基于卫星跟踪的遗鸥活动特征与空间利用研究

河北省康巴诺尔湖和张家口坝上已成为遗鸥Larus relictus的重要繁殖地和迁徙停歇地,但对此地繁殖种群的研究才刚开始。为了掌握遗鸥繁殖种群的活动区、活动节律和空间利用等特点,2016年6—9月,利用卫星跟踪技术对康巴诺尔湖遗鸥的活动特征和空间利用进行了研究。对4只遗鸥个体的跟踪结果表明:活动特征方面,(1)遗鸥主要活动区位于张家口坝上和内蒙古乌兰察布市东部,且不同个体位点分布差异较大;(2)繁殖后期和游荡期遗鸥活动区面积差异明显,游荡期活动区面积(155.95 km~2)大于繁殖后期(59.90 km~2)。同时不同个体活动区重叠程度差异较大,繁殖后期重叠程度高,游荡期重叠程度低;(3)活动节律显示遗鸥每天凌晨和黄昏都出现较长的活动距离。空间利用方面,本研究首次将粪区和农草区划为遗鸥的觅食区域,发现繁殖后期和游荡期遗鸥对湖淖区均有较高程度的利用。此外,还对遗鸥潜在食源进行了调查,发现在康巴诺尔湖遗鸥主要食物为摇蚊科Chironomidae幼虫和划蝽科Corixidae,在其他觅食地主要食物为丰年虫Chirocephalus sp.、蚌虫Cyzicus sp.、鲎虫Triops sp.和蛆虫。     

东方白鹳幼鸟在繁殖区生境选择的跟踪研究

鸟类的生境选择与气候、栖息地及人为干扰有关,而在不同生活史阶段因其自身需求及环境资源的变化也将出现差异。为明晰该一过程和规律,基于东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)在三江平原的卫星跟踪数据,按照时间序列通过核密度分析法(95%水平)得到繁殖季节(7—10月)跟踪个体的活动范围变化,据此将该时期细分为在巢期与离巢游荡期两个阶段,在巢期活动范围窄且高度聚集于单一区域,而离巢游荡期活动范围分散于三江平原东部和北部的多个地点。后采用Maxent模型对两个阶段的适宜生境空间分布及其主要因子进行评估发现,在巢期和离巢期主要影响因子分别为(在巢期贡献率/离巢期贡献率):土地覆被类型(11.8%/30.6%)、水体(23.8%/31.2%)、相对湿度(8.1%/15.5%)、草本沼泽(28.6%/3.2%)及相对风速(13.2%/2.1%);离巢期的较适宜生境(0.4—1)比在巢期扩大近两倍,且对人为活动表现出更强的耐受性。本研究结果可用于东方白鹳及其他迁徙鸟类繁殖相关的动态保护与有效综合管理。     

游泳动物对长江口新生盐沼湿地潮沟生境的利用

利用长袋网(fyke net)采集了长江口新生盐沼湿地潮沟内的游泳动物,分析了该类盐沼湿地的鱼类栖息地利用。结果表明,3次调查共记录到游泳动物20种,其中鱼类15种,虾蟹类5种。生态类群主要以淡水性种类(10种)和河口性种类(6种)为主,洄游性种类(3种)和海洋性种类(1种)较少。从数量组成来看,游泳动物群落主要由安氏白虾(35.4%)、棕刺虾虎鱼(17.7%)、贝氏餐(17.7%)、长蛇鮈(9.2%)和日本沼虾(4.6%)等少数几个物种占优势。这些游泳动物大多为稚幼个体,表明长江口新生盐沼湿地是许多鱼类和甲壳动物的重要育幼场所。     

王朗自然保护区大熊猫原始林与次生林的生境利用比较研究

为研究大熊猫对不同森林生境的利用情况,2012年和2013年在四川省王朗国家级自然保护区布设了30条调查线路开展了大熊猫生境调查,对49个大熊猫原始林利用样方和43个次生林利用样方中的16个变量进行了调查和统计分析。研究发现大熊猫可以利用采伐后自然恢复50多年的次生林,但原始林生境和次生林生境仍存在较大差异：与大熊猫所利用的原始林生境相比较,次生林生境的乔木胸径较小,灌木密度和灌木胸径较大,倒木较少。研究发现,加强对次生林的保护对大熊猫生境的保护工作有重要的意义。     

同域分布大熊猫和水鹿生境利用分异特征

野生动物的生境利用特征研究是动物生态学核心问题之一,同域分布动物对生境的利用特征及共存机制是其重要组成部分,也是实现珍稀濒危物种保护与栖息地恢复的基础。基于空间利用和生境因子选择差异研究了卧龙自然保护区同域分布大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)和水鹿(Rusa unicolor)的生境利用关系,探讨了同域分布野生动物在生境因子选择和空间利用的分异特征。结果表明:(1)空间利用上,大熊猫和水鹿的空间重叠系数为58.35%,其中,在原始林和次生林生境中的空间重叠系数分别为66.58%和36.64%,二者在原始林中的空间重叠较高;(2)生境因子选择上,大熊猫和水鹿对物理因子的选择有坡位、离小路距离和离水源距离3个变量有显著性差异,对生物因子的选择有乔木密度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、竹林盖度、幼竹密度、幼竹基径、幼竹高度、成竹高度和死竹密度9种变量有显著性差异;(3)大熊猫和水鹿都表现为更偏好原始林生境,但大熊猫对原始林的依赖性更强。分析同域分布动物的生境利用关系有利于深入了解不同动物对资源的空间利用特征及共存机制,可以为保护区制定珍稀野生动物保护和栖息地恢复政策提供科学依据。     

动物生境利用研究方法综述

生境是动物生存和繁衍的场所,生境的质量及其可利用程度是决定动物种群存亡的关键。因此,研究生境利用成为如何有效保护和管理野生动物中一个不可回避的课题。生境利用研究的方法自20世纪20年代开始经历了漫长的发展过程,形成了多种相关的研究方法和技术手段。在实际应用中各种方法有其优点,同时也存在着不足,给数据的收集带来了一定的困难。本文重点分析了现有的动物生境利用研究的各种方法/手段的优点及其不足之处,并提出了未来动物生境利用方法/技术的发展方向,以期对今后开展生境利用研究工作时在方法的选取以及创新方面给予一定的指导。     

太行山东北部豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)秋季生境利用研究

深入了解动物的生境利用特征是对野生动物及其生境进行就地保护的前提和基础。于2019年9月15日至11月15日期间,结合红外相机陷阱技术和生境样地调查,对太行山东北部的豹猫秋季利用生境进行了对照取样。记录了生境的海拔、乔木胸径及距水源距离等20个生境变量,比较了豹猫利用生境(n=39)和非利用生境(n=141)的群落结构差异。结果表明:同非利用生境相比,太行山东北部豹猫偏好选择海拔较高(791.36±80.94) m、坡上位(53.80%)、乔木胸径较大(22.11±3.85)cm、株数较少(6.90±1.50)株、郁闭度较大(49.65%±2.60%)、灌木较高(1.31±0.11) m、灌木盖度较大(51.30%)、枯草盖度较大(18.97%±4.71%)、土壤较湿润(87.20%)、距水源距离较近(66.70%)、距社区距离较近(61.50%)和距人为干扰较近(71.80%)的生境。此外,豹猫偏好生境变量主成分分析结果表明,生境的乔木特征(乔木胸径、乔木高度和乔木郁闭度)、人为干扰(坡位、距社区距离和距干扰距离)、海拔及距水源距离是影响豹猫秋季生境利用的关键因素,反映了该区域豹猫秋...     

基于卫星跟踪钳嘴鹳空间运动规律初报

钳嘴鹳（Anastomus oscitans）自2006年在我国首次被记录以来,已迅速扩散至云南、贵州、四川、甘肃等十余个省区,在某些地区已经成为区域常见种,对于其种群来源目前仍缺乏基础资料。2015年11月至2018年7月,在云南蒙自长桥海湿地（10只）以及贵州威宁草海湿地（1只）共为11只钳嘴鹳佩戴了卫星跟踪器,其中4只钳嘴鹳意外死亡,4只在跟踪期间长期停留于捕捉地,仅有3只表现出较远距离的运动,其中1只（编号：2647）顺利返回至传统分布地。采用动态布朗桥模型计算2647号个体到达传统分布地后的活动区,并对其空间运动规律以及栖息地利用进行了分析。2647号钳嘴鹳于2018年8月29日离开我国云南蒙自向西南方向迁移,途经越南和老挝,于9月16日到达泰国中部的程逸地区,飞行实际距离775.06 km,历时18 d。在程逸停留95 d后,于2018年12月19日离开,沿老挝和泰国的界河——湄公河向东进行游荡式活动,2019年3月6日在越南的义安省消失,该段飞行实际距离620.16 km,历时79 d。2647号钳嘴鹳迁移期间均在日间飞行,夜间在森林中休息。在泰国程逸地区活动期间,活动区面积为304.32 km²,其中核心活动区为0.97 km²,占总活动区面积的3.2%;栖息地利用主要类型是耕地（79.72%）,其次为森林（16.83%）。本研究初步揭示了我国分布的钳嘴鹳和泰国、老挝以及越南间的空间联系,为进一步探究钳嘴鹳的分布和扩散规律提供了基础资料。     

四种利用不同生境蜥蜴运动能力的形态特征相关性

动物体态特征、功能表现和生境利用之间是否存在相关性是当前生态形态学领域的一个研究焦点。在实验室条件下测定分别利用开阔地面、草丛、岩石、树丛生境的 4种蜥蜴 (中国石龙子、北草蜥、山地麻蜥和变色树蜥 )的形态特征和运动能力 ,着重探讨蜥蜴运动能力与形态特征之间的相关性。 4种蜥蜴的头体长大小依次为 :中国石龙子 >变色树蜥 >北草蜥 >山地麻蜥。就相对体长而言 ,中国石龙子 >山地麻蜥和北草蜥 >变色树蜥 ,而头大小、附肢长度和尾长的种间差异趋势则相反 ;体高的种间差异为北草蜥 >中国石龙子和变色树蜥 >山地麻蜥。在平面上 ,山地麻蜥和北草蜥的速度显著大于中国石龙子和变色树蜥 ;在斜面上 ,变色树蜥和山地麻蜥的速度显著高于中国石龙子。变色树蜥斜面附着能力最强 ,中国石龙子最弱。生境利用不同的蜥蜴形态迥异 ,运动能力亦因此有显著的差异。本研究结果支持动物形态特征与其功能表现相关的观点。     

基于生境可获得性的完达山地区马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)冬季生境选择

于2004～2005年冬季研究了完达山地区马鹿的生境利用和选择。在野外调查的基础上,获取了研究地区马鹿种群水平上的生境利用数据;利用地理信息系统和遥感技术,从区域尺度上测度了各类生境因子的可获得性。通过比较被利用生境与可获得生境,测度了马鹿冬季对各类生境或生态因子的选择。结果表明,马鹿对植被类型、海拔、坡向、NDVI等级、到公路距离表现出非比例利用,对坡度的利用与其可获得性则没有显著性差异。马鹿选择采伐迹地,低郁闭度生境（第2、3NDVI等级）,200～300m海拔区间,南坡,距离公路600～700m的区间。马鹿采食生境和卧息生境对各类因子具有不同的选择性,表现出不同功能生境分离的特征。对于采食生境,马鹿选择采伐迹地、阔叶疏林,低郁闭度（第2、3NDVI等级）,南坡;对于卧息生境,马鹿仅选择采伐迹地,低郁闭度（第2、3、4NDVI等级）。根据马鹿活动样点的出现与否,建立了马鹿冬季生境选择的逻辑斯谛回归模型。模型回判结果表明,该模型对马鹿活动样方与对照样方的总体正确预测率为74．4％,对马鹿活动样方的正确预测率为84．2％,对对照样方的正确预测率为62．4％,能够较好的预测生境利用概率。     

Interactions between land use,habitat use,and population increase in greater snow geese: what are the consequences for natural wetlands?

The North American greater snow goose population has increased dramatically during the last 40 years. We evaluated whether refuge creation, changes in land use on the wintering and staging grounds, and climate warming have contributed to this expansion by affecting the distribution, habitat use, body condition, and migration phenology of birds. We also reviewed the effects of the increasing population on marshes on the wintering grounds, along the migratory routes and on the tundra in summer. Refuges established before 1970 may have contributed to the initial demographic increase. The most important change, however, was the switch from a diet entirely based on marsh plants in spring and winter (rhizomes of Scirpus/Spartina) to one dominated by crops (corn/young grass shoots) during the 1970s and 1980s. Geese now winter further north along the US Atlantic coast, leading to reduced hunting mortality. Their migratory routes now include portions of southwestern Québec where corn production has increased exponentially. Since the mid‐1960s, average temperatures have increased by 1–2.4°C throughout the geographic range of geese, which may have contributed to the northward shift in wintering range and an earlier migration in spring. Access to spilled corn in spring improved fat reserves upon departure for the Arctic and may have contributed to a high fecundity. The population increase has led to intense grazing of natural wetlands used by geese although these habitats are still largely undamaged. The foraging in fields allowed the population to exceed limits imposed by natural marshes in winter and spring, but also prevented permanent damage because of their overgrazing.     

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) during winter in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) were studied during winter of 2001∼2002 and 2002∼2003 in the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province. Results from five individuals of Reeves’s pheasant with over 30 relocations, indicated that the average size of home range was 10.03 ± 1.17 hm² by Minimum Convex Polygon method, 8.60 ± 0.35 hm² by 90% Harmonic Mean Transformation method, and 9.50 ± 1.90 hm² by 95% Fixed Kernel method. It was observed that the winter range is smaller than that in the breeding season. The mean core area of the home range was found to be 1.88 ± 0.37 hm². Although the habitat composition of the core area varied greatly for individuals, a large part of the habitats used were composed of confier and broadleaf mixed forests, masson pine forests, fir forests, and shrubs. Habitat use within the study area was non-random, while habitats within home ranges were randomly used. Habitat use was dictated by tree diameter at breast height, shrub height and coverage at 2.0 m. The proximity between forests and shrubs were also found to be important in providing refuge for the birds during winter. Recommendations for conservation management include protecting the existing habitats in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, increasing suitable habitat for Reeves’s Pheasant through artificial plantations (e.g. firs), and restoring some parts of the large shrub area into forests. __________ Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2005, 13 (5) [译自: 生物多样性, 2005,13(5)]     

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves's Pheasant(Symaticus reevesii)during winter in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan Province,China

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves's Pheasant(syrmaticus reevesii)were studied during winter of 2001～2002 and 2002～2003 in the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan Province.Results from five individuals of Reeves's Pheasant with over 30 relocations,indicated that the average size of home range was 10.03±1.17 hm2 by Minimum Convex Polygon method.8.60±0.35 hm2 by 90% Harmonic Mean Transformation method,and 9.50±1.90 hm2 by 95% Fixed Kernel method.It was observed that the winter range is smaller than that in the breeding season.The mean core area of the home range was found to be 1.88±0.37 hm2.Although the habitat composition of the core area varied greatly for individuals,a large part of the habitats used were composed of conifer and broadleaf mixed forests,masson pine forests,fir forests,and shrubs.Habitat use within the study area was non-random,while habitats within home ranges were randomly used.Habitat use was dictated by tree diameter at breast height,shrub height and coverage at 2.0 m.The proximity between forests and shrubs were also found to be important in providing refuge for the birds during winter.Recommendations for conservation management include protecting the existing habitats in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,increasing suitable habitat for Reeves's Pheasant through artificial plantations(e.g.firs),and restoring some parts of the large shrub area into forests.     

Space use of the spotted sand lizard (Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata) under different degradation states

Although the effects of grazing-induced savannah degradation on animal diversity are well documented, knowledge of how they affect space use or responding behaviour remains poor. In this study, we analysed space use of the spotted sand lizard ( Pedioplanis l. lineoocellata ) in degraded versus nondegraded habitats of southern Kalahari savannah habitats. Lizards were radio tracked, daily movement distances recorded and home range sizes calculated. In degraded Kalahari savannah habitats where plant diversity and perennial grass cover are low but shrub cover high, P. lineoocellata moves larger distances (40.88 ± 6.42 m versus 27.43 ± 5.08 m) and occupies larger home ranges (646.64 ± 244.84 m² versus 209.15 ± 109.84 m²) than in nondegraded habitats (high plant diversity, high perennial grass cover and low shrub cover). We assume that this increase in daily movement distances and home range sizes is a behavioural plasticity to limited food resources in degraded savannah habitats. Although P. lineoocellata is able to adjust to resource-poor savannah habitats, the increase in the lizard's movement activities is likely to result in a higher predation risk. This is supported by the lower availability of protective vegetation i.e. perennial grass cover. Hence, we conclude that despite behavioural plasticity of P. lineoocellata , overgrazing has a severe negative impact on the space use of P. lineoocellata .     

白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区与栖息地利用研究

2001年和2002年冬季,利用无线电遥测技术在河南董寨国家级自然保护区内对白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticusreevesii)雄鸟的冬季活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。对遥测位点超过30个的5只雄性个体的研究表明,白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区面积为10.03±1.17hm2(最小凸多边形法,MCP)、8.60±0.35hm2(90%调和平均转换法,90%HMT)和9.50±1.90hm2(95%固定核法,95%FK),明显小于其繁殖期的活动区面积。核心区面积为1.88±0.37hm2。核心区的栖息地组成在个体间变化较大,但主要是针阔混交林、松林、杉木林和灌丛。在研究区尺度上,白冠长尾雉雄鸟对栖息地有明显的选择性,但在活动区内则是随机利用栖息地。乔木胸径、灌木高度、2.0m层盖度及灌丛与森林的距离对雄性白冠长尾雉冬季的栖息地选择有重要影响。根据本项研究结果,我们建议在白冠长尾雉的栖息地管理中首先应加强对现存栖息地的保护,同时应通过适当的造林来扩大栖息地面积,此外还要注意对大面积的现有灌丛进行改造。