外排泵介导肺炎克雷伯菌耐药的研究进展

肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)是重要的条件致病菌,近年来肺炎克雷伯菌感染在医院内感染中所占的比率持续上升,耐药率也不断攀升,这给临床治疗带来极大的困难。肺炎克雷伯菌发生耐药的重要机制之一就是其细胞膜上存在的外排泵系统,它们将渗入细菌体内的药物不断泵出,导致菌体内的药物浓度过低,不足以发挥抗菌作用。本文主要针对外排泵介导肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药现状,外排泵的分子结构和基因调节,外排泵抑制剂以及传统中药在耐药菌治疗方面的应用等做系统性梳理,以期为临床治疗耐药肺炎克雷伯菌提供一些新思路。     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药机制研究

目的了解碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌及耐药机制。方法对2012-2013年临床分离的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌共计12株进行分析,药敏采用MIC方法检测,用WHONET 5.6软件进行分析,KPC表型检测采用改良Hodge试验,基因检测采用PCR方法。结果 12株碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌改良Hodge试验阴性,基因测序为KPC-2型。结论 KPC-2基因是引起本院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药的主要原因。     

噬菌体治疗肺炎克雷伯菌感染的研究进展

肺炎克雷伯菌是肠杆菌科家族中的一员,在各种环境中广泛存在,可导致诸如奶牛乳房炎在内的多种动物疫病,引起人类的肺炎、尿路感染、菌血症、伤口性感染和化脓性脓肿在内的多种临床感染。该菌对抗生素的耐受日趋严重,而且高毒力菌株不断出现,给该菌的防控带来了巨大挑战。噬菌体是一种裂解细菌的病毒,因其具有治疗耐药细菌感染的潜力而备受关注,世界各地均有使用噬菌体成功治疗耐药细菌感染的案例。本文基于国内外对肺炎克雷伯菌及其噬菌体的研究数据,综述了肺炎克雷伯菌的流行病学调查情况和噬菌体在治疗肺炎克雷伯菌感染方面的应用,以期为基于肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体的抗菌研究和临床应用提供参考。     

高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌致病及耐药分子机制研究进展

近年来,肺炎克雷伯菌已成为医院内感染及社区获得性感染的常见致病菌,临床标本分离率仅次于大肠埃希菌.根据毒力特征差异,肺炎克雷伯菌可分为经典肺炎克雷伯菌和高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌2种类型.高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌是引起化脓性肝脓肿的主要病原菌,其感染可出现内源性转移,包括眼、肺和中枢神经系统;此外还与原发性肝外感染有关,包括菌血症、...     

临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌Ⅰ整合子分布及其与qnr基因关系研究

目的 了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中qnr基因和Ⅰ类整合子基因的分布及其耐药特征.方法 采用PCR法对45株耐环丙沙星肺炎克雷伯菌进行qnrA、qnrB、qnrS基因筛查并测序,用PCR法检测qnr阳性菌株Ⅰ类整合子基因,并采用SPSS 13.0和Whonet 5.4软件分析药敏结果及比较.结果 45株肺炎克雷伯菌中,24株(51.1％)细菌检出qnrS基因,未检出qnrA和qnrB基因.20株qnr阳性菌株同时携带Ⅰ类整合子基因.qnr阳性菌株Ⅰ类整合子基因携带率显著高于阴性菌株,qnr阳性菌株对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及头孢哌酮舒巴坦的敏感性较高.结论 肺炎克雷伯菌对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药主要由qnrS引起,qnr阳性株同时携带Ⅰ类整合子,导致呈现多重耐药性,加强临床耐药监测对控制多重耐药传播有着重要的意义.     

血流感染产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌毒力基因及 分子分型研究

目的研究血流感染产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的毒力基因和基因分型特点。方法采用PCR检测菌株中高毒力因子、荚膜血清型以及ST分型;采用微量肉汤稀释法对菌株进行药敏试验;采用加克拉维酸的复合药(头孢他啶/克拉维酸或头孢噻肟/克拉维酸)与单药(头孢噻肟或头孢他啶)的药敏纸片组合进行肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的表型确证试验。结果 128株血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌中,有23株产ESBLs(产ESBLs组),占17.97%(23/128);105株不产ESBLs(非产ESBLs组),占82.03%(105/125)。本地区血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌主要流行ST型别为ST23、ST65、ST37和ST29,其中ST23、ST29、ST65为非产ESBLs的优势ST型别菌株,而在产ESBLs菌株中无优势型别。两组菌在高黏液表型、荚膜血清型和毒力基因分布上差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。产EBSLs组中发现8株高毒力产EBSLs肺炎克雷伯菌。结论临床诊疗中需在肺炎克雷伯菌耐药株中识别出高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌并给与及时的治疗,避免其并发症的发生。     

内蒙古地区临床危重患者三种常见感染细菌耐药基因的检测及耐药性分析

目的:探讨内蒙古地区临床危重患者常见感染细菌耐药基因的检测及耐药性相关因素,以便临床合理运用抗菌药物,为病原菌感染的预防和控制提供依据。方法:选取2010年1月至2013年1月在我院重症监护室治疗的病例中检测出的215株细菌为研究对象,运用相关的检测手段分析细菌的耐药性和耐药基因情况。结果:经过临床的检测后得出大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌分别为85株、55株和75株,其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌54株,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌31株;产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌15株,非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌40株。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南的敏感性最高,且在产与非产ESBLs菌株耐药上比较有差异性(P0.05);产与非产ESBLs菌株耐药基因检测方面比较无明显差异性(P0.05)。结论:大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌均存在多重耐药情况,且耐药与喹诺酮耐药机制有一定的相关性。     

耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对多黏菌素耐药性的研究进展

多黏菌素是目前临床治疗耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)感染为数不多的抗生素.近年来,对多黏菌素耐药的CRKP显著增加,为临床抗感染治疗带来前所未有的挑战.目前,CRKP对多黏菌素耐药的可能机制主要包括表达质粒介导的mcr基因、激活...     

血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐药机制及传播机制研究

目的了解血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药机制及其耐药传播机制,为临床医院感染控制提供理论依据。方法收集南昌大学第一附属医院2012年3月至2013年9月住院患者的血液培养标本中分离获得的肺炎克雷伯菌86株,应用PCR扩增方法检测耐药基因,MLST和质粒接合试验分析其耐药传播方式。结果超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因中有26株KPC基因阳性,2株IMP基因阳性,4株VIM基因阳性,1株NDM-1基因阳性;整合子基因中有4株int基因阳性,int基因阳性的4株整合子可变区基因均为阳性;氨基糖苷类耐药基因中有22株acc6′-Ib基因阳性;喹诺酮类耐药基因中有48株qnrA基因阳性,20株qnrS基因阳性,8株qnrB基因阳性。MLST结果显示34株(39.5%)为ST395型,是主要基因型。氨基糖苷类耐药基因阳性菌株接合成功7株;喹诺酮类耐药基因阳性菌株接合成功15株。结论血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌主要以携带耐碳青霉烯酶基因和耐喹诺酮类基因为主,耐药传播机制多种,包括克隆传播和质粒介导传播。     

肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体解聚酶的研究进展

肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)是在临床引起多种感染的常见条件致病菌之一。多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌株的出现,给防控细菌感染带来了巨大阻力。肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体编码的解聚酶是一种稳定性高、特异性强的生物酶,具有分解细菌胞外多糖、限制细菌生长等多种功能。解聚酶可为防控肺炎克雷伯菌感染提供新思路,在抗菌应用中具有广阔前景。本文就肺炎克雷伯菌噬菌体解聚酶的研究进展进行综述。     

Specific host genes required for the killing of Klebsiella bacteria by phagocytes

The amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum shares many traits with mammalian macrophages, in particular the ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. In response, pathogenic bacteria use conserved mechanisms to fight amoebae and mammalian phagocytes. Here we developed an assay using Dictyostelium to monitor phagocyte-bacteria interactions. Genetic analysis revealed that the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae measured by this test is very similar to that observed in a mouse pneumonia model. Using this assay, two new host resistance genes (PHG1 and KIL1) were identified and shown to be involved in intracellular killing of K. pneumoniae by phagocytes. Phg1 is a member of the 9TM family of proteins, and Kil1 is a sulphotransferase. The loss of PHG1 resulted in Dictyostelium susceptibility to a small subset of bacterial species including K. pneumoniae. Remarkably, Drosophila mutants deficient for PHG1 also exhibited a specific susceptibility to K. pneumoniae infections. Systematic analysis of several additional Dictyostelium mutants created a two-dimensional virulence array, where the complex interactions between host and bacteria are visualized.     

多耐药肺炎克雷伯菌获得性耐药基因检测及指标聚类分析

目的调查多耐药肺炎克雷伯菌中65种获得性耐药基因和7种可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因的存在状况,以及获得性耐药基因和可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因的相关性。方法收集绍兴地区六家医院分离的肺炎克雷伯菌共20株,采用PCR的方法分析65种β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类获得性耐药基因和7种转座子、插入序列、接合性质粒遗传标记基因,并用指标聚类分析(SPSS法)分析β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类获得性耐药基因与整合子、转座子、插入序列、接合性质粒遗传标记基因的相关性。结果 20株肺炎克雷伯菌共检测到14种获得性耐药基因(包括6种β-酰胺类获得性耐药基因、6种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因、2种喹诺酮类获得性耐药基因)和6种可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因(包括1种整合子遗传标记基因、3种转座子和插入序列基因遗传标记基因、2种接合性质粒遗传标记基因),其余52种基因均未检测到。SPSS法将上述阳性检出基因分成两大簇群。结论绍兴地区六家医院的多耐药肺炎克雷伯菌菌株对抗菌药物的耐药表型与获得性耐药基因相关,且可移动遗传元件的水平转移使细菌的耐药性在同种细菌菌株之间甚至不同种细菌菌株之间得以快速传播。获得性耐药基因与可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因的指标聚类分析显示:OXA-1、aac(6’)-Ⅰb、qnrB、IMP、aadA5、VEB、KPC、qnrS等基因与接合性质粒遗传标记traA相关,提示这些基因在F接合性质粒上;DHA、aph(3′)-Ⅰ等基因与转座子遗传标记tnpU、tnp513相关,提示它们位于转座子上;TEM-1、aac(3)-Ⅱ、qacE△1与接合性质粒遗传标记trbC相关,提示TEM-1、aac(3)-Ⅱ等基因和Ⅰ类整合子可能位于宽范围接合性质粒上;ant(3″)-Ⅰ、rmtB等基因与ISEcp1较为相关,提示这些基因位于插入序列上。     

Lipopolysaccharide O1 antigen contributes to the virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae causing pyogenic liver abscess

Klebsiella pneumoniae is the common cause of a global emerging infectious disease, community-acquired pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are critical for this microorganism's ability to spread through the blood and to cause sepsis. While CPS type K1 is an important virulence factor in K. pneumoniae causing PLA, the role of LPS in PLA is not clear. Here, we characterize the role of LPS O antigen in the pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae causing PLA. NTUH-K2044 is a LPS O1 clinical strain; the presence of the O antigen was shown via the presence of 1,3-galactan in the LPS, and of sequences that align with the wb gene cluster, known to produce O-antigen. Serologic analysis of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates demonstrated that the O1 serotype was more prevalent in PLA strains than that in non-tissue-invasive strains (38/42 vs. 9/32, P<0.0001). O1 serotype isolates had a higher frequency of serum resistance, and mutation of the O1 antigen changed serum resistance in K. pneumoniae. A PLA-causing strain of CPS capsular type K2 and LPS serotype O1 (i.e., O1:K2 PLA strain) deleted for the O1 synthesizing genes was profoundly attenuated in virulence, as demonstrated in separate mouse models of septicemia and liver abscess. Immunization of mice with the K2044 magA-mutant (K(1) (-) O(1)) against LPS O1 provided protection against infection with an O1:K2 PLA strain, but not against infection with an O1:K1 PLA strain. Our findings indicate that the O1 antigen of PLA-associated K. pneumoniae contributes to virulence by conveying resistance to serum killing, promoting bacterial dissemination to and colonization of internal organs after the onset of bacteremia, and could be a useful vaccine candidate against infection by an O1:K2 PLA strain.     

Occurrence of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring chromosomally mediated and plasmid-mediated CTX-M-15 β-lactamase in a Tunisian hospital

The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitals is of concern to clinical microbiologists, health care professionals, and physicians because of the impact infections caused by these bacteria have in causing morbidity and mortality. Clinical isolates of K.?pneumoniae have been found to show resistance to third-generation cephalosporins as a result of acquiring extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing genes, such as bla(CTX-M). Since little is known about the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance observed in Kasserine hospital, Tunisia, this study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms by which clinical isolates of K.?pneumoniae resist β-lactam antibiotics. Twelve strains of K.?pneumoniae were collected from patients admitted to Kasserine hospital; these isolates showed multiresistance phenotypes. Molecular genetics investigations using polymerase chain reaction, S1 digestion, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresisshowed that bla(CTX-M-15) in association with ISEcp1 is responsible for the resistance of these strains to third-generation cephalosporins. It has been determined that bla(CTX-M-15) is chromosomally mediated and plasmid mediated, which alarming need for infection control to prevent the outbreak of such a resistance mechanism.     

Novel screening assay for in vivo selection of Klebsiella pneumoniae genes promoting gastrointestinal colonisation

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia, sepsis and urinary tract infections. Colonisation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a key step in the development of infections; yet the specific factors important for K. pneumoniae to colonize and reside in the GI tract of the host are largely unknown. To identify K. pneumoniae genes promoting GI colonisation, a novel genomic-library-based approach was employed. RESULTS: Screening of a K. pneumoniae C3091 genomic library, expressed in E. coli strain EPI100, in a mouse model of GI colonisation led to the positive selection of five clones containing genes promoting persistent colonisation of the mouse GI tract. These included genes encoding the global response regulator ArcA; GalET of the galactose operon; and a cluster of two putative membrane-associated proteins of unknown function. Both ArcA and GalET are known to be involved in metabolic pathways in Klebsiella but may have additional biological actions beneficial to the pathogen. In support of this, GalET was found to confer decreased bile salt sensitivity to EPI100. CONCLUSIONS: The present work establishes the use of genomic-library-based in vivo screening assays as a valuable tool for identification and characterization of virulence factors in K. pneumoniae and other bacterial pathogens.     

Complete genome sequence of the N2-fixing broad host range endophyte Klebsiella pneumoniae 342 and virulence predictions verified in mice

We report here the sequencing and analysis of the genome of the nitrogen-fixing endophyte, Klebsiella pneumoniae 342. Although K. pneumoniae 342 is a member of the enteric bacteria, it serves as a model for studies of endophytic, plant-bacterial associations due to its efficient colonization of plant tissues (including maize and wheat, two of the most important crops in the world), while maintaining a mutualistic relationship that encompasses supplying organic nitrogen to the host plant. Genomic analysis examined K. pneumoniae 342 for the presence of previously identified genes from other bacteria involved in colonization of, or growth in, plants. From this set, approximately one-third were identified in K. pneumoniae 342, suggesting additional factors most likely contribute to its endophytic lifestyle. Comparative genome analyses were used to provide new insights into this question. Results included the identification of metabolic pathways and other features devoted to processing plant-derived cellulosic and aromatic compounds, and a robust complement of transport genes (15.4%), one of the highest percentages in bacterial genomes sequenced. Although virulence and antibiotic resistance genes were predicted, experiments conducted using mouse models showed pathogenicity to be attenuated in this strain. Comparative genomic analyses with the presumed human pathogen K. pneumoniae MGH78578 revealed that MGH78578 apparently cannot fix nitrogen, and the distribution of genes essential to surface attachment, secretion, transport, and regulation and signaling varied between each genome, which may indicate critical divergences between the strains that influence their preferred host ranges and lifestyles (endophytic plant associations for K. pneumoniae 342 and presumably human pathogenesis for MGH78578). Little genome information is available concerning endophytic bacteria. The K. pneumoniae 342 genome will drive new research into this less-understood, but important category of bacterial-plant host relationships, which could ultimately enhance growth and nutrition of important agricultural crops and development of plant-derived products and biofuels.     

Genetic characterization of the Klebsiella pneumoniae waa gene cluster, involved in core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis

A recombinant cosmid containing genes involved in Klebsiella pneumoniae C3 core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis was identified by its ability to confer bacteriocin 28b resistance to Escherichia coli K-12. The recombinant cosmid contains 12 genes, the whole waa gene cluster, flanked by kbl and coaD genes, as was found in E. coli K-12. PCR amplification analysis showed that this cluster is conserved in representative K. pneumoniae strains. Partial nucleotide sequence determination showed that the same genes and gene order are found in K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, for which the core chemical structure is known. Complementation analysis of known waa mutants from E. coli K-12 and/or Salmonella enterica led to the identification of genes involved in biosynthesis of the inner core backbone that are shared by these three members of the Enterobacteriaceae. K. pneumoniae orf10 mutants showed a two-log-fold reduction in a mice virulence assay and a strong decrease in capsule amount. Analysis of a constructed K. pneumoniae waaE deletion mutant suggests that the WaaE protein is involved in the transfer of the branch beta-D-Glc to the O-4 position of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose I, a feature shared by K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Yersinia enterocolitica.     

A comparison of their virulence for mice and the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains

In most cases no correlation between the virulence of S. pneumoniae and their enzymatic activity was registered in 101 S. pneumoniae strains isolated in pneumococcal infections of different localization. Pneumococcal strains belonging to different serotypes and characterized by their low virulence for mice (LD50 = 10(6) colony-forming units) had the highest neuraminidase and protease-alzolase activity in comparison with highly virulent cultures of these bacteria. In pneumococcal cultures in the R-form avirulence for mice occurred mainly in combination with low enzymatic activity.