马铃薯生育期进程的动态模拟研究

本研究系统解析和改进了前人关于作物生长温度效应的非线性模型,并对修改后的模型进行了解释,结合4年的田间试验数据和本研究提出的基于高斯方程的作物生长温度效应模型,建立了不同生态条件下马铃薯生育期进程的模拟模型．模型解析了地膜覆盖条件下土壤温度增加对马铃薯生育期进程的数值贡献,模拟了不同生态条件下马铃薯的生育期进展,结果表明模拟值与实测值具有良好的一致性。     

水稻光合生产与干物质累积的动态模拟

在综合已有研究成果的基础上,兼顾模型的机理性与实用性的平衡,构建了水稻光合生产与干物质累积的模拟模型．模型采用高斯积分法有效地计算冠层每日的总光合量,并考虑了冠层消光系数随生理发育时间（PDT)的动态变化,模型较充分地量化了生理年龄、温度、叶片含氮量及水分亏缺因子等对光合作用的影响及维持呼吸系数与PDT的动态变化关系、利用独立的试验资料对模型核实的结果显示,模型可以较好地预测不同生长条件下的生物量累积动态,具有较强的机理性与实用性．     

紫苏光合生产与干物质积累的动态模拟

在综合以前研究成果的基础上,兼顾模型的机理性与实用性的平衡,构建了紫苏光合生产与干物质累积的模拟模型.模型采用高斯积分法有效地计算了冠层每日的总光合量,且充分考虑了环境因子中温度和CO_2对光合作用的影响.利用试验资料对模型核实的结果显示,模型可以较好地预测不同生长条件下的生物量累积动态,具有较强的机理性和实用性.     

灌溉水稻生长发育和潜力产量的模拟模型

本文提出的HDRICE模型是灌溉水稻生长的生理生态模型,它由相互衍接的水稻形态发育、干物质积累和叶面积发育三模块组成。形态发育模块用以模拟逐日温度和日长对水稻发育的影响,其参数可反映水稻品种的基本营养性、感温性和感光性;干物质积累模块用以模拟冠层CO_2同化、作物的维持呼吸和生长呼吸及干物质分配等过程;叶面积发育模块用以模拟叶面积指数的动态。本文还讨论了模型的输入参数和模型检验。模型可应用于模拟水稻的生长发育,预测水稻品种潜在产量及为取得潜在产量所必需的群体数量指标。     

温度、光辐射及水分对温室甜瓜幼苗干物质积累与分配的影响及其模拟模型

利用分期播种法和灌溉上限法,研究了温度、光辐射和水分等环境因子对温室甜瓜幼苗植株干物质积累与分配的影响,并基于积温学原理,综合环境其他因子,模拟建立了甜瓜幼苗受有效积温、日温差积累、光辐射积累等多因子驱动的干物质积累与分配模型．结果表明：周年不同播期,随着有效积温、光辐射积累及不同灌溉水分上限的变化,甜瓜幼苗期植株干物质积累和分配分别呈指数函数和二次抛物线函数变化,但不同播期及水分处理函数常数不同．综合分析认为,干物质积累和分配模型分别为有效积温驱动下的指数函数和二次抛物线函数,常数项均由日温差积累和光辐射积累驱动,它们之间为一次函数关系．验证结果表明,该模型能较为真实、客观地模拟植株干物质积累与分配变化过程,对甜瓜苗期生长分析与生产管理具有应用价值．     

播期对陇中黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

在气候变化的背景下,为了探寻陇中黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯的适宜播种期,2010年在甘肃定西进行了马铃薯分期播种试验,并对不同播期条件下马铃薯生长发育及产量形成进行了分析.结果表明:随着播期的推迟,马铃薯全生育期缩短,株高出现明显变化,单株干物质最大积累速率提前;从不同播期来看,5月27日播种的植株高度、叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量和最大积累速率均最大,马铃薯块茎鲜重的增长过程呈“慢-快-慢”S型曲线;块茎鲜重最大积累速率出现的时间随播期的推迟而提前;产量数据的方差和多重比较分析结果表明,播期是影响产量的主要因素,其中5月27日播期的丰产性最好;对各播期不同生育期的气候条件进行比较表明,5月底或6月初是陇中黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯的适宜播种时间.     

美国黑核桃实生苗干物质积累与分配过程的数值模拟

以1年生美国北加州黑核桃实生苗为试材,以群体冠层的光合作用机理模型为基础,依据物质守恒及浓度梯度等理论,建立了干物质积累与分配的动态模型．在水肥适宜的条件下,对于1年生北加州黑核桃,在叶幕建造时期内,冠层干物质积累大体呈现Logistic曲线增长,而生物总量及根茎干物质的增长大体可分为两个阶段,第一阶段为指数增长阶段,第二阶段为线性增长阶段,而且无论是生物总量,还是冠层、根茎干重都呈现出波浪式增长的态势,这种波动是环境因子影响的结果．dwl／dws(冠层、根茎干物质日增量之比)不仅随生育期变化,还随环境因子变化,在叶幕建造初期,dwl／dws较大,平均值约为2．0,这时的光合产物主要用于叶片的生长和发育;在夜幕建造中期,dwl／dws的平均值约为1．5,该时期干物质在冠层、根茎内的分配较均衡;在叶幕建造后期,dwl／dws呈直线下降,干物质的分配中心主要转移到了地下部,叶子生长趋于停止．     

乌兰布和沙区紫花苜蓿生长发育模拟研究

借鉴积温学的原理,结合紫花苜蓿（Meicago sativa)生理生态学特性,建立了水分限制条件下干旱沙区紫花苜蓿生长发育模拟模型,该模型主要由生长发育阶段子模型,叶面积动态子模型,干物质积累子模型和干物质分配子模型组成。模拟计算结果表明,该模型能较好地预测沙地紫花苜蓿生长发育进程,叶面积变化动态及牧草产量变化动态,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

大麦叶面积指数的模拟研究

在连续观测和定量分析的基础上,采用单株叶面积最大值作为品种遗传参数,用两段非线性方程构建了大麦叶面积指数随生理发育时间（Physiological development time,PDT）变化的动态模型．模型将经验性和机理性有机结合,考虑了温度和氮素营养对叶片生长的影响,较好的解决了两段非线性方程的衔接问题;不同品种、氮肥处理、播期以及种植地域间检验结果表明,叶面积指数模拟值与观测值的绝对预测误差为0．007-1．486,RMSE为0．109-0．718．     

向日葵和马铃薯间作的生育期模拟模型

向日葵和马铃薯间作是我国北方农牧交错带的一种重要种植方式,准确模拟其间套作的发育时期对评价和优化间套作种植具有重要意义,以生理发育时间为基础建立了向日葵和马铃薯单作、间作的生育期模拟模型,并利用2010-2011年的大田试验数据对模型进行检验.结果表明:生育期模拟值与观测值的符合度较好,播种—出苗期、出苗—开花期、开花—成熟期和全生育期的均方差根(RMSE)分别为1.2、2.9、2.4和2.6d,误差＜5％.模型既有较强的机理性,又有较好的适用性,为探索间套作条件下作物的生长发育规律提供了良好工具.     

马铃薯干物质分配与器官建成的动态模拟研究

根据多年不同保护地栽培田间试验的结果,利用Origin软件结合马铃薯生长发育的基本特点,提出了以发育生理日为驱动变量的光合产物在不同器官间分布的数值模型,方法简便,机理明确,模拟精度高.研究还给出了不同发育时期马铃薯不同器官的干物率变化模型,并依此推导出器官的鲜重模型,进行了马铃薯块茎产量的模拟,结果表明模拟值与实测值具有良好的一致性。     

Seasonal variation of vegetation productivity over an alpine meadow in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China: modeling the interactions of vegetation productivity, phenology, and the soil freeze–thaw process

Phenology controls the seasonal activities of vegetation on land surfaces and thus plays a fundamental role in regulating photosynthesis and other ecosystem processes. Therefore, accurately simulating phenology and soil processes is critical to ecosystem and climate modeling. In this study, we present an integrated ecosystem model of plant productivity, plant phenology, and the soil freeze–thaw process to (1) improve the quality of simulations of soil thermal regimes and (2) estimate the seasonal variability of plant phenology and its effects on plant productivity in high-altitude seasonal frozen regions. We tested different model configurations and parameterizations, including a refined soil stratification scheme that included unfrozen water in frozen soil, a remotely sensed diagnostic phenology scheme, and a modified prognostic phenology scheme, to describe the seasonal variation in vegetation. After refined soil layering resolution and the inclusion of unfrozen water in frozen soil, the results show that the model adequately reproduced the soil thermal regimes and their interactions observed at the site. The inclusion of unfrozen water in frozen soil was found to have a significant effect on soil moisture simulation during the spring but only a small effect on soil temperature simulation at this site. Moreover, the performance of improved phenology schemes was good. The phenology model accurately predicted the start and end of phenology, and its precise prediction of phenology variation allows an improved simulation of vegetation production.     

A physiologically based approach for degree-day calculation in pest phenology models: the case of the European Corn Borer (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Ostrinia nubilalis</Emphasis> Hbn.) in Northern Italy

Phenological models based on degree-day accumulation have been developed to support the integrated pest management of many insects. Most of these models are based on linear relationships between temperature and development, and on daily time step simulations using daily minimum and maximum temperatures. This approach represents an approximation that does not take into account the insect physiological response to temperature, and daily temperature fluctuations. The objective of this work has been to develop a phenological model for the European corn borer (ECB) based on the insect physiological response to temperature and running at an hourly time step. Two modeling solutions based on the same generic compartmental system have been compared: the first based on a physiologically based relationship between temperature and development, and using hourly derived temperatures as input (HNL modeling solution); and the second based on a linear relationship between temperature and degree-day accumulation and using daily temperature (DL modeling solution). The two approaches have been compared using ECB moth capture data from the Piemonte region in Northern Italy. The HNL modeling solution showed the best results for all the accuracy indicators. The DL modeling solution showed a tendency to anticipate ECB phenological development too early. This tendency is attributable to the linear relationship between temperature and development, which does not take into account (1) the decline of this relationship at high temperatures, and (2) the daily fluctuation of temperature. As a consequence, degree-days accumulation is accelerated in the DL modeling solution and the phenological development anticipated.     

Effect of potassium and zinc applications on dry-matter production and nutrient uptake by potato variety ‘Kufri chandramukhi’ (Solanum tuberosum L.) in an alluvial soil of Uttar Pradesh

Summary Field experiment was conducted during 1980–81 on the Indo-Gangetic alluvial soil of Pura, Kanpur to study the effects of added potassium and zinc on dry-matter production and uptake of these nutrients by potato crop. Increasing supply of potassium and zinc significantly increased the dry-matter production and concentration and uptake of respective nutrients in different crop components. The effects of combined application of potassium and zinc was positive in influencing the dry-matter production and K, Zn uptake by potato crop. Increasing supply of potassium showed beneficial effect on the absorption and translocation of zinc in plant system indicating thereby greater utilization of fertilizer zinc by the crop. Increasing supply of zinc, however, could not influence the concentration of potassium.     

The timing of bud burst and its effect on tree growth

A phenology model for estimating the timings of bud burst – one of the most influential phenological phases for the simulation of tree growth – is presented in this study. The model calculates the timings of the leafing of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) and the May shoot of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on the basis of the daily maximum temperature. The data for parameterisation and validation of the model have been taken from 40 climate and 120 phenological stations in southern Germany with time series for temperature and bud burst of up to 30 years. The validation of the phenology module by means of an independent data set showed correlation coefficients for comparisons between observed and simulated values of 54% (beech), 55% (oak), 59% (spruce) and 56% (pine) with mean absolute errors varying from 4.4 days (spruce) to 5.0 days (pine). These results correspond well with the results of other – often more complex – phenology models. After the phenology module had been implemented in the tree-growth model BALANCE, the growth of a mixed forest stand with the former static and the new dynamic timings for the bud burst was simulated. The results of the two simulation runs showed that phenology has to be taken into account when simulating forest growth, particularly in mixed stands.     

Flight take-off performance of Colorado potato beetle in relation to potato phenology

The flight take-off frequency of adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), from potato plants, Solanum tuberosum L. 'Red Pontiac' at the bloom stage of development was 2.2-2.5-fold that of Colorado potato beetle from plants at the vegetative stage. Tests were conducted in a flight chamber over a period of 3 h. Prefeeding Colorado potato beetles for 48 h on potato plants at the bloom or at the vegetative stage before placing them into the flight chamber resulted in the same significantly higher flight take-off frequency from potato plants at the bloom stage than from plants at the vegetative stage. These results demonstrate that the factor in potato plants in bloom that stimulates the flight take-off of the Colorado potato beetle is independent of the feeding history of the beetles and begins acting only when the beetles are in the presence of the plant. According to these results, the dispersal of adult Colorado potato beetles from potato fields in bloom to younger potato fields with plants at the vegetative stage, previously reported in the literature, is at least partly explained by the effect of plant phenology on the frequency of flight take-off. Results confirm the value of planting potato fields of similar phenology over as wide an area as possible to reduce Colorado potato beetle dispersal between fields. Results also imply that staggering the planting dates of conventional potato refuge areas near Colorado potato beetle transgenic or conventionally resistant potato fields is a sound management practice, because it promotes the movement of wild beetles over to the adjacent younger resistant crops.     

Stochastic dynamic population model for northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

A stochastic dynamic population model for the complete life cycle of northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, is described. Adult population dynamics from emergence to oviposition are based on a published single-season model for which temperature-dependent development and age-dependent advancement determine adult population dynamics and oviposition. Randomly generated daily temperatures make this model component stochastic. Stochastic hatch is 50+/-8%. A stochastic nonlinear density-dependent larval survival model is estimated using field data from artificial infestation experiments. A regional model of corn phenology is estimated to incorporate the effect of dispersal on adult mortality. Random daily weather is generated using parameters for Brookings, SD. Model performance is evaluated with deterministic simulations, which show that the population converges to zero unless adult mortality is reduced by the availability of corn pollen from the regional model of corn phenology. Stochastic model performance is evaluated with stochastic daily weather, egg hatch, and larval survival in various combinations. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate model responsiveness to each parameter. Model results are generally consistent with published data.     

植物物候研究进展

植物物候直接反映了气候变化的影响,是植被动态模拟的关键.在遥感和模型技术的推动下,植物物候与全球变化关系的研究日益受到人们的关注.文中从植物物候与环境因子的相互关系、植物物候对全球变化的响应以及植物物候的遥感监测方面,综合论述了植物物候的研究进展,找出植被物候研究的不足,进而提出未来植被物候的研究方向.     

连作马铃薯植株库源关系及其对块茎产量的调节机理

甘肃中部沿黄灌区是国内重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地和种薯繁殖基地,但集约化生产带来的连作障碍已严重影响到产业的健康发展.为揭示马铃薯连作障碍机理,本研究通过田间试验,设置马铃薯连作年限为0～5年的处理,研究了马铃薯植株库容量、库活性和源活性对连作的响应特征及其对块茎产量的调节机制.结果表明: 短期连作(1～2年)条件下块茎产量较非连作(0年)无显著变化,长期连作(3～5年)显著下降28.6%～32.8%,单薯质量降低是导致块茎产量下降的直接原因.长期连作马铃薯库容量较非连作显著降低38.4%～53.0%.长期连作导致块茎形成推迟,同时单薯干物质积累量降低.长期连作也显著降低马铃薯源活性,与非连作相比,株高、主茎分枝数、叶绿素含量和叶片干物质量均显著下降,根系形态发育受到抑制,根系活力显著下降28.6%～63.1%,叶片RuBP羧化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性分别显著下降52.6%～64.6%和26.3%～53.4%.长期连作条件下马铃薯源端生产性能降低导致同化产物减少,花后阶段向块茎的输入不足,降低块茎产量.库源关系失衡是甘肃中部沿黄灌区长期连作马铃薯产量大幅降低的原因.