不同取样强度下古田山木本植物幼苗组成 及其分布格局比较

幼苗阶段是森林群落更新的瓶颈, 研究木本植物幼苗组成和分布格局对正确认识森林群落构建以及多样性维持机制具有十分重要的意义。以往基于幼苗阶段的研究取样强度较小, 主要涉及常见种, 缺乏对稀有种的有效监测。我们对古田山24 ha森林样地幼苗监测网络进行了扩建, 在已有507个1 m × 1 m幼苗监测样方的基础上, 增设了285个5 m × 5 m幼苗样方, 对样方内所有高度≥ 10 cm且胸径< 1 cm的木本植物幼苗按大样地监测标准进行了定位、挂牌、鉴定和测量。本研究利用2012年5 m × 5 m幼苗监测样方的首次调查数据, 比较了24 ha大样地中不同取样强度下幼苗和非幼苗(胸径≥ 1 cm的木本植物)个体在物种组成、多样性分布格局以及生境偏好等方面的差异。结果表明: (1) 285个5 m × 5 m幼苗监测样方共计有木本植物幼苗138种20,581株, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及经多度校正的物种丰富度指数均显著高于1 m × 1 m幼苗监测样方以及24 ha大样地的非幼苗个体, 该结果与基于Rarefaction方法计算的物种数期望值结果一致; 与1 m × 1 m幼苗监测样方结果相比, 5 m × 5 m幼苗监测样方内物种数-取样面积曲线趋于饱和。(2) 5 m × 5 m幼苗监测样方幼苗与24 ha大样地非幼苗个体物种多度呈异速增长关系, 表明植物在幼苗阶段受到负密度制约效应的影响, 死亡率相对较高。(3)取样强度和胸径阈值的选取对群落稀有种的界定有重要影响, 朱砂根(Ardisia crenata)、山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba)、美丽胡枝子(Lespedeza thunbergii subsp. formosa)等物种在24 ha样地水平被认为是稀有种, 但是在5 m × 5 m幼苗样方却属于常见种。(4)指示种分析结果表明, 基于不同取样强度的幼苗生境指示种与基于大样地非幼苗个体的分析结果存在较大差异。在5 m × 5 m幼苗样方中, 13个物种与单一生境类型显著相关, 其中仅有3个物种与1 m × 1 m幼苗样方指示种相同, 与24 ha大样地非幼苗相比, 仅有2个共有指示种。总之, 不同取样强度可显著影响幼苗物种多样性格局的分析结果, 通过样方扩建对林下幼苗进行系统监测, 可进一步加深对群落生物多样性维持机制的认识。     

湖南八大公山25 ha常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地群落组成与空间结构

湖南八大公山国家级自然保护区位于武陵山系北缘, 区内分布有大面积的常绿落叶阔叶混交林, 物种多样性丰富, 群落结构复杂。中国科学院武汉植物园按CTFS (Center for Tropical Forest Sciences)建设规范于2010-2011年在保护区内建设了一个25 ha的动态监测样地, 为亚热带山地森林群落多样性长期动态监测提供了理想的平台。本文初步分析了八大公山25 ha样地的群落组成与空间结构。结果表明: 群落内共有木本植物存活个体186,575株, 隶属于53科114属232种; 个体数超过1,000株的有38个物种(贡献87%的个体数), 个体数最多的物种为黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata); 样地内稀有种(≤ 25株)种数占样地总物种数的44%, 而个体数仅为样地总个体数的0.4%。样地内个体平均胸径为5.41 cm, 其中68.4%的个体DBH ≤ 5 cm, DBH ≥ 20 cm的个体数(7,474株)仅约占总个体数的4%; 个体胸径直方图呈倒“J”形, 表明样地处于良好更新与正常生长状态。样地的种-面积关系图显示物种数随样地面积的增加而同步增加, 其增长速度由迅速增长逐渐趋于稳定, 取样面积10 ha时可以涵盖90%以上的物种; 1 ha小样地个体数平均为7,261.8 ± 974.8 (SD), 物种数平均为128.2 ± 8.2 (SD), Shannon-Wiener指数平均为3.56 ± 0.11 (SD), Pielou均匀度指数变异最小, 平均为1.69 ± 0.06 (SD); 个体数与各多样性指数均无显著相关, 表明在该样地中物种多样性的取样效应不明显, 物种数量增加的原因可能来自于其他因素的控制。     

北京东灵山3种温带森林土壤呼吸及其20年的变化

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统最主要的碳释放过程。为了探讨温带森林土壤呼吸在长时间尺度的变化, 利用北京东灵山地区的白桦(Betula platyphylla)林、辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林和油松(Pinus tabuliformis)林3种温带森林永久样地, 于2012-2015年对其土壤呼吸进行测定, 并与1994-1995年的测定结果进行了比较。结果显示: 2012-2015年, 白桦林的平均年土壤呼吸量为(574 ± 21) g C·m^-2·a^-1, 显著高于辽东栎林(455 ± 31) g C·m^-2·a^-1和油松林(414 ± 35) g C·m^-2·a^-1, 比20年前(1994-1995年)的估测值分别增加了85%、17%和73%。这些结果表明, 近20年来这3种生态系统的碳周转速率明显加快。     

东方白鹳幼鸟渤海湾越冬群体的迁徙策略

东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)主要在俄罗斯远东和中国东北繁殖, 在中国主要有两个越冬群体(长江越冬群体, 迁徙距离约2,600 km; 渤海湾越冬群体, 迁徙距离约1,500 km)。本文基于2016-2018年的卫星追踪数据(N = 14), 分析了渤海湾越冬群体幼鸟春季和秋季的迁徙策略和利用风的方式, 总结了850 mb压力下风速和风向对日迁徙飞行速度的影响。该群体春秋两季迁徙距离相似, 但春季的顺风条件(2.2 ± 6.3 m/s)显著优于秋季的逆风条件(-2.4 ± 4.1 m/s, P < 0.05), 这使得春季迁徙飞行速度(280.4 ± 62.0 km/d)显著快于秋季(185.5 ± 72.0 km/d, P < 0.05), 春季迁徙飞行时间(5.9 ± 2.5 d)显著短于秋季(10.3 ± 6.5 d, P < 0.05); 同时, 春季停歇时间(5.4 ± 9.7 d)短于秋季(17.8 ± 18.2 d, P = 0.05)。基于以上原因, 东方白鹳春季迁徙持续时间(11.2 ± 8.7 d)显著短于秋季(28.0 ± 21.2 d, P < 0.05)。渤海湾越冬群体幼鸟迁徙时, 春季利用顺风更快到达度夏地, 秋季逆风迁徙, 迁徙飞行速度慢, 迁徙飞行时间和停歇时间长。因此, 东方白鹳迁徙时虽然主要利用上升热气流翱翔, 但顺风也是其成功迁徙的有利因素。     

古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性的空间变异特征

古田山常绿阔叶林的群落组成、结构及其维持机制已有许多研究, 但该地区亚热带常绿阔叶林生物多样性空间变异特征还缺乏认识。本文以古田山24 ha大样地(划分为24个1 ha小样地)为基础, 具体分析了α多样性和β多样性在1 ha尺度上的空间变异特征。结果表明: (1)群落第一、二优势物种在各小样地之间变化不大, 但第三优势种变化较大; (2) α多样性变化中, 样地间木本植物个体数量变异最大, 物种丰富度其次, Pielou均匀度指数变异性最小; (3)物种丰富度与植株个体数量、Pielou均匀度指数没有显著的相关性, 与Shannon-Wiener指数呈显著正相关; Shannon-Wiener指数与Pielou均匀度指数呈显著正相关; (4)相邻样地间物种替代速率空间变异较大, 与物种丰富度的空间变化格局有明显差异。这些结果说明尺度对认识群落结构、探讨群落维持机制有重要作用; 由于森林群落是多尺度生态过程作用的结果, 大尺度样地可能有利于更好地揭示森林群落维持机制。     

江西省森林净初级生产力动态变化特征及其驱动因子分析

亚热带森林生态系统具有巨大的固碳潜力。净初级生产力(NPP)在碳循环过程中具有重要的作用, 受到气候变化、大气成分、森林扰动的强度和频度、林龄等因子的综合影响, 然而目前上述各因子对亚热带森林NPP变化的贡献尚不明确, 需要鉴别森林NPP时空变化的主要驱动因子, 以准确认识亚热带森林生态系统碳循环。该文综合气象数据、年最大叶面积指数(LAI)、参考年NPP (BEPS模型模拟)、林龄、森林类型、土地覆盖、数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤质地、CO₂浓度、氮沉降等多源数据, 利用InTEC模型(Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon-budget Model)研究亚热带典型地区江西省森林生态系统1901-2010年NPP时空动态变化特征, 通过模拟情景设计, 着重讨论1970-2010年气候变化、林龄、CO₂浓度和氮沉降对森林NPP动态变化的影响。研究结果如下: (1) InTEC模型能较好地模拟研究区NPP的时空变化; (2)江西省森林NPP 1901-2010年为(47.7 ± 4.2) Tg C·a^-1 (平均值±标准偏差), 其中20世纪70年代、80年代、90年代分别为50.7、48.8、45.4 Tg C·a^-1, 2000-2009年平均为55.2 Tg C·a^-1; 随着森林干扰后的恢复再生长, 江西省森林NPP显著上升, 2000-2009年NPP增加的森林面积占森林总面积的60%; (3) 1970-2010年, 仅考虑森林干扰因子和仅考虑非干扰因子(气候、氮沉降、CO₂浓度)情景下NPP分别为43.1和53.9 Tg C·a^-1, 比综合考虑干扰因子和非干扰因子作用下的NPP分别低估7.3 Tg C·a^-1 (低估的NPP与综合考虑干扰因子和非干扰因子作用下NPP的比值为14.5%,下同)和高估3.6 Tg C·a^-1 (7.1%); 气候因子导致平均NPP减少2.0 Tg C·a^-1 (4.7%), 氮沉降导致平均NPP增加4.5 Tg C·a^-1 (10.4%), CO₂浓度变化及耦合效应(氮沉降+ CO₂浓度变化)分别导致平均NPP增加4.4 Tg C·a^-1 (10.3%)和9.4 Tg C·a^-1 (21.8%)。     

利用固定翼无人机监测松材线虫病疫点枯死松树的初步研究

无人机航摄监测森林病虫害是一个新的研究热点。为探究无人机航摄在松材线虫病监测中的应用,本研究于2017年11月利用小型固定翼无人机采集了广东省河源市新丰江库区松材线虫病疫点的航摄影像,总面积1425.9 hm~2。固定翼无人机搭载了1台可见光数码相机和1台多光谱数码相机,能同时采集枯死松树的可见光和近红外的航摄影像。利用LAMapper软件对航摄图像进行空中三角测量和像素匹配,获得可见光正射影像和多光谱正射影像。使用ERDAS软件生成影像的归一化植被指数(NDVI)。然后将带有地理信息的完整影像自动导入GIS系统进行异常点识别和几何矫正,导出最终的影像数据。最后,对影像进行分析,并根据植被指数(NDVI)对图像进行分类。分析结果显示,航摄的疫点中共自动识别1486株枯死松树,并获得了其分布地图及坐标点位置。验证结果表明监测的准确率达到80%以上,坐标点精度达到2-3 m。本研究结果具有低成本、自动化、可靠、客观、高效和及时等优点,可为大面积监测松材线虫病的发生现状和流行动态、评估防控效果和灾害损失提供技术支撑。     

不同经营模式山核桃林地土壤pH值、养分与细菌多样性的差异

为探究土壤细菌多样性及其功能对山核桃(Carya cathayensis)经营模式的指导作用, 本文采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术检测并比较了生态经营和过度经营的山核桃林土壤中的细菌群落, 分析了山核桃干腐病发病期干腐病感病指数、土壤pH值、养分与细菌多样性的相关性。结果表明: (1)生态经营山核桃林的感病指数(3.3 ± 3.35)显著低于过度经营山核桃林(81.9 ± 1.27)。(2)生态经营山核桃林土壤pH (6.64 ± 0.06)显著高于过度经营山核桃林(5.80 ± 0.04)。(3)过度经营山核桃林土壤的速效磷、速效钾和速效氮含量分别为18.10 ± 0.58 mg/kg、698.63 ± 11.24 mg/kg和227.13 ± 3.81 mg/kg, 均分别显著高于三者在生态经营山核桃林土壤中的含量(14.94 ± 0.27 mg/kg、497.13 ± 6.19 mg/kg和195.28 ± 6.01 mg/kg)。(4)生态经营和过度经营山核桃林土壤分别有14和21个主要细菌属, 其中鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、Gaiella和溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)为生态经营山核桃林土壤的优势属, 其相对多度显著高于过度经营山核桃林; 而Bryobacter、Candidatus Solibacter和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)为过度经营山核桃林土壤中的优势属, 其相对多度显著高于生态经营山核桃林。两种经营模式下山核桃林土壤的OTUs、Ace指数、Chao指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数无显著差异。RDA分析与蒙特卡罗检验表明, pH值、速效磷和速效氮均对土壤细菌优势菌群群落结构有显著影响(P < 0.05)。     

基于超声清洗的树木叶面颗粒物粒径分布与吸滞效率研究——以银杏和油松为例

明确在常规叶片清洗方法(泡洗或泡洗+刷洗)上增加超声清洗对叶面各径级颗粒物滞纳量定量评估的影响, 并在此基础上研究叶面颗粒物的粒径分布和吸滞效率, 可进一步提高城市树木大气颗粒物吸滞能力的定量评估精度。该文以城市森林建设常用阔叶树种银杏(Ginkgo biloba)和针叶树种油松(Pinus tabuliformis)为研究对象, 于雨后(降水量>15 mm) 4天(短滞尘时长)和14天(长滞尘时长)分别采集叶样, 并依次对其进行泡洗(WC)、刷洗(BC)、超声清洗(UC)等洗脱程序, 然后对每个清洗步骤下叶片洗脱液中颗粒物的质量和粒径分布进行测试, 并依此估算叶片各径级颗粒物的吸滞效率。结果表明, 以“泡洗+刷洗+超声清洗”清洗流程的测试结果为参照, 若只对叶片进行泡洗, 则银杏和油松对大气颗粒物(PM₁, 粒径d ≤1 µm)、PM_2.5 (d ≤ 2.5 µm)、PM₅ (d ≤ 5 µm)、PM₁₀ (d ≤ 10 µm)吸滞量会分别被低估约一半(54%、53%、53%和53%)和40% (42%、42%、42%和42%); 若只进行“泡洗+刷洗”, 则银杏和油松对相应径级颗粒物的吸滞量仍会分别被低估约15% (17%、16%、15%和15%)和20% (21%、20%、20%和20%)。油松叶面颗粒物粒径分布呈双峰曲线, 而银杏叶面颗粒物粒径则呈单峰分布, 且银杏叶面颗粒物平均粒径在短、长滞尘时长下均大于油松。油松叶片对PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₅、PM₁₀和总悬浮颗粒物的吸滞效率分别为8.96、23.92、23.96、23.96和23.96 mg·m^-2·d^-1, 分别比银杏叶片高112%、73%、34%、37%和42%。     

围封和放牧对沙质草地碳水通量的影响

碳、水循环是沙质草地生态系统物质和能量循环的两个关键生态过程, 认识碳、水循环的变化对了解沙质草地生态系统结构与功能对区域气候变化和人类活动的响应具有重要作用。2013年利用箱式法对科尔沁围封和放牧的沙质草地进行了一个生长季的观测研究, 结果表明: (1)在观测周期内, 沙质草地生态系统生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(ER)、蒸散量(ET)在围封和放牧样地之间存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。围封17年样地的GEP、ER、ET均最大, 其次为围封22样地的, 放牧样地的最小, 且最大值分别为最小值的2.23倍、1.65倍、1.94倍。(2)碳水(GEP和ET)之间存在显著的线性正相关关系(p < 0.01), ET可解释GEP 58%-60%的变异, 水分利用效率(WUE)从大到小依次为: 围封22年(2.85 μmol·nmol^-1) >围封17年(2.75 μmol·nmol^-1) >放牧(2.10 μmol·nmol^-1)。(3) GEP、ER和土壤含水率之间有显著的线性正相关关系(p < 0.01、p < 0.05), 指数模型能够较好地模拟ER对土壤温度变化的响应, ER的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀值)从大到小依次为: 围封17年(1.878) >围封22年(1.733) >放牧(1.477)。因此, 围封能够使退化沙质草地生态系统的碳水循环速率提高, 但围封时间不宜过久。     

黑河上游植被总初级生产力遥感估算及其对气候变化的响应

定量描述植被总初级生产力(GPP)对于全球碳循环和全球气候变化研究具有重要意义。针对MODIS MOD_17 GPP (MOD_17)产品在通量站点低估的现象, 通过3个实验依次改进了模型输入参数(气象数据和吸收的光合有效辐射吸收比例(fPAR))和模型本身的参数(最大光能利用率), 分析了各个参数对模拟结果的不确定性影响, 结果表明各参数对模拟结果都有不同程度的影响。在阿柔草地站, 最大光能利用率的重新标定对结果影响最大, GPP估算结果的提高最为明显; 在关滩森林站利用广义神经网络算法得到的GLASS fPAR代替原始MODIS fPAR产品, 比其他参数的改进效果更明显, GPP的值更接近涡动通量观测值。利用改进的MOD_17模型重新估算了黑河上游2001-2012年间植被GPP, 通过趋势分析得出该研究时段内GPP以9.58 g C·m^-2·a^-1的平均速率呈上升趋势。同时计算了气候因子(温度、降水和饱和水汽压差(VPD))与时间序列GPP的偏相关性, 分析了植被GPP对气候变化的响应情况, 2001-2012年平均温度和VPD与年GPP大部分区域呈正相关, 体现了温度和VPD对植被生长的促进作用; 2001-2012年的降水量与年GPP无明显相关, 且大部分区域呈负相关。     

Remote sensing estimation of gross primary productivity and its response to climate change in the upstream of Heihe River Basin

AimsQuantifying the gross primary productivity (GPP) of vegetation is of primary interest in studies of global carbon cycle. This study aims to optimize the MODIS GPP model for specific environments of a fragile waterhead ecosystem, by performing simulations of long-term (from 2001 to 2012) GPP with optimized MOD_17 model, and to analyze the response of GPP to the local climatic variations.Methods The original MODIS GPP products that underestimate GPP were validated against two years (2010-2011) of eddy covariance (EC) data at two sites (i.e. an alpine pasture site and a forest site, respectively) in the upstream of Heihe River Basin. Three comparative experiments were then conducted to analyze the effects of input parameters derived from three sources (i.e. meteorological, biome-specific, and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) parameters) on the model behavior. After refining the model-driven parameters, long-term GPPs of the study area were estimated using the optimized MOD_17 model, and the Least Absolute Deviation method was applied to analyze the partial correlations between interannual GPPs and climatic variables (temperature, precipitation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)). Important findings The uncertainties in the original MODIS GPP products are attributable to biome-specific parameters, input data (e.g. meteorological and radiometry data) and vegetation maps. At the pasture site, the light use efficiency had the strongest impact on the GPP simulations. The refined fPAR calculated from the leaf area index (LAI) products of Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) greatly improved the GPP estimates, especially at the forest site. The GPPs from the optimized MOD_17 model well matched the EC data (R² = 0.90, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 1.114 g C·m^-2·d^-1 at the alpine pasture site; R² = 0.91, RMSE = 0.649 g C·m^-2·d^-1 at the forest site). The time series of GPPs displayed an up trend at an average rate of 9.58 g C·m^-2·a^-1 from 2001 to 2012. Examination of the partial correlations between interannual GPPs and climatic variables showed that the annual mean temperature and VPD generally had significant positive impacts on GPP, and the annual precipitation had a negative impact on GPP.     

Improving the accuracy of indirect methods in estimating leaf area index using three correction schemes in a Larix gmelinii plantation

Aims Woody materials and clumping effects are key error sources in estimating leaf area index (LAI) by optical methods. However, how to correct the error caused by woody materials has not reached consensus. The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate the accuracy of optical methods for estimating effective LAI (L_e) in a deciduous needle leaf forest stand, and (2) to develop a practical correction scheme to improve the accuracy of optical methods in estimating LAI.Methods L_ewas estimated by two indirect methods (i.e., digital hemispherical photography (DHP) and LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer method (LAI-2000 method) in an annual maximum leaf area period in a Larix gmelinii plantation. Then, we developed three correction schemes to improve the accuracy of indirect methods in estimating LAI. Meanwhile, two direct methods (i.e., litter collection and allometry methods) were used to estimate LAI. Taking LAI from litter collection as a reference, we evaluated the effectiveness of three correction schemes and tested the influence of zenith angle ranges on the correction results.Important findings With zenith angle ranges of 0-45° (rings 1-3), 0-60° (rings 1-4), 45°-60° (ring 4) and 0-75° (rings 1-5), L_eobtained from DHP underestimated LAI from both litter collection and allometry by 19%-32% and 18%-29%, respectively. L_efrom LAI-2000 method with four zenith angles also underestimated LAI from both litter collection and allometry by 9%-30% and 8%-28%, respectively. Although the contribution of woody materials to LAI was overestimated in correction scheme A, it was effective in correcting L_efrom DHP with zenith angles of 45º-60º (ring 4), and also effective for L_efrom LAI-2000 method with zenith angles of rings both 1-3 and 1-4. Correction scheme B was all effective in correcting L_efrom DHP with four zenith angle ranges. Generally, correction scheme C was more effective than other two schemes in correcting L_efrom both DHP and LAI-2000 method with four zenith angle ranges. These results indicate that the zenith angle range is a key factor for determining the accuracy of optical methods in estimating LAI besides woody materials and clumping effects.     

利用3种校正方案提高间接法测定兴安落叶松人工林叶面积指数的精度

木质部和集聚效应是影响间接法测定叶面积指数(LAI)精度的主要因素, 尤其是木质部的校正一直存在争议。针对这一问题, 该研究首先利用半球摄影法(DHP)和LAI-2000植物冠层分析仪法(LAI-2000法) 2种间接法测定了小兴安岭兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林叶面积最大时期的有效LAI (L_e), 然后提出了A、B、C 3种校正方案来提高间接法的测定精度。同时, 利用凋落物法和异速生长方程法2种直接法测定LAI, 以凋落物法测定值为标准来评估3种校正方案的校正效果, 并检验天顶角范围对校正结果是否存在显著影响。结果表明: 在0-45° (1-3环)、0-60° (1-4环)、45°-60° (4环)及0-75° (1-5环) 4种不同天顶角范围内, DHP测定的L_e比凋落物法、异速生长方程法测定值分别低估19%-32%和8%-29%; 而LAI-2000法也得到相似的结论, 分别低估9%-30%和8%-28%。虽然校正方案A高估了木质部对LAI的贡献, 但在45º-60º天顶角范围内, 能有效地校正DHP测定的L_e, 在1-3环和1-4环天顶角范围内, 能有效地校正LAI-2000法测定的L_e。4种天顶角范围内, 校正方案B均能有效地校正DHP测定的L_e。整体来看, 4种天顶角范围内, 校正方案C对DHP和LAI-2000法测定值的校正效果均优于其他2种方案。研究结果表明除木质部和集聚效应外, 天顶角范围的选择也是决定间接法测定LAI精度的重要因素。     

Effects of grazing intensity on windblown sediment mass flux and particle size distribution in the desert steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing activities degrade soil aggregates, reduce vegetation coverage and affect the amount of deposited material, and make the land more vulnerable to wind erosion. Although livestock increase was considered as the main issue leading to the degradation, only very few studies have quantitatively investigated the relationship between grazing and soil erosion. The relationship between different stocking rates and sediment flux, and sediment soil particle was studied to reveal the mechanism of different grazing intensities on soil erosion process, to provide basic parameters for grazing optimization in the Stipa breviflora desert steppe. Methods In the Stipa breviflora desert steppe research area, BSNE collecting sand boxes were set in the randomly distributed paddock experiment sites for 11 year with different grazing intensities (0.15、0.30、0.45、0 sheep·hm^-2·month^-1, corresponding to light grazing LG, moderate grazing MG, heavy grazing HG and control CK, respectively). The quantitative relationship between grazing intensity and sediment flux, and the characteristics of sediment soil particle were conducted in four sampling periods through 2 years (April 2013 to April 2015).Important findings (1) Grazing intensity had a significant effect on the sediment flux (p< 0.05), and the sediment flux increased with the increase of grazing intensity. The response of sediment flux to grazing intensity was variable with season. The daily average sediment flux (13.12 g·m^-1·d^-1) during the period of April to October was smaller than that from October to April (18.74 g·m^-1·d^-1). The sediment flux difference of different grazing intensities was greater from April to October, with the 5 times daily average sand flux in the heavy grazing paddock that in the control. The average sediment flux difference of different grazing intensities was small from October to April. (2) The relationship between the natural logarithm of sediment flux at different height and the vertical height had a better binomial fitting from April to October, and there was no obvious regular pattern about flux vertical distribution from October to April, and the vertical flux difference of grazing intensities was mainly expressed in 0-50 cm layer. (3) Sand sediment particle ≤250 μm accounted for more than 85% of the total sediment, the sand sediment particle of ≤50 μm) size was significantly enriched, and the enrichment ratio increased with the increase of vertical height. The enrichment ratio of 125-250 μm particle and 50-125 μm particle decreased with the increase of vertical height, and the enrichment ratio of 125-250 μm particle was smaller than that of 50-125 μm particle (p< 0.05). Therefore grazing intensity had different influence on the sand flux in Stipa breviflora desert steppe, the greater the grazing intensity, the heavier the wind erosion was, and the effect of grazing intensity on grassland was enhanced by wind erosion.     

内蒙古荒漠草原放牧强度对风沙通量和沉积物粒径的影响

以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象, 在放牧11年的样地布设BSNE集沙仪, 通过2013年4月到2015年4月4个采样期对短花针茅草原放牧强度与风沙通量的定量关系及风蚀物粒度特征进行了研究。结果表明: (1)放牧强度对风沙通量有显著影响(p < 0.05)。随着放牧强度增强, 风沙通量逐渐增加; 风沙通量对放牧强度的响应存在季节差异, 生长季的日平均风沙通量小于非生长季, 且生长季不同放牧强度间风沙通量差异较大, 其中重度放牧区风沙通量是对照区的5倍, 而非生长季不同放牧强度间风沙通量差异较小, 重度放牧区是对照区的1.7倍; (2)生长季不同高度风沙通量的自然对数和垂直高度之间存在较好的二项式拟合结果, 而非生长季风沙通量的垂直分布没有明显规律; 放牧强度间通量的垂直分布差异主要表现在0-50 cm高度; 在同样高度, 放牧强度大, 垂直通量也大; (3)风蚀沉积物中粒径≤250 μm颗粒富集度随垂直高度变化而变化; 风沙沉积物中, ≤250 μm的颗粒占沉积物总量的85%以上, 沉积物中粒径≤50 μm的颗粒有明显的富集作用, 且随垂直高度增加富集比逐渐增加; 粒径为125-250 μm和50-125 μm的颗粒表现为随垂直高度增加富集比降低的趋势, 且125-250 μm粒径的富集比显著小于50-125 μm颗粒的富集比; 荒漠草原放牧强度对风沙通量有不同程度的影响, 放牧强度越大, 风蚀越重, 风蚀作用强化了重度放牧对草地退化的影响作用。     

Canopy structure and radiation interception of Salix matsudana: Stand density dependent relationships

Aims Plants can enhance their photosynthetic efficiency and competitiveness by adjusting canopy structure and radiation interception. The objective of this paper was to quantify the relationship between canopy structure (crown depth and crown area) and light interception (LI) in a Salix matsudana stand under three different stand densities in a flood plain of Zhangye.Methods Our study site is located at the Heihe flood plain of Xichengyi in Ganzhou district, Zhangye City, Gansu Province in the middle Heihe River, where S. matsudana is the dominant species. Based on stand density (10 m × 10 m), the S. matsudana community is divided into three types: low density (I, 25-36 Ind.·plot^-1), medium density (II, 37-48 Ind.·plot^-1), and high density (III, 49-60 Ind.·plot^-1). Community characteristics, soil physical and chemical properties of each type were measured. At each plot, we measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), LI, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), crown depth, crown area, leaf area index (LAI), twig numbers, twig length, and bifurcation angle. The standardized major axis (SMA) estimation method was used to determine the relationships between LI and canopy structure.Important findings With increasing in stand density, we found that soil moisture increased, and soil electric conductivity decreased, while twig length and crown depth increased, and PAR, twig numbers, bifurcation angle and crown area decreased. LAI and LI, P_n and T_r reached their maximum at the stand of medium density. There was a significant, positive correlation and negative correlation (p < 0.01), respectively, between the LI, crown depth and crown area at low density (I), whereas low significant (p < 0.05) at high density (III), and high significantly positive correlation (p < 0.01) at the medium density (II). S. matsudana has more horizontal branches that reduce LI. Canopy thickness and increased crown area at low density. More vertical distribution of branches at high density, and a more balanced spacial distribution were found at medium density.     

A comparison of measured and calculated net community CO2 exchange: Scaling from leaves to communities

Leaf net photosynthesis is crucial for detecting the mechanism of photosynthesis, whereas community net photosynthesis is useful for understanding the photosynthetic capacity of communities and its relationship with environmental factors. In particular, we need to scale up eco-physiological models from leaf scale to canopy level to study carbon cycling at regional or global scale. We hypothesized that accumulated leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_c) at community scale, i.e., calculated based on leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and leaf area index (LAI), equals to measured net community CO₂ exchange (NCE). The purpose of this study is to verify this hypothesis. Our field study was carried out in Duolun, Nei Mongol, China, where we constructed single-species communities by sowing Medicago sativa ‘Aohan’ seeds in three plots (3 m × 5 m) on May 30, 2012. On August 16, 2014, P_n of five healthy leaves of M. sativa ‘Aohan’ in each plot were measured with a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system at 10:00, and net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) in each plot was measured simultaneously with a LI-8100 system connected with a assimilation chamber (0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m). P_c was calculated based on P_n, number of leaves (n), LAI percentage of healthy leaves (r) and percentage of received effective light by leaves (m). NCE was derived from NEE and ecosystem respiration rate (R_eco). P_c was 3.52 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, and very close to NCE (3.56 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1), suggesting that leaf-scale photosynthesis may accurately predict community-scale photosynthesis. However, our method could not separate community respiration from soil respiration, and future studies, should be designed to counteract this effect. Scaling up from leaf photosynthesis to community photosynthesis should also consider vertical structure of communities and nonlinear responses of leaf photosynthesis to changes in light quantum.     

叶片和群落尺度净光合速率关系的探讨

叶片净光合速率(P_n)是研究光合作用机理的基本尺度; 而群落净光合速率(P_c)是研究群落光合能力及其与外部环境因子间关系的更好尺度, 特别是区域乃至全球尺度碳循环的研究, 需要将叶片尺度的生理生态模型扩展到冠层尺度。理论上, 群落内所有叶片的累积P_n与实测群落净气体交换速率(NCE)是相等的, 但在野外实际观测中, 两者之间的相互关系目前尚未见报道。该文选取敖汉苜蓿(Medicago sativa ‘Aohan’)人工草地, 采用美国LI-COR公司生产的便携式光合测定系统LI-6400测定P_n, 结合叶面积指数等参数推算P_c, 利用LI-8100连接同化箱测定生态系统净气体交换速率(NEE), 加上土壤呼吸速率, 得到NCE。结果表明: P_c为3.52 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, 与实测NCE (3.56 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)基本相等。这表明: 可利用P_n, 结合叶面积指数、群落叶片数目、健康叶片比例和群落可接收有效光照的平均比例等4个关键参数, 准确地换算P_c。然而, 利用同化箱式法测定群落呼吸速率时, 不可避免地会包含土壤呼吸, 所以在观测NCE时, 需要同时测定土壤呼吸。此外, 在冠层模型中, 群落垂直结构和光量子的非线性响应不可忽视。