银杏叶提取物对新生SD 乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧损伤的影响

目的:研究银杏叶提取物对缺氧状态下新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞的影响及其可能机制。方法:新生1天SD乳鼠心肌细胞原代培养并利用氮气培养箱模拟低氧构建乳鼠心肌缺氧体外模型。分为3组处理:对照组,缺氧组,缺氧+药物拮抗组。缺氧时间为12 h,通过免疫组化等检测方法,观察各组心肌细胞的损伤情况及心肌Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达情况。结果:缺氧可以造成新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生(hypoxia:75.21%±1.21%,control:1.38%±0.45%,P<0.05,n=20),并导致其表达凋亡抑制因子Bcl-2蛋白水平的显著降低(0.125 fold VS control group,P<0.05),促细胞凋亡因子Bax蛋白水平显著升高(3.011fold VS control group,P<0.05);而银杏叶提取物作用后可明显逆转新生SD乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的发生(EGb761:23.17%±0.43%,hypoxia:73.13%±1.22%,P<0.05,n=20),并明显逆转Bcl-2(5.716 fold VS hypoxia group,P<0.05)、Bax(0.273fold VS hypoxia group,P<0.05)等蛋白的表达水平。结论:凋亡相关因子Bcl-2和Bax等参与缺氧致心肌损伤过程,导致心肌细胞凋亡,银杏叶提取物能降低心肌Bax表达,提高Bcl-2表达,从而保护心肌细胞,抑制凋亡。     

QCM监测不同浓度肌力药物作用下乳鼠原代心肌细胞的粘弹性响应

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)非侵入式实时监测乳鼠原代心肌细胞于金晶体电极上的动态黏附响应与不同浓度肌力药物下的粘弹性响应。在乳鼠原代心肌细胞黏附铺展于金晶体电极表面后,加入不同浓度的正性肌力药物异丙肾上腺素与负性肌力药物维拉帕米,监测QCM频率(F)以及动态电阻(R)的实时变化,采用粘弹性指数CVI(CVI=ΔR/ΔF)表征细胞的粘弹性变化,并通过光学显微镜观察药物作用下细胞的形态变化。结果表明:随着异丙肾上腺素浓度的增加,药物引起的QCM频率下降、电阻增加与CVI增大的幅度均增大;光学显微镜下观测到细胞收缩,符合CVI变大、细胞变硬的响应;随着维拉帕米浓度的增加,药物引起的QCM频率升高、电阻下降与CVI减小的幅度均增大;光学显微镜下观测到细胞舒张,符合CVI变小、细胞变软的响应。说明QCM与原代心肌细胞结合作为心血管药物筛选细胞模型与工具有很大的应用前景。     

新生小鼠心肌细胞分离培养的改良及其鉴定

通过改进新生小鼠心肌分离及其原代培养方法,提高心肌细胞的活性和纯度,构建了新生小鼠心肌细胞分离及原代培养实验平台.采用低浓度的胰酶和Ⅱ型胶原酶反复消化心脏组织5～6次,然后差速贴壁30 min分离纯化心肌细胞,得到的心肌细胞存活率和纯度高,细胞搏动率高,持续时间久.     

Balb/C乳鼠小脑Purkinje细胞原代培养方法

目的建立一种简单、有效的Balb/C乳鼠小脑Purkinje细胞原代培养方法,并初步研究其细胞电生理特性。方法钝性分离生后24h内的乳鼠小脑,采用低浓度胰蛋白酶加机械吹打法获得单细胞悬液,然后用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养,24h候更换为1%N2+1%T3+1%谷氨酰胺的DMEM/F12维持培养,3-5d天后进行细胞免疫荧光染色,7-9d天后用全细胞膜片钳单通道法记录钙电流。结果该方法培养的神经元形态典型,细胞学鉴定阳性率高(70%),并能记录到钙通道电流。结论该方法取材容易,操作简便,且培养出的原代Purkinje细胞生长状态较好,神经元的活性较高,可用于电生理研究。     

TNF-a在乳鼠心肌细胞中诱导HSP70蛋白表达的研究

热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) 在细胞修复、存活和维持细胞正常功能方面有着重要作用。作为分子伴侣,它起着心肌保护的作用。已经对重症心脏病人的心肌组织进行了蛋白组学研究,得到了HSP70在心衰病人心肌组织中较正常人心肌组织表达升高的结论,并且在血液中得到了进一步的验证。在进一步的离体细胞实验中用不同剂量的肿瘤坏死因子-alpha (TNF-α) 刺激乳鼠心肌细胞,以观察不同时间点HSP70的动态表达情况。培养乳鼠心肌细胞,分别对细胞进行热休克（42 ℃）、TNF-α和缺血缺氧处理,在不同的时间点收获细胞,以观察HSP70的动态表达情况。用免疫化学、ELISA以及Western blotting的方法对HSP70蛋白进行分析。结果表明,在正常对照细胞中基本没有阳性信号出现,而在经缺血缺氧、热休克（42 ℃）以及TNF-α处理的细胞中有明显的阳性表达。以上研究首次在乳鼠心肌细胞中证明TNF-α诱导的HSP70表达具有时间和浓度依赖性。通过运用TNF-α对HSP70蛋白表达影响的研究,初步推断HSP70的表达模式,为体内诱导产生HSP70从而发挥心肌保护作用的研究提供一定的理论基础。     

改良的乳鼠原代心房肌细胞的培养及鉴定方法

目的:主要探讨原代心房肌细胞的培养及鉴定方法,为进一步研究心房颤动的重构机制及治疗方法奠定基础。方法:选取1-3 d的SD乳鼠40只,雌雄不限,分离心房、心室肌,胰酶联合EDTA充分消化心房肌细胞,利用心房肌与成纤维细胞的差速贴壁及细胞传代方法纯化心房肌细胞,免疫细胞化学染色鉴定心房肌细胞。结果:心房肌细胞培养至第3天,可见心房肌细胞覆盖率高达90%,并出现波动性,免疫细胞化学染色可见90%的心房肌细胞肌经α-肌动蛋白抗体染色阳性。结论:经酶化学消化法可成功培养出原代心房肌细胞,是一种较好的培养及鉴定乳鼠心房肌细胞的方法。     

SD大鼠乳鼠皮层神经元细胞原代培养模型的建立及鉴定

摘要 目的：探讨SD大鼠乳鼠皮层神经元细胞原代培养方法,并鉴定其培养效果,以期建立一种生物学功能良好的体外细胞实验模型。方法：取出生24 h的SD大鼠乳鼠,分离出大脑皮层,在胰酶消化之前先进行离心,然后将胰酶消化后多次离心得到的细胞悬液接种于L-多聚赖氨酸包被的培养皿和共聚焦皿中,以加B27的Neurobasal-A培养基进行神经元细胞的原代培养,倒置显微镜下观察培养细胞的生长状态;通过免疫荧光组化的方法采用神经元标记物MAP-2进行神经元纯度的鉴定;在导入Fluo4-AM的原代神经元细胞,观察电刺激后胞内钙离子信号的变化,以验证神经元细胞的生理状态。结果：采用此方法培养的神经元细胞紧密贴壁、分散均匀、状态良好,神经元细胞周围突起相互连接形成网络;经MAP-2免疫荧光组化技术鉴定神经元的纯度达到95%以上;胞内钙离子信号的变化提示所培养的神经元具有良好的生物学功能。结论：该方法能获得纯度较高并且生物学功能良好的原代培养的SD大鼠乳鼠皮层神经元细胞。     

外源性精胺对缺氧诱导乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及其机制

目的：观察外源性精胺对缺氧所致的乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其机制。方法：复制原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧损伤模型（使用pH=6.8的Hank's平衡盐溶液作为细胞培养基,排出氧气,然后在缺氧箱中培养24 h）,细胞随机分为正常对照（Control）组、缺氧（Hypoxia）组和精胺干预（Hypoxia+Sp）组。Western blot检测心肌细胞多胺代谢关键酶（ODC、SSAT）蛋白质表达;CCK-8,Hoechst 33342染色观察细胞凋亡情况;光吸收法检测细胞（或培养液）内T-SOD和Caspase-3/-9活性,MDA、GSH含量;DCFH-DA染色观察细胞内活性氧（ROS）生成。结果：与正常组相比,Hypoxia组SSAT蛋白质表达、细胞凋亡率、MDA含量以及细胞内ROS生成增加,而ODC蛋白质表达、SOD活性、GSH含量降低;与Hypoxia组比较,Sp处理可减轻上述指标的变化。结论：外源性精胺可减轻缺氧引起的乳鼠心肌细胞损伤和凋亡,其机制与恢复多胺稳态和清除活性氧有关。     

黄芪甲苷后处理对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤的作用研究

目的:观察黄芪甲苷(AstragalosideⅣ,AsⅣ)后处理对缺氧复氧损伤(simulated ischemia reperfusion injury,SI/RI)的SD乳鼠心肌细胞是否具有保护作用。方法:将乳鼠原代心肌细胞平均分为五组,即空白对照组(Control)、缺氧复氧处理组(SI/RI)、黄芪甲苷预处理(5,10、20μM)+SI/RI组(AsIV+SI/RI)。各组细胞经处理后,四氮唑溴盐比色法(MTT)检测各组细胞存活率;TUNEL染色法测定各组细胞凋亡率;SOD测试盒检测培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,总嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)测试盒检测丙二醛(MDA)含量。Western blot法检测各组细胞抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的表达。结果:与空白组相比,缺氧复氧损伤组细胞活力显著下降(P0.05),凋亡率显著上升(P0.05),其培养液中SOD水平显著降低(P0.05),MDA水平显著升高。而不同浓度AsⅣ后处理组的心肌细胞存活率显著上升,凋亡率显著下降,培养液中SOD水平显著上升,MDA水平显著下降(P0.05),且呈浓度呈依赖性。Western blot结果显示AsⅣ后处理组细胞中的Bcl-2表达明显上升,Caspase-3明显下降。结论:黄芪甲苷后处理对缺氧复氧诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞损伤具有显著的保护作用,能够显著上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,下调促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的表达。     

糖基化终产物对原代培养乳鼠肾脏细胞损伤的影响

糖基化终产物(AGEs)在糖尿病肾病的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用.但目前其作用机制还不太清楚.通过体外乳鼠肾脏细胞的原代培养,探讨AGEs对肾细胞的损伤作用及可能的作用机制.取出生3天的SD大鼠的乳鼠肾脏进行体外原代细胞培养,并取传代到4-6代的细胞进行实验研究.分别用不同浓度的AGEs(0、1.2、2.5、5、10、20 mg/ml),不同的作用时间(6、12、18、24 h)作用于体外培养的肾细胞,用MTT法检测AGEs对肾细胞的增殖情况,用酶试剂盒法检测AGEs对肾细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)的含量,以及肾细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量.实验结果表明随着AGEs作用肾细胞时间的延长和浓度的增加,细胞存活率、细胞内GSH含量和SOD活性均逐渐下降,而细胞培养液中LDH和NAG的含量则逐渐升高,与正常培养的对照组细胞相比差异非常显著(P＜0.001),并且AGEs对细胞的作用与其浓度和作用时间呈显著的量效关系.实验结果说明AGEs对原代培养的肾细胞有明显的损伤作用,并随着AGEs作用浓度的增加和作用时间的延长对肾细胞的损伤越来越严重,实验结果也表明.肾细胞对AGEs的作用很敏感,其损伤细胞的途径和作用机制可能是由于改变了肾细胞膜的通透性和降低肾细胞抗氧化能力,该实验研究也进一步提示了AGEs是导致糖尿病肾脏并发症发生的重要原因之一.     

Evidence for the impact of BAG3 on electrophysiological activity of primary culture of neonatal cardiomyocytes

Homeostasis of proteins involved in contractility of individual cardiomyocytes and those coupling adjacent cells is of critical importance as any abnormalities in cardiac electrical conduction may result in cardiac irregular activity and heart failure. Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is a stress-induced protein whose role in stabilizing myofibril proteins as well as protein quality control pathways, especially in the cardiac tissue, has captured much attention. Mutations of BAG3 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac complications such as dilated cardiomyopathy. In this study, we have used an in vitro model of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes to investigate potential impacts of BAG3 on electrophysiological activity by employing the microelectrode array (MEA) technology. Our MEA data showed that BAG3 plays an important role in the cardiac signal generation as reduced levels of BAG3 led to lower signal frequency and amplitude. Our analysis also revealed that BAG3 is essential to the signal propagation throughout the myocardium, as the MEA data-based conduction velocity, connectivity degree, activation time, and synchrony were adversely affected by BAG3 knockdown. Moreover, BAG3 deficiency was demonstrated to be connected with the emergence of independently beating clusters of cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, BAG3 overexpression improved the activity of cardiomyocytes in terms of electrical signal amplitude and connectivity degree. Overall, by providing more in-depth analyses and characterization of electrophysiological parameters, this study reveals that BAG3 is of critical importance for electrical activity of neonatal cardiomyocytes.     

An improved protocol for primary culture of cardiomyocyte from neonatal mice

The primary culture of neonatal mice cardiomyocyte model enables researchers to study and understand the morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological characteristics of the heart, besides being a valuable tool for pharmacological and toxicological studies. Because cardiomyocytes do not proliferate after birth, primary myocardial culture is recalcitrant. The present study describes an improved method for rapid isolation of cardiomyocytes from neonatal mice, as well as the maintenance and propagation of such cultures for the long term. Immunocytochemical and gene expression data also confirmed the presence of several cardiac markers in the beating cells during the long-term culture condition used in this protocol. The whole culture process can be effectively shortened by reducing the enzyme digestion period and the cardiomyocyte enrichment step. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A method for harvesting non-cultivable filamentous segmented microbes inhabiting the ileum of mice

A method by which non-cultivable filamentous segmented microbes colonising the ileal epithelium of mice can be harvested was devised. Intact epithelial cells with attached filamentous microbes were obtained. An ethanol-treated preparation of epithelial material was used to restore the filamentous segmented microbes to the normal microflora of mice maintained by gnotobiotic methodology.     

Neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary tissue culture free from density-dependent regulation of growth

Summary Studies employing [³H]thymidine and radioautography as well as colchicine and Feulgen staining of DNA showed that up to 19-fold increases in the degree of cell crowding in vitro, i.e. from 1.45 to 27.55×10⁴ cells per specimen, did not change the rates of entry into DNA synthesis and mitosis of cultivated primary neonatal rat hepatocytes.     

An improved purification approach with high cell viability and low cell loss for cryopreserved hepatocytes

A modified purification procedure is described for effectively eliminating dead cells after hepatocyte cryopreservation. Isolated hepatocytes from six pig tissue samples were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks. After thawing, we developed a pre-incubation step prior to gradient centrifugation. The hepatocytes were subsequent cultured in suspension overnight (12-16 h), and then dead cells were eliminated by Ficoll 400 purification. The results showed that a high viability (mean of 96%) of cells was obtained, with a low viable cell loss in number (2-5%), by using this modified method.     

利用NASH大鼠原代肝细胞与原代Kupffer细胞共培养建立NASH原代细胞模型*

目的: 通过分离并提纯非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞建立体外NASH原代细胞模型,为研究NASH提供可靠的细胞实验技术支持。方法: 选择SD大鼠40只,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组和NASH组,对照组大鼠利用普通饲料喂养,NASH组大鼠利用高脂饲料(88%基础饲料+10%猪油+ 2%胆固醇)喂养,6～8周后,利用NASH评分表,病理观察下肝组织切片脂肪变+小叶内炎症+气球样变评分≥4 分,表明大鼠NASH模型的成功建立,利用胶原酶原位灌注法分离并提纯NASH模型大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,利用CK-18及CD68免疫荧光以及墨汁吞墨实验进行细胞鉴定,利用油红O染色、试剂盒测定谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量观察NASH大鼠原代肝细胞脂质累积和肝功情况,Western blot检测原代Kupffer细胞炎症因子表达情况,最后采用原代肝细胞:原代Kupffer细胞=6∶1比例共培养,显微镜下观察细胞状态。结果: 实验成功分离并提纯NASH原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,通过油红O染色,NASH组大鼠原代肝细胞存在明显的脂肪沉积,且NASH组大鼠原代肝细胞中AST、ALT明显高于对照组,存在明显肝损伤(P＜0.05),Western blot测定原代Kupffer细胞TNF-α、IL-1β以及MCP-1,NASH组大鼠明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论: 通过胶原酶原位灌注法可以成功分离NASH大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,同时成功建立比例共培养大鼠体外原代细胞NASH模型。     

An improved method for isolation of RNA from bone

Background  

Bone physiology is increasingly appreciated as an important contributor to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. However, progress in understanding the role of bone in determining metabolic health is hampered by the well-described difficulty of obtaining high quality RNA from bone for gene expression analysis using the currently available approaches.     

An improved method for separation of leucocytes from peripheral blood of the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea)

Cartilaginous fish, especially sharks, rays and skates (elasmobranchs), hold interest as comparative models in immunology because they are thought to be among the organisms most closely related to the ancestor animal that first developed acquired immunity. The aim of this study was to improve methods used for the purification of viable leucocytes from peripheral blood of elasmobranchs. Here we describe modifications of density gradient centrifugation and medium formulation that improve isolation and analysis of highly purified leucocytes from peripheral blood of a model elasmobranch, Leucoraja erinacea, the little skate. These techniques contribute to the preparation of elasmobranch immune cells that can be reliably analyzed by a variety of means, including the study of immune function.     

An improved method for isolation of RNA from rat femur

Background: RNA isolation from ossified bone is a difficult and time-consuming process which often results in poor recovery of RNA. The yield is limited and might not be suitable for gene quantification studies by real time PCR. Methodology: The present study demonstrates RNA extraction from rat femur utilizing the silica column along with the trizol reagent. Quality of RNA was assessed by agarose gel analysis and its suitability for real-time PCR analysis was determined by β-actin Ct values. Results: The RNA isolated using silica columns in conjugation with trizol reagent resulted in higher yield of RNA and purity (A260/280=2.04; yield =1545.73 µg/ml) compared to the trizol method alone (A260/280=1.85; yield =571.2 µg/ml). Ct value of β actin obtained from RNA isolated by trizol method was higher than the Ct value obtained by trizol in conjugation with the column method (31.41 and 15.41 respectively). Conclusion: Combination of trizol along with silica column resulted in better quality and improved yield of RNA suitable for gene quantification by Real time PCR.     

A method for the comparative study of replicative DNA synthesis in GGT-positive and GGT-negative hepatocytes in primary culture isolated from carcinogen-treated rats

Summary The presence of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in focal nodules of hepatocytes is a commonly used marker for the identification of preneoplastic cell populations. Female Fischer 344 rats were initiated with a single intragastric administration of 200 mg diethylnitrosamine/kg, altered cells were selected after 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene was given in the diet; this was followed by a partial hepatectomy and promotion with dietary sodium phenobarbital for 4 wk. A mixed-cell population of GGT-positive and GGT-negative hepatocytes was obtained after collagenase perfusion and Percoll purification. An enriched population of GGT-positive hepatocytes was obtained by a modified “panning” technique. With quantitative scintillation spectrometry and autoradiography of [³H]thymidine incorporation, replicative DNA synthesis of GGT-positive and GGT-negative rat hepatocytes was observed in both the mixed-cell population and the enriched GGT-positive and GGT-negative cell populations. Under the culture conditions used, GGT-positive cells showed a higher level of replicative DNA synthesis than did GGT-negative cells; this indicates that such altered hepatocytes in the stage of promotion possess an inherently greater capacity for all replication, as previously suggested from studies in vivo.