白花蛇舌草多糖的分离提取及含量测定

采用热水浸提法提取白花蛇舌草水溶性多糖,薄层层析法鉴定其多糖的单糖组成。通过正交试验优选浸提显色条件,以苯酚-硫酸法制得有色糖醛衍生物,用分光光度法在490nm波长处测定吸光度,其曲线方程为Y=0．01361x-0．08161,相关系数r=0．9997。结果表明,白花蛇舌草多糖由鼠李糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖及甘露糖等组成,含量为15．10％,回收率达95．68％。     

白花蛇舌草提取物诱导人胃癌MKN-45细胞凋亡

为探究白花蛇舌草提取物对人胃癌MKN-45细胞凋亡的影响.用不同浓度的白花蛇舌草提取物处理MKN-45细胞,然后在光学显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下观察数量和形态.流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,RT-qPCR和Western Blot检测凋亡相关基因Bax和Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平.结果表明,不同浓度的白花蛇舌草提取物处理48 h后,在显微镜下观察到细胞体积缩小、细胞核裂解和染色质形态变化.细胞凋亡率随着药物浓度的增加而增加,用30 μg/mL白花蛇舌草提取物处理后细胞凋亡率达到23.6％,Bax基因表达水平显著增加,Bcl-2基因表达水平显著降低.综上所述,白花蛇舌草提取物可诱导人胃癌MKN-45细胞凋亡,具有潜在的医学和药用价值.     

不同提取方法对豫产白花蛇舌草多糖及抗氧化活性的影响

为评价不同提取方法对河南地区白花蛇舌草粗多糖的得率、总碳水化合物含量、杂质含量和抗氧化活性的影响,本实验分别以传统热水提取法、超声波辅助提取法、纤维素酶提取法从该药材中提取多糖。同时测定了粗多糖中总碳水化合物含量、杂质含量(总蛋白和总酚含量)以及羟基自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清能力、还原力等抗氧化能力。实验结果显示三种提取法所得粗多糖相对于原药材的得率分别为6.77±0.09%、6.37±0.01%和4.81±0.90%;粗多糖中的总碳水化合物含量分别为289.14±1.33、246.83±2.33和278.92±2.92mg/g。粗多糖中总蛋白含量分别为28.59±2.21、23.26±2.43和4.96±0.18mg/g,总酚类成分含量分别为5.9±0.08、5.31±0.40和2.82±0.07mg/g。抗氧化活性实验结果表明,三种粗多糖的羟基自由基清除能力呈现出浓度依赖性,且均在3.0mg/mL时达到最大,对应最大清除率分别为89.13%、85.87%和74.71%。另外,三种粗多糖的DPPH自由基清除率分别在0.75~3.0mg/mL的浓度区间内达到最大并保持稳定,对应清除率的稳定区间分别为77.02%~77.90%、77.06%~77.96%和83.16%~85.73%。综上所述,以上三种不同提取方法对白花蛇舌草多糖的品质影响较大,可以为豫产白花蛇舌草的品质鉴别、多糖质量控制和开发利用提供依据。     

不同程度内质网应激对巨噬细胞自噬的影响*

摘要目的：采用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化模型,通过不同剂量衣霉素诱导巨噬细胞不同程度内质网应激,观察对其自噬的影 响。方法：不同剂量衣霉素作用于小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7,通过TUNEL染色检测其凋亡率,Western blot检测内质网应激蛋白 GRP78,以及自噬标志蛋白P62 的表达水平。结果：与ox-LDL组和大剂量衣霉素组相比,小剂量衣霉素组可以显著减少巨噬细胞 的凋亡（P<0.01）;与ox-LDL 组相比,小剂量衣霉素组上调内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达的同时,自噬标志蛋白P62 适度下降（P< 0.01）;大剂量衣霉素组更为显著地上调了内质网应激蛋白GRP78 表达,但同时自噬标志蛋白P62 也显著增加（P<0.01）。结论：小 剂量衣霉素引起一定程度的内质网应激,可以激活适度的自噬,从而减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,可能有助于降低动脉粥样硬化的程 度。     

内质网应激诱导自噬的分子机制及意义

细胞对内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ER stress)的早期反应是启动未折叠反应(unfolded protein response,UPR),ER stress及UPR与人类多种疾病的发病机制相关.近年来的研究表明ER stress可诱导细胞自噬(autophagy).内质网应激诱导的自噬反应既可以帮助细胞减轻ER stress反应,又可以引导细胞发生非凋亡性死亡.本文将对ER stress诱导自噬的分子机制及可能的临床意义进行阐述.     

内质网应激与自噬及其交互作用影响内皮细胞凋亡

内质网应激是普遍存在于真核细胞中的应激-防御机制。在内环境稳态遭到破坏的情况下,未折叠蛋白质反应的3条信号通路,分别通过增强蛋白质折叠能力、减少蛋白质生成和促进内质网相关蛋白质降解等途径缓解细胞内压力。同时,也通过多种分子信号机制调控细胞凋亡。自噬是一种生理性的降解机制。通过形成自噬泡并与溶酶体结合摄取并水解胞内受损细胞器和蛋白质等,清除代谢废物,维持细胞正常功能。自噬缺陷或过度激活均可导致细胞凋亡或非程序性死亡。自噬的程度和细胞内压力水平有关。内质网应激通过未折叠蛋白质反应和Ca²⁺浓度变化及其相关分子信号调控自噬。自噬又可反馈性调节内质网应激反应,二者相互作用,在内皮细胞凋亡过程中发挥重要作用。未来内质网应激和自噬可作为药物靶点为内皮相关性疾病提供诊疗策略。     

白花蛇舌草醇提取物对乳腺癌T-47D细胞株生长的抑制作用

目的：观察白花蛇舌草醇提取物对乳腺癌细胞T-47D生长的影响。方法：采用平皿克隆形成实验、软琼脂集落形成实验和BrdUrd（溴脱氧尿苷）掺入实验,观察不同浓度的白花蛇舌草醇提取物（1.0μg/mL,3.0μg/mL,10μg/mL,30μg/mL,100μg/mL）对T-47D细胞锚定依赖性生长和软琼脂集落形成能力及核酸合成的抑制作用。结果：①随着白花蛇舌草醇提取物浓度的升高,对T-47D细胞的生长呈现明显抑制作用;②白花蛇舌草醇提取物可呈浓度依赖性抑制对数生长期T-47D细胞核酸合成。结论：白花蛇舌草醇提取物可能通过影响肿瘤细胞核酸合成而抑制T-47D细胞生长。     

不同程度内质网应激对巨噬细胞自噬的影响

目的：采用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化模型,通过不同剂量衣霉素诱导巨噬细胞不同程度内质网应激,观察对其自噬的影响。方法：不同剂量衣霉素作用于小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7,通过TUNEL染色检测其凋亡率,Westernblot检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78,以及自噬标志蛋白P62的表达水平。结果：与ox-LDL组和大剂量衣霉素组相比,小剂量衣霉素组可以显著减少巨噬细胞的凋亡（P〈0．01）;与ox-LDL组相比,小剂量衣霉素组上调内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达的同时,自噬标志蛋白P62适度下降（P〈0．01）;大剂量衣霉素组更为显著地上调了内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达,但同时自噬标志蛋白P62也显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：小剂量衣霉素引起一定程度的内质网应激,可以激活适度的自噬,从而减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,可能有助于降低动脉粥样硬化的程度。     

白花蛇舌草提取物对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖和凋亡影响的实验研究

目的:探索不同浓度的白花蛇舌草提取物对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖和凋亡的影响。方法:选择体外培养的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞,将其分为5组,分别给予不同浓度使用乙醇提取法提取的白花蛇舌草有效成分(0、75、150、300和600μg/mL)。分别在药物孵育的第1、2、3、4天提取细胞样本,采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞技术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡情况。结果:在第1、2、3和4天,不同浓度的白花蛇舌草均能够显著抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖,且细胞的增殖抑制率随着药物浓度的升高而升高,以300μg/mL和600μg/mL两个浓度的作用效果最为显著,但300μg/mL和600μg/mL两个浓度间无统计学差异(P0.05)。不同浓度的白花蛇舌草干预后处于G0~G1期的细胞百分比显著低于对照组(P0.05),处于S期和G2~M期的细胞百分比高于对照组(P0.05),且细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组(P0.05),对细胞周期的调控和凋亡的抑制效果以300μg/mL和600μg/mL两个浓度最为显著,但两个浓度间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:白花蛇舌草能够显著抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖并促进细胞凋亡,且这一作用存在显著的"量-效"关系。     

白花蛇舌草对人胃癌MKN-45细胞周期的影响

为了寻找能抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的药物,本研究探讨了不同浓度白花蛇舌草(Hedyotis diffusa)对人胃癌MKN-45细胞的影响,使用不同浓度的白花蛇舌草处理人胃癌MKN-45细胞24 h、48 h、72 h,共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞形态,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,qRT-PCR和Western blotting检测CCNB1和CCND1的表达水平。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,白花蛇舌草可抑制人胃癌MKN-45细胞增殖且呈剂量时间依赖性;白花蛇舌草处理人胃癌MKN-45细胞24 h、48 h、72 h后的IC50值分别为111.759μg/mL、26.878μg/mL、16.179μg/mL;随着白花蛇舌草的浓度增加,显微镜视野下细胞数量减少;G1期细胞减少,S期细胞增多;CCNB1和CCND1基因表达水平显著降低。白花蛇舌草能能抑制人胃癌MKN-45细胞增殖,阻滞细胞于S期,降低CCNB1和CCND1基因的表达。     

Salinomycin induces cell death with autophagy through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human cancer cells

Salinomycin is perhaps the first promising compound that was discovered through high throughput screening in cancer stem cells. This novel agent can selectively eliminate breast and other cancer stem cells, though the mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we found that salinomycin induced autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that salinomycin stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mediated autophagy via the ATF4-DDIT3/CHOP-TRIB3-AKT1-MTOR axis. Moreover, we found that the autophagy induced by salinomycin played a prosurvival role in human NSCLC cells and attenuated the apoptotic cascade. We also showed that salinomycin triggered more apoptosis and less autophagy in A549 cells in which CDH1 expression was inhibited, suggesting that the inhibition of autophagy might represent a promising strategy to target cancer stem cells. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that combination treatment with salinomycin and pharmacological autophagy inhibitors will be an effective therapeutic strategy for eliminating cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells.     

Degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum by autophagy in plants

Eukaryotic cells have developed sophisticated strategies to contend with environmental stresses faced in their lifetime. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when the accumulation of unfolded proteins within the ER exceeds the folding capacity of ER chaperones. ER stress responses have been well characterized in animals and yeast, and autophagy has been suggested to play an important role in recovery from ER stress. In plants, the unfolded protein response signaling pathways have been studied, but changes in ER morphology and ER homeostasis during ER stress have not been analyzed previously. Autophagy has been reported to function in tolerance of several stress conditions in plants, including nutrient deprivation, salt and drought stresses, oxidative stress, and pathogen infection. However, whether autophagy also functions during ER stress has not been investigated. The goal of our study was to elucidate the role and regulation of autophagy during ER stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.     

Inhibition of autophagy and enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress increase sensitivity of osteosarcoma Saos‐2 cells to cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212‐2

WIN55,212‐2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, can activate cannabinoid receptors, which has proven anti‐tumour effects in several tumour types. Studies showed that WIN can inhibit tumour cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in diverse cancers. However, the role and mechanism of WIN in osteosarcoma are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of WIN55,212‐2 on osteosarcoma cell line Saos‐2 in terms of cell viability and apoptosis. Meanwhile, we further explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in apoptosis induced by WIN55,212‐2. Our results showed that the cell proliferation of Saos‐2 was inhibited by WIN55,212‐2 in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. WIN55,212‐2‐induced Saos‐2 apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Meanwhile, WIN55,212‐2 can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in Saos‐2 cells. Inhibition of autophagy and enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress increased apoptosis induced by WIN55,212‐2 in Saos‐2 cells. These findings indicated that WIN55,212‐2 in combination with autophagic inhibitor or endoplasmic reticulum stress activator may shed new light on osteosarcoma treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞自噬在心肌重塑中的作用*

目的:研究缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞自噬在心肌重塑中的作用。方法:36 只雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、假手术组、缺血性心肌病组( n=12),3组大鼠术前行心脏彩超检查,正常对照组大鼠不进行处理;假手术组大鼠开胸后不结扎冠状动脉,关闭胸腔;缺血性心肌病组大鼠开胸结扎冠状动脉20 min后,解开结扎线行再灌注后关闭胸腔,3组大鼠术后4周行心脏彩超检查后处死大鼠取心脏行HE染色、masson染色,观察心肌病理改变,用Western blot技术检测各组大鼠心肌细胞GRP78、LC3-I、LC3-II、Beclin-I表达及LC3-II/LC3-I比值的变化。结果:与正常组及假手术组比较,缺血性心肌病大鼠心室扩大,EF值降低;心肌排列紊乱,心肌纤维化增加;线粒体空泡化严重;内质网应激关键蛋白GRP78上调;自噬相关蛋白LC3-I、LC3-II、Beclin-I及LC3-II/LC3-I比值增加。结论:缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞中内质网应激和自噬可能在心肌重塑中具有重要作用。     

Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane: Overview and inextricable link with cancer

The mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) is a physical platform that facilitates communication between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. It is enriched with many proteins and enzymes and plays an important role in the regulation of several fundamental physiological processes, such as calcium (Ca²⁺) transfer, lipid synthesis, cellular autophagy and ER stress. Accumulating evidence suggests that oncogenes and suppressor genes are present at the ER-mitochondrial contact site, and their alterations can affect Ca²⁺ flux, lipid homeostasis, and the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, thereby influencing the fate of cancer cells. Understanding the fundamental role of MAM-resident proteins in tumorigenesis could support the search for novel therapeutic targets in cancer. In this review, we summarize the basic structure of MAM and the core functions of MAM-resident proteins in tumorigenesis. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms by which natural compounds promote cancer cell apoptosis from the perspective of ER stress.