Knowledge, were artificially searched to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the impact of dexmedetomidine with placebo, fentanyl and midazolam on EA and recovery profiles after sevoflurane anesthesia in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Two authors assessed the quality of each study independently in accordance with strict inclusion criteria and extracted data. RevMan 5.0 software was applied for performing statistic analysis. The outcomes analyzed included: 1) incidence of EA, 2) emergence time, 3) time to extubation, 4) incidence of post-operation nausea and vomiting, 5) number of patients requiring an analgesic, and 6) time to discharge from PACU. A total of 1364 patients (696 in the dexmedetomidine group and 668 in the placebo, fentanyl and midazolam group) from 20 prospective RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, dexmedetomidine decreased the incidence of EA (risk ratio [RR] 0.37; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.46), incidence of nausea and vomiting (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.85) and number of patients requiring an analgesic (RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.59). However, dexmedetomidine had a significantly delayed effect on the emergence time (weighted mean differences [WMD] 1.16; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.60), time to extubation (WMD 0.61; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.95), and time to discharge from recovery room (WMD 2.67; 95% CI 0.95 to 4.39). Compared with fentanyl (RR 1.39; 95% CI 0.78 to 2.48) and midazolam (RR 1.12; 95% CI 0.54 to 2.35), dexmedetomidine has no significantly difference on the incidence of EA. However, the analgesia effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperation pain has no significantly statistical differences compared with fentanyl (RR 1.12; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.91), which implied that its analgesia effect might play an important role in decreasing the incident of EA. No evidence of publication bias was observed.     

肺癌根治术后不同镇痛方式的临床效果比较

目的：观察和比较硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）和静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）用于肺癌根治术患者围术期的镇痛效果及其不良反应的发生情况。方法：选择择期全麻下行肺癌根治性切除术的患者1214例,ASAI～II级,依镇痛方式不同分为硬膜外自控镇痛组（PCEA组,n=1023）和静脉自控镇痛组（PCtA组,n=191）。观察围术期两组患者镇痛效果、不良反应及术后康复情况。结果：PCEA组术后2h静止状态下和术后6h、24h活动状态下VAS评分均明显低于PCIA组（P〈O．05）;术后48h的Ramsay评分明显低于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;术后住院时间明显短于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;肺部并发症的发生率、切口感染和术后谵妄、恶心呕吐的发生率均明显低于PCIA组（P〈0．01）。结论：PCEA和PCIA两种镇痛方式用于肺癌根治术患者围术期均可达到满意的临床镇痛效果,但PCEA的用药量更少,镇静作用轻,副反应少,并可以降低肺感染和切口感染的几率,缩短住院时间,更有利于肺癌根治术患者的镇痛和康复。     

术中静脉不向剂量右美托咪啶对全髋置换术患者术后患者芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响

目的：观察气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术患者,术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对术后芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法：选择择期在气管内全麻下行全髋置换术的患者60 例,ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级,年龄47～78 岁,体重42～79 kg。患者随机分组法分为3 组（n=20）：C 组（盐水对照组）、D1 组（右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg 组）和D2 组（右美托咪定1 μg/kg组）,在手术结束前约1 小时按分组分别给予生理盐水和右美托咪啶,术后镇痛使用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛24 h。记录患者术后2h、2～6 h、6～12 h、12～24 h芬太尼的用量;VAS 评分法评估患者术前、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h 时的疼痛程度;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及过度镇静等不良反应发生的情况。结果：术后2h 和术后2～6 h芬太尼用量D1组和D2 组较C 组减少（P＜0.05）,但D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;而术后6～12 和12～24 h三组患者芬太尼用量无差异（P＞0.05）。术后2 h、2～6 hVAS评分D1 组和D2 组较C组减少（P＜0.05）,而D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;术后6～12、12～24 h三组患者VAS 评分无差异（P＞0.05）。与C 组比较,D1 组和D2 组镇痛期间恶心呕吐发生率降低（P＜0.05）,余不良反应各组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术的患者,术中静脉应用右美托咪啶可在术后6 h内增强芬太尼镇痛的效果减少芬太尼的用量,但增大剂量效果并不增加而作用时间也不延长。     

经腹子宫全切术后舒芬太尼和芬太尼自控静脉镇痛的比较

目的观察舒芬太尼用于经腹子宫全切术后静脉镇痛效果、临床副作用,并与等效价的芬太尼比较有无优越性。方法选择择期硬膜外阻滞麻醉下经腹行子宫全切术患者80例,随机分为A组（芬太尼组）40例,B组（舒芬太尼组）40例。A组给予负荷量芬太尼40μg;B组给予负荷量舒芬太尼4μg。两组均采用珠海福尼亚电子微量泵（CPE-101—200型）行自控静脉镇痛。观察术后4、8、16、24h的疼痛、镇静、恶心呕吐的评分,记录血氧饱和度、镇痛液消耗量。疼痛情况用水平视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评估,镇静程度按Ramsay评分法评估。结果与A组比较,B组各时点VAS评分普遍低于A组,但仅术后24h差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者镇静评分均无达到3分者,B组各时点Ramsay评分普遍高于A组,其中术后16、24h差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。B组患者术后各时点镇痛液消耗量普遍低于A组,其中术后16、24h差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后恶心呕吐发生率均低,其中术后4h差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论经腹子宫全切术后舒芬太尼组的静脉镇痛效果略优于芬太尼组,镇静作用亦明显高于芬太尼组,而且减少恶心呕吐等副作用的发生率。     

舒芬太尼在胆囊切除术后镇痛的临床效果观察

目的:探讨舒芬太尼在开腹胆囊切除术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果和安全性。方法:60例全麻开腹胆囊切除术病人随机分为舒芬太尼(Suf)组和芬太尼(Fen)组,各30例。分别使用舒芬太尼或芬太尼进行PCIA,不给负荷量。记录术后0h、4h、12h、24h、40h各时间点的疼痛评分、镇静评分,PCA按压次数、并发症和病人的满意度等。结果:Suf组4h、12h、24hVAS评分明显低于Fen组(P<0.05),其它点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Suf组各时间点镇静评分均小于Fen组(P<0.05);Suf组PCA按压次数显著低于Fen(P<0.05);两组并发症发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05);Suf组病人对PCIA满意率显著高于Fen组(P<0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼用于开腹胆囊切除术后PCIA,镇痛安全有效,镇痛镇静效果优于芬太尼。     

Ultrasound-Assisted Thoracic Paravertebral Block Reduces Intraoperative Opioid Requirement and Improves Analgesia after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized,Controlled, Single-Center Trial

Objectives

The contribution of ultrasound-assisted thoracic paravertebral block to postoperative analgesia remains unclear. We compared the effect of a combination of ultrasound assisted-thoracic paravertebral block and propofol general anesthesia with opioid and sevoflurane general anesthesia on volatile anesthetic, propofol and opioid consumption, and postoperative pain in patients having breast cancer surgery.

Methods

Patients undergoing breast cancer surgery were randomly assigned to ultrasound-assisted paravertebral block with propofol general anesthesia (PPA group, n = 121) or fentanyl with sevoflurane general anesthesia (GA group, n = 126). Volatile anesthetic, propofol and opioid consumption, and postoperative pain intensity were compared between the groups using noninferiority and superiority tests.

Results

Patients in the PPA group required less sevoflurane than those in the GA group (median [interquartile range] of 0 [0, 0] vs. 0.4 [0.3, 0.6] minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]-hours), less intraoperative fentanyl requirements (100 [50, 100] vs. 250 [200, 300]μg,), less intense postoperative pain (median visual analog scale score 2 [1, 3.5] vs. 3 [2, 4.5]), but more propofol (median 529 [424, 672] vs. 100 [100, 130] mg). Noninferiority was detected for all four outcomes; one-tailed superiority tests for each outcome were highly significant at P<0.001 in the expected directions.

Conclusions

The combination of propofol anesthesia with ultrasound-assisted paravertebral block reduces intraoperative volatile anesthetic and opioid requirements, and results in less post operative pain in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrial.gov NCT00418457     

BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS OF SPINAL-EPIDURAL LABOR ANALGESIA

Pain exhibits temporal variations in intensity due to multiple factors, including endogenous neuroendocrine and various external influences that vary over the 24?h. Also, medications can vary in potency and/or toxicity according to the time when they are administered. However, there is no consensus among studies regarding the 24-h pattern of analgesia during labor. Taking into account the time-of-day when labor analgesia is administered, this study aimed to answer two questions: (i) Is there diurnal variation in visual analogue scale (VAS)–rated pain relief and duration of intrathecal analgesia in patients undergoing labor analgesia? (ii) If there is, what is the influence of the duration of labor on the diurnal variation of the level of pain relief and duration of intrathecal analgesia? This prospective cohort included 41 healthy, nulliparous women in the first stage of labor undergoing spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia using fentanyl combined with bupivacaine. Subjects had an epidural catheter fitted for additional, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) if their pain relief was unsatisfactory. The number of VAS assessments (n?=?558) was divided into six time periods of the 24?h. The adjusted coefficient of determination (r²), the proportion of the variance explained by the association between the duration of labor and the temporal pattern of the outcomes variable, was 58% (r²?=?0.58) for pain relief and 44% (r²?=?0.44) for duration of intrathecal analgesia. The peak effect of labor analgesia occurred between 02:00 and 05:59?h. However, the duration of intrathecal analgesia showed two peaks, i.e., at ～00:00 and ～12:00?h. These results demonstrate that labor analgesia achieved by fentanyl combined with bupivacaine shows a diurnal pattern in pain relief and duration of spinal analgesia. However, part of these temporal patterns was explained by the association with duration of labor. (Author correspondence: caumo@cpovo.net)     

Intercostal catheter analgesia is more efficient vs. intercostal nerve blockade for post-thoracotomy pain relief

A pain after thoracotomy may result in a postoperative hypoventilation and lead to atelectases and pneumonia. This study was aimed to compare two analgesic regimens after posterolateral thoracotomy. 80 patients (40-70 years) undergoing thoracotomy were randomized to intercostal catheter analgesia (group A, n = 40) and intercostal nerve block (group B, n = 40). Patients in group A were given 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine injections twice a day by intercostal catheter. Intercostal nerve blockade was performed using 5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine. Intercostal nerve in thoracotomy wound, nerves below and above thoracotomy wound was also injected. PaO2, PaCO2, FVC, FEV1 and visual analog pain scale (VAS) were obtained preoperatively, 24, 48 and 72 hours after operation. Postoperative complications were recorded at the patient discharge. Differences between groups were calculated using Mann-Whitney, KW test and chi square test. The arterial blood gas analyses did not show statistically significant change in any group and time according to the baseline values. FVC and FEV1 decreased significantly in both groups at first postoperative day according to baseline measurements. Patients in B group had significantly higher FEV1 values in the third postoperative day (73.05 +/- 11.25 in A vs. 83.50 +/- 9.17 in B group, p < 0.05). Intercostal catheter analgesia resulted in significantly lower postoperative VAS scores and reduced opioid requirement as compared to intercostal nerve blockade. No differences in the postoperative complications were observed between groups.     

Gabapentin and postoperative pain: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review, with focus on procedure

Background

Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug used in a variety of chronic pain conditions. Increasing numbers of randomized trials indicate that gabapentin is effective as a postoperative analgesic. This procedure-specific systematic review aims to analyse the 24-hour postoperative effect of gabapentin on acute pain in adults.

Methods

Medline, The Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for double-blind randomized placebo controlled trials of gabapentin for postoperative pain relief compared with placebo, in adults undergoing a surgical procedure. Qualitative analysis of postoperative effectiveness was evaluated by assessment of significant difference (P < 0.05) in pain relief using consumption of supplemental analgesic and pain scores between study groups. Quantitative analyses of combined data from similar procedures, were performed by calculating the weighted mean difference (WMD) of 24-hour cumulated opioid requirements, and the WMD for visual analogue scale (VAS) pain, (early (6 h) and late (24 h) postoperatively), between study groups. Side-effects (nausea, vomiting, dizziness and sedation) were extracted for calculation of their relative risk (RR).

Results

Twenty-three trials with 1529 patients were included. In 12 of 16 studies with data on postoperative opioid requirement, the reported 24-hour opioid consumption was significantly reduced with gabapentin. Quantitative analysis of five trials in abdominal hysterectomy showed a significant reduction in morphine consumption (WMD – 13 mg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -19 to -8 mg), and in early pain scores at rest (WMD – 11 mm on the VAS, 95% CI -12 to -2 mm) and during activity (WMD -8 mm on the VAS; 95% CI -13 to -3 mm), favouring gabapentin. In spinal surgery, (4 trials), analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in morphine consumption (WMD of – 31 mg (95%CI – 53 to -10 mg) and pain scores, early (WMD – 17 mm on the VAS; 95 % CI -31 to -3 mm) and late (WMD -12 mm on the VAS; 95% CI -23 to -1 mm) also favouring gabapentin treatment. Nausea was improved with gabapentin in abdominal hysterectomy (RR 0.7; 95 % CI 0.5 to 0.9). Other side-effects were unaffected.

Conclusion

Perioperative use of gabapentin has a significant 24-hour opioid sparing effect and improves pain score for both abdominal hysterectomy and spinal surgery. Nausea may be reduced in abdominal hysterectomy.     

Acetyl-L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), a constructive molecule in fatty acid metabolism, is an agent potentially effective for treating peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP). Its effect, however, remains uncertain. We aimed to access the efficacy and safety of ALC for the treatment of patients with PNP.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE (1996–2014), EMBase (1974–2014), and CENTRAL (May 2014) up to June 27, 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing ALC with placebo or other active medications in diabetic and non-diabetic PNP patients that reported the change of pain using visual analogue scale (VAS). Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for pooling continuous data.

Results

Four RCTs comparing ALC with placebo and reporting in three articles (n = 523) were included. Compared with placebo, ALC significantly reduced VAS scores of PNP patients (MD of VAS, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.68-1.72, P <0.00001). In the subgroup analysis, the effect of ALC on VAS was similar in different administration routes (intramuscular-oral sequential subgroup: MD, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.34-2.04, P = 0.006; oral only subgroup: pooled MD, 1.15; 95%CI, 0.33-1.96, P = 0.006), and ALC appeared more effective in diabetic PNP patients than non-diabetic PNP patients (diabetic subgroup: MD, 1.47; 95%CI, 1.06-1.87, P <0.00001; non-diabetic subgroup: MD, 0.71; 95% CI, -0.01-1.43, P = 0.05). No severe adverse events were reported related to ALC. The common adverse events were pain, headache, paraesthesia, hyperesthesia, retching, biliary colic, and gastrointestinal disorders. The rates of total adverse events were similar in ALC and control group.

Conclusion

The current evidence suggests that ALC has a moderate effect in reducing pain measured on VAS in PNP patients with acceptable safety. Larger trials with longer follow-up, however, are warranted to establish the effects.     

超声引导下QLB复合气管插管全麻对于老年患者TEP腹股沟疝无张力修补术影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析超声引导下腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)复合气管插管全麻对于老年患者腹腔镜下全腹膜外（totally extraperitoneal prosthetic,TEP）腹股沟疝无张力修补术的影响,以促进该方法的临床使用。方法：2014年9月到2020年6月选择在本院诊治的腹股沟疝老年患者180例,根据随机数字表法分为QLB组与对照组各90例。所有患者都给予腹腔镜下全腹膜外腹股沟疝无张力修补术,对照组给予气管插管全麻,QLB组在对照组麻醉的基础上给予超声引导下QLB,记录两组镇痛与麻醉效果。结果：两组的术中出血量、手术时间等对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),QLB组的术后住院时间、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后下床活动时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。与术后12 h对比,两组术后24 h与36 h的疼痛VAS评分均降低(P<0.05),且QLB组术后12 h、24 h与36 h的疼痛VAS评分都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。QLB组术后7 d的血肿、呼吸抑制、脏器损伤、腹股沟区包块等并发症发生率为8.9 %,显著低于对照组的21.1 %(P<0.05)。QLB组的瑞芬太尼用量、术后48 h内有效按压自控静脉镇痛泵次数、自控静脉镇痛泵累计用量都显著少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：超声引导下QLB复合气管插管全麻在老年患者腹腔镜下全腹膜外腹股沟疝无张力修补术中的应用能提高镇痛与麻醉效果,减少术后并发症的发生,有利于促进患者康复。     

平行侧入法硬膜外穿刺CSEA对剖宫产术后腰背痛的影响

目的:探讨平行侧入法硬膜外穿刺腰硬联合麻醉对剖宫产术后腰背痛的影响。方法:选择2014年10月至2016年9月在我院行剖宫产的产妇95例,将其随机分为两组。对照组45例,产妇接受平行直入法硬膜外穿刺腰硬联合麻醉,观察组50例产妇接受平行侧入法硬膜外穿刺麻醉。比较两组产妇术后宫缩、伤口、腰背疼痛VAS评分、术中穿刺情况、术后使用镇痛泵的有效按压次数及术后3 d、7 d、14 d和2个月后腰背疼痛的情况。结果:观察组产妇术后宫缩、伤口以及腰背疼痛评分、术后使用镇痛泵的有效按压次数均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且术中一次性穿刺成功率显著高于对照组(P0.05),且术后7 d、14 d以及2个月腰背痛的发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:平行侧入穿刺法行腰硬联合麻醉可有效提高剖宫产产妇一次穿刺成功率,显著缓解产妇的术后疼痛,并降低术后腰背疼痛的发生率。     

罗哌卡因配伍布托啡诺及芬太尼用于术后自控镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察布托啡诺、芬太尼、布托啡诺与芬太尼配伍罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的临床效果及安全性。方法：选择150例ASAI或Ⅱ级,拟择期行开胸手术的全麻联合硬膜外麻醉患者,将其随机分为罗哌卡因联合芬太尼组（RF）,罗哌卡因联合芬太尼与布托啡诺组（RFB）,罗哌卡因联合布托啡诺组（RB）,术毕采用硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）。记录并比较术后4、8、12、24、和48h的镇痛、镇静效果、舒适度、病人自控镇痛（PCA）给药次数及有效次数,监测其不良反应发生的发生情况。结果：三组PCEA方案均能达到良好镇痛和镇静目的,在术后4h、24h和48h,RFB组的VAs值均明显低于RF组（P〈0．05）,24h（P〈0．01）;术后8hVAS值明显小于RB组（P〈0．01）。术后RFB4hRamsay嗜睡少于RB组（P〈0．05）,其它时间段评分优于其他两组但无统计学意义。术后48h不良反应比较：恶心呕吐RFB低于RF（P〈0．05）;头痛头晕RFB组低于RB（P〈0．05）;嗜睡RFB组明显少于RB组（P〈0．01）。结论：罗哌卡因配伍布托啡诺及芬太尼用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛效果良好,值得在临床推荐使用。     

帕瑞昔布在肺癌手术多模式镇痛效果及其对凝血功能的影响

目的:研究帕瑞昔布在胸部肺癌手术后多模式镇痛效果及其对凝血功能的影响。方法:自2012年1月到2013年12月期间,全麻复合硬膜外麻醉下实施肺癌手术病人120例,分为3组,对照组(C组)和不同帕瑞昔布钠处理组(P1组和P2组)。对照组采用硬膜外镇痛,P1此基础上术前静脉用帕瑞昔布,P2组在P1基础上术后加用帕瑞昔布。观察三组手术时间、术中出血量、术中瑞芬太尼及术后吗啡用量、不同时间段VAS和术前术后凝血功能。结果:C组、P1和P2组术中出血量三组间的差异有统计学意义,P2组出血量最少(p0.05)。C组、P1和P2组术中瑞芬太尼和术后吗啡使用剂量差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。C组、P1组和P2组术后6个月时间内疼痛发生率和6个月时间内疼痛发生天数差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。术中PT、APTT在三组间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:帕瑞昔布可降低病人开胸术后慢性疼痛综合征的发生,增加凝血功能,减少吗啡用量,且不增加不良反应发生几率,临床应用安全性可靠。