橘皮素与乳清蛋白的合用对短跑运动员冬训期间血清睾酮、皮质醇水平的影响*

目的:探讨补充橘皮素对短跑运动员冬训期间血清睾酮、皮质醇水平的影响。方法:将24名短跑运动员配对、随机分为试验组和对照组。冬训期间,试验组补充橘皮素补剂(含橘皮素200 mg),对照组补充安慰剂,为期4周。分别在每周第一天(T1、T2、T3、T4)及干预结束次日(T5)采集血液样本,检测血清睾酮、皮质醇、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)等指标,并在干预开始和结束时测试身体成分。结果:干预4周后,①对照组的血清皮质醇水平上升,血清睾酮和SOD活性水平显著下降(P＜0.05);②试验组的血清皮质醇(P＜0.05)和ACTH(P＜0.01)均显著下降,血清睾酮维持稳定,SOD活性水平小幅上升;③试验组和对照组的肌肉量均有增加,但前者的增加量显著大于后者。结论:补充4周橘皮素能减少冬训期间高强度运动引起的机体氧化应激反应,维持机体血清睾酮水平稳定,抑制皮质醇过度分泌,促进肌肉合成。     

橘皮素生物活性及其对运动性哮喘的潜在功效CSCD

运动性哮喘(exercise-induced asthma,EIA)作为运动员群体的第一大慢性疾病,正日益受到关注。虽然EIA的病理研究及药物治疗研究已取得一定进展,但长期服用EIA治疗药物不仅危害运动员身心健康,而且极易导致兴奋剂阳性问题。因此,亟需寻求一种安全、健康、有效的干预方法以替代药物治疗或降低药物依赖度。橘皮素是一种天然柑橘提取化合物,近年多项研究指出它在治疗EIA方面有巨大潜力。本文归纳、梳理与分析了橘皮素的多种生物活性,如:抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性、调节尿酸与皮质醇合成分泌、调节糖脂代谢与抗肥胖、神经保护等,为深入研究和开发橘皮素食品、保健品及药品并用于EIA治疗提供思路与理论支撑。     

歼击飞行员飞行应激对同型半胱氨酸和皮质醇的影响

目的:探讨南部战区某旅歼击飞行员血清皮质醇(COR)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)联合检测的意义。方法:对歼击飞行员(A组)、地方健康体检人员(B组)、部队考学战士(C组)、空军地勤人员(C组)的血清COR、Hcy水平进行两两比较,通过Kruskal-Wallis统计学方法处理分析。结果:B组人员COR水平比A组、C组、D组人员低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组人员Hcy水平比A组、B组、D组人员高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经常性的飞行训练可增强飞行员分泌激素的适应性,在航空保健工作中,COR联合Hcy监测及动态观察对保障飞行员的健康和飞行安全,提高部队战斗力具有一定的意义。     

细胞松弛素B对蚕豆气孔运动的影响

以蚕豆叶片下表皮条为材料,研究了微丝在气孔运动中的作用,利用肌动蛋白纤丝专一性抑制剂－－细胞松弛素Ｂ预处理后,再用诱导气孔运动的因子处理表皮条,在显微镜下观测气孔孔径的变化。     

高温和皮质醇对黄颡鱼性别分化的影响

研究以性染色体类型已确定且已有性别特异分子标记的黄颡鱼为研究对象,开展高温与皮质醇诱导黄颡鱼(Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson)XX个体雄性化组织学进程研究,以期为环境应激诱导鱼类雄性化提供研究基础。通过对每尾鱼采用性别特异性标记鉴定遗传性别(XX或XY)及组织学鉴定生理型性别,仅经过24d的处理(12—35日龄),高温或皮质醇便能诱导XX遗传型个体雄性化。在此过程中,部分XX遗传型个体卵母细胞受到抑制,之后发育成带有卵巢腔的精巢结构。62日龄时, XX伪雄鱼性腺较正常XY雄鱼大, XX伪雄鱼体重与正常XY雄鱼相近,而显著大于未发生性逆转的XX雌鱼。122日龄时, XX伪雄鱼从62日龄带有卵巢腔的精巢结构发育成具有典型的精小叶结构样精巢,且都具有生理性雄鱼特有的生殖突,推测这些雄鱼可能具有与正常雄鱼类似的生殖能力。部分XX个体对高温处理不敏感,没有发生性逆转,温度处理反而加快了卵巢发育的进程,这些个体对高温的耐受性和另外一些发生性逆转的个体对温度的敏感性值得进一步研究。     

鸟类应激反应的诱发和影响因素

应激反应是动物应对环境变化或社会压力的重要机制,表现为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)被激活并产生糖皮质激素。鸟类的糖皮质激素主要是皮质酮。通过检测鸟类体内的皮质酮水平,可以了解鸟类的应激状态水平,进而了解诱发和影响鸟类应激反应的因素,这有助于理解鸟类如何适应环境、如何权衡生活史各阶段的能量分配等。而通过长期监测动物个体的生存和应激状况,对濒危鸟类的保育工作也具有重要参考价值。本文综述了诱发鸟类应激反应的因素,包括天气、捕食压力、食物可获得性、人为干扰和城市化以及社会压力等。归纳出影响鸟类应激反应程度的主要因素,包括光周期、生境、性别、年龄、社会等级和早期经历等8个方面。提出了应激反应在个性、认知、系统发育等领域的应用,以及慢性应激、羽毛皮质酮检测等值得关注的内容。     

猫隔核损毁对海马内注射去甲肾上腺素诱发皮质醇分泌的影响

实验观察到猫腹侧海马内微量注射去甲肾上腺互能明显地提高血浆皮质醇水平，电解损毁两侧外侧隔核虽不影响血浆皮质醇的基础水平，但可以完全阻断ＶＨＩＰ内注射ＮＥ诱发的皮醇分泌增加反应，而前额皮导毁后并不能阻ＶＨＩＰ内注射ＮＥ的效应，结果提示：ＶＨＩＰ内注射ＮＥ对皮质醇分泌的影响很可能通过了隔核的中间传递过程，进而使下丘脑－肾上腺轴的功能发生改变。     

有氧和抗阻运动对SAMP8小鼠免疫机能的影响

目的 探讨有氧运动和抗阻运动两种运动方式对快速衰老小鼠(SAMP8小鼠)免疫机能的影响。方法 24只28周龄雄性SAMP8小鼠分为模型组、有氧运动组、抗阻运动组,每组8只;另设8只同龄正常老化SAMR1小鼠作对照组。有氧运动组经匀速水平运动跑台训练8周,有氧运动组经递增负重爬梯运动训练8周。每两周测定相对抓力、转棒测试时间。测定免疫器官指数,观察免疫器官组织形态学,ELISA法检测血清IL2浓度,免疫组织化学观测脾IL2Rα蛋白表达,RT-qPCR法检测脾IL2、IL2Rα、IL2Rβ、IL2Rγ基因表达水平。结果 与对照组相比,模型组相对抓力、转棒测试时间均显著下降(P<0.0001);胸腺指数、脾指数均显著下降(P<0.001);免疫器官衰老明显;血清IL2浓度显著降低(P<0.0001);脾IL2Rα蛋白阳性率显著降低(P<0.001);脾IL2、IL2Rα、IL2Rβ、IL2Rγ基因表达显著下降(P<0.01)。经8周有氧运动和抗阻运动干预后,与模型组相比,有氧运动组和抗阻运动组相对抓力、转棒测试时间均显著升高(P<0.05),抗阻运动组相对...     

抗阻运动对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖大鼠脂肪组织自噬和炎症因子的影响

为探讨运动对肥胖患者自噬活性和内脏脂肪组织炎症反应的影响,本研究将60只肥胖小鼠随机分为高脂饮食组(B)、正常饮食组(C)、正常饮食加耐力运动干预组(D)、正常饮食加耐力运动干预组(E)。D组和E组分别进行10周的耐力和抗阻运动,然后用RT-PCR检测自噬、炎症的基因和蛋白表达。结果显示,三个干预组的Lee指数和BFI均显著降低,2个运动组的Lee指数和BFI均显著降低,但差异无显著性;D组和E组Beclin 1表达较C组显著降低,p62表达明显升高;与C组相比,D组p62显著升高,E组无明显升高;与D组相比,E组Beclin 1基因表达增加,p62蛋白表达降低;与C组相比,D组和E组IL-6和IL-0蛋白表达均显著升高;10周不同运动干预对大鼠减脂效果无差异。运动后内脏脂肪组织的自噬活性受到抑制,尤其是无氧运动;肥胖患者运动干预前后内脏脂肪组织自噬和炎症的变化趋势一致,其中IL-10的变化最为明显。     

维生素E对中华鳖幼鳖生长、肝脏维生素E以及血清皮质醇含量的影响

为探讨维生素E(VE)对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)幼鳖的生长、肝脏VE和血清皮质醇的影响，通过特定生长率、高压液相色谱法和放免法，我们测定了中华鳖幼鳖的生长、肝脏VE和血清皮质醇含量。发现VE添加量为1000和5000mg／kg的两组，能明显降低中华鳖幼鳖的生长。维生素E添加量为500、1000和5000mg／kg的三组，肝脏维生素E含量明显高于对照组，VE添加量在0—1000mg／kg的范围时，肝脏VE的含量随着饲料中VE含量的增加呈指数式增加，并且在VE添加量为5000kg／kg的一组基本达到饱和。维生素E添加量为0和50mg／kg的2组，其血清皮质醇的平均值明显高于维生素E添加量为250、500、1000和5000mg／kg的4组的平均值。上述结果表明：高剂量的VE降低了中华鳖幼鳖的生长和血清皮质醇的含量；在一定剂量范围内，肝脏VE随着饲料中VE含量的增加而升高。     

Salivary cortisol concentration after high-intensity interval exercise: Time of day and chronotype effect

Due to personal and working necessities, the time for exercise is often short, and scheduled early in the morning or late in the afternoon. Cortisol plays a central role in the physiological and behavioral response to a physical challenge and can be considered as an index of exercise stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the circadian phenotype classification on salivary cortisol concentration in relation to an acute session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed at different times of the day. Based on the morningness–eveningness questionnaire, 12 M-types (N = 12; age 21 ± 2 years; height 179 ± 5 cm; body mass 74 ± 12 kg, weekly training volume 8 ± 1 hours) and 11 E-types (N = 11; age 21 ± 2 years; height 181 ± 11 cm; body mass 76 ± 11 kg, weekly training volume 7 ± 2 hours) were enrolled in a randomized crossover study. All subjects underwent measurements of salivary cortisol secretion before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 15 min (+15 min), 30 min (+30 min), 45 min (+45 min) and 60 min (+60 min) after the completion of both morning (08.00 am) and evening (08.00 p.m.) high-intensity interval exercise. Two-way analysis of variance with Tuckey’s multiple comparisons test showed significant increments over PRE-cortisol concentrations in POSTcondition both in the morning (4.88 ± 1.19 ng · mL^?1 vs 6.60 ± 1.86 ng · mL^?1, +26.1%, P < 0.0001, d > 0.8) and in the evening (1.56 ± 0.48 ng · mL^?1 vs 2.34 ± 0.37, +33.4%, P = 0.034, d > 0.6) exercise in all the 23 subject that performed the morning and the evening HIIE. In addition, during morning exercise, significant differences in cortisol concentration between M-types and E-types at POST (5.49 ± 0.98 ng · mL^?1 versus 8.44 ± 1.08 ng · mL^?1, +35%, P < 0.0001, d > 0.8), +15 min (4.52 ± 0.42 ng · mL^?1 versus 6.61 ± 0.62 ng · mL^?1, +31.6%, P < 0.0001, d > 0.8), +30 min (4.10 ± 1.44 ng · mL^?1 versus 6.21 ± 1.60 ng · mL^?1, +34.0%, P < 0.0001, d = 0.7), + 45 min (3.78 ± 0.55 ng · mL^?1 versus 5.80 ± 0.72 ng · mL^?1, +34.9%, P < 0.0001, d = 0.7), and + 60 min condition(3.53 ± 0.45 ng · mL^?1 versus 5.78 ± 1.13 ng · mL^?1, 38.9%, P = 0.0008, d = 0.7) were noted. No statistical significant differences between M-types and E-types during evening HIIE on post-exercise cortisol concentration were detected. E-types showed a higher morning peak of salivary cortisol respect to M-types when performing a HIIE early in the morning and produced higher salivary cortisol concentrations after the cessation of the exercise. Practical applications suggest that it is increasingly important for the exercise professionals to identify the compatibility between time of day for exercising and chronotype to find the individual’s favorable circadian time to perform a HIIE.     

Glucocorticoid response to exercise as measured by serum and salivary cortisol

Serum and salivary cortisol concentrations were studied in 78 elite athletes engaged in different sports, by subjecting them to high-intensity laboratory exercise. The mean difference in the pre-exercise cortisol concentrations in the seven groups studied were more marked in serum (from 311 to 768 nmol.l-1) than in saliva (from 17.9 to 22.7 nmol.l-1, only one group reaching 40 nmol.l-1). Judging from the correlation coefficients based on total variances, the post-/pre-exercise differences in cortisol concentrations in serum depended chiefly on pre-exercise values, while those in saliva tended to depend more on the postexercise concentrations. The coefficients of correlation between that difference and either the pre- or postexercise values were -0.71 and 0.47, respectively, for serum, and -0.51 and 0.58, respectively, for saliva. This would suggest that salivary cortisol concentration might be a more suitable variable for assessing glucocorticoid activity in exercise than serum cortisol concentration, probably being less sensitive to pre-exercise emotional state.     

Salivary and serum cortisol levels during recovery from intense exercise and prolonged,moderate exercise

The aim of this study was to compare serum (SERc) and salivary cortisol (SALc) responses during recovery from two different exhaustive exercises to determine peak cortisol sampling time and the agreement between SERc and SALc levels. Twelve healthy men underwent a maximal treadmill graded exercise to exhaustion (MEx) and a prolonged, submaximal cycle exercise in the heat for 90 min (PEx) while SERc and SALc samples were taken in parallel at baseline, end of exercise, and 15 min intervals over one hour of recovery. MEx and PEx significantly increased SERc and SALc levels (p < 0.01) while absolute SERc levels were approximately 7-10 folds higher than SALc. SERc and SALc showed highly positive correlation (R = 0.667-0.910, p < 0.05) at most sampling times and only a few individual values were out of 95% limit of agreement when analyzed by Bland-Altman plots. However, peak SERc levels (MEx: 784.0±147, PEx: 705.5±212.0 nmol · L⁻¹) occurred at 15 min of recovery, whereas peak SALc levels (MEx: 102.7±46.4, PEx: 95.7±40.9 nmol · L⁻¹) were achieved at the end of exercise in MEx and PEx. The recovery trend of SERc and SALc also differed following MEx and PEx. Activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzymes may be suppressed following MEx compared to PEx. In conclusion, sampling for peak SERc and SALc levels should take into account their evolution and clearance characteristics as well as type of exercise performed, whereas SALc appeared to be a more sensitive marker than SERc for the measurement of cortisol responses during exercise recovery.     

Wool cortisol is a better indicator of stress than blood cortisol in ewes exposed to heat stress and water restriction

This study investigated the effect of water restriction on wool and blood cortisol concentrations and water consumption patterns in heat-stressed sheep. Nine Corriedale female sheep (average BW=43±6.5 kg) were individually fed diets based on maintenance requirement in metabolic crates. They were assigned to three treatments according to a Latin square design (3×3) for three periods with a 21-day duration for each period (nine sheep per treatment). Treatments included free access to water (FAW), 2 h water restriction (2hWR) and 3 h water restriction (3hWR) after feeding. Average temperature–humidity index in the experimental room was 27.9 throughout the experiment that defines heat stress conditions. Wool samples were taken at the end of each period on day 21. No differences were found in cortisol concentration in each fragment (dried, washed and residual extract) of wool (P<0.05). Total wool cortisol concentration was higher in the 3hWR group than the other treatments (P<0.05). Blood cortisol was not different among the treatments (P>0.05) and resulted in higher variable data compared with wool cortisol. Blood neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio suppressed in FAW and 3hWR groups compared with the 2hWR group (P<0.05). The duration of water consumption recorded after feeding in the 3hWR group was higher than in the 2hWR group when recorded in the afternoon (P<0.01). Water consumption rate was higher in the 3hWR group than in the 2hWR group (P<0.01). However, total water consumed was lower in the 3hWR group compared with other treatments (P>0.05). It can be concluded that wool cortisol provides more precise and accurate data than blood cortisol during heat stress conditions. Water restriction for 3 h after feeding can act as a stressor and is critical for sheep during heat stress as the consumption of water decreases with restriction.     

Effects of resistance exercise on plasma, erythrocyte, and urine Zn

Twelve healthy male volunteers performed two resistance exercise sessions: a moderate resistance (MR) exercise session and a heavy resistance (HR) exercise session. Blood was collected before exercise and 5 min, 30 min, and 24 h after exercise. Urine was collected for 24 h before and 24 h after exercise. Plasma zinc (Zn) was markedly increased both 5 min and 30 min after MR and HR exercise and was returned to control values the next day. Total blood cell (TBC) Zn was decreased 5 min after MR and HR exercise but was not significantly different than control values at 30 min or 24 h. The changes in plasma and TBC Zn after HR exercise were significantly greater than changes after MR exercise. The results of this study are the first to report changes in Zn after resistance exercise. These data agree with previous studies reporting increases in plasma Zn and decreases in erythrocyte Zn after strenuous running, treadmill, or cycle ergometry exercise; however, the magnitude of the changes reported in this study are considerable greater that changes reported these previous studies. These data support suggestions that increases in plasma Zn levels are the result of leakage from the muscles resulting from muscle damage. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.     

Response of fecal cortisol to stress in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

This study examined whether fecal cortisol could be used as an index of stress responses. The stress responsiveness of fecal cortisol was tested with a stressor known to stimulate adrenal activity, the stress of anesthesia. Daily fecal and urine samples were collected from four captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) before and after anesthetizations with Telazol^®/Ketasat^®. Tests of assay validity indicated that cortisol was measurable in chimpanzee fecal extracts. Fecal cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated 2 days after anesthetization, with elevations in seven of the eight treatments. The posttreatment peak was significantly greater than baseline values in three of the four subjects. Both fecal concentrations and proportionate increases in response to stress were significantly correlated with the corresponding values in urinary cortisol, confirming the stressfulness of these procedures and the stress responsiveness of fecal cortisol. These findings provide evidence for the application of fecal cortisol as a noninvasive index of physiologic stress in nonhuman primates. Am. J. Primatol. 44:57–69, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of high-intensity cycle exercise on sympathoadrenal-medullary response patterns

Plasma proenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity and catecholamines were examined on separate days in nine healthy males before and after maximal exercise to exhaustion at four intensities [36, 55, 73, and 100% of maximal leg power (MLP)] by use of a computerized cycle ergometer. The mean duration of 36, 55, 73, and 100% MLP was 3.31, 0.781, 0.270, and 0.1 min, respectively. All intensities were greater than those eliciting peak O2 uptake for the individual subjects. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after exercise, and 5 and 15 min after exercise. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in plasma peptide F immunoreactivity (i.e., from mean resting value of 0.18 to 0.43 pmol/ml) were observed immediately after exercise at 36% MLP. Significant increases in plasma epinephrine were observed immediately after exercise at 36% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 2.22 to 3.11 pmol/ml) and 55% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 1.67 to 2.98 pmol/ml) and 15 min after exercise at 100% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 1.92 to 3.88 pmol/ml). Significant increases for plasma norepinephrine were observed immediately after exercise (36, 55, 73, and 100% MLP), 5 min after exercise (36, 55, and 73% MLP), and 15 min after exercise (36% MLP). Increases in whole blood lactate were observed at all points after exercise for 36, 55, and 73% MLP and 5 min after exercise for 100% MLP. These data show that brief high-intensity exercise results in differential response patterns of catecholamines and proenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity.     

一次性力竭运动致大鼠骨骼肌氧化应激的机制

目的:观察一次性力竭运动对大鼠骨骼肌氧化应激相关酶表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,分为4组(n=10),分别为对照组(C组)、力竭运动组(E组)、运动+PKC抑制剂组(EC组)、运动+NOX抑制剂组(EA组)。三组运动大鼠进行3 d的跑台适应性运动(5 m/min,1次/日,无坡度),然后休息1 d; EC组于运动前1 d和运动前1 h注射PKC抑制剂白屈菜红碱(5 mg/kg),EA组同期注射NADPH氧化酶抑制剂Apocynin(10 mg/kg),C组和E组注射同等剂量生理盐水;三组运动大鼠进行一次性跑台力竭运动,力竭后取大鼠的跖肌,DCF荧光探针检测活性氧(ROS),Western blot分析NOX2、NOX4、3-NT,免疫沉淀分析PKC、NOX2、NOX4。结果:与C组相比,E组的ROS水平、NOX2和NOX4蛋白表达、PKC-NOX2和PKC-NOX4复合物水平、3-NT生成均显著增加(P <0. 01,P <0.05),EC组、EA组ROS无显著差异(P>0.05),EC组NOX4蛋白表达显著增加(P<0.05);与E组相比,EC组和EA...     

Effect of resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on oxidative stress

Some research studies have produced data indicating that resistance exercise induces oxidative stress, despite minimal increases in VO₂. These studies have primarily relied on oxidative stress markers with low sensitivity and debatable reliability. However, F₂-isoprostanes as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry are considered to be a reliable and precise indicator of oxidative stress. Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is associated with reduced levels of stress hormones, which may influence oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant potential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of carbohydrate ingestion during resistance training on F₂-isoprostanes and plasma antioxidant potential. Thirty strength-trained subjects were randomized to carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) groups that lifted weights for 2 h. Subjects received 10 ml kg^- 1 h^- 1 CHO (6%) or PLA beverages during the exercise. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after exercise and analyzed for cortisol as a marker of general stress, F₂-isoprostanes as a measure of oxidative stress, and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant potential, and for muscle glycogen, respectively. Decreases in muscle glycogen content did not differ between CHO and PLA. Cortisol and FRAP increased significantly in CHO and PLA (P = 0.008 and 0.044, respectively), but the pattern of change was not different between groups. F₂-isoprostanes were unaffected by exercise. These results indicate that exhaustive resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion have no effect on oxidative stress or plasma antioxidant potential in trained subjects.