RNA沉默抑制子p19调控细胞周期相关蛋白表达

番茄丛矮病毒的P19蛋白不仅是一个重要的病毒致病因子,而且还可作为RNA干扰(RNAi)的抑制子．这种作用是通过限制细胞内的小RNA,比如小干扰RNA(siRNAs)和微RNA(miRNAs)来实现．但是目前对P19蛋白在哺乳动物细胞上的作用还未见报道．构建了一株p19稳定表达的293细胞系,即293-p19．流式细胞仪分析发现在293细胞中过量表达P19蛋白可显著引发细胞周期的G2/M阻滞．细胞增殖实验显示,293-p19细胞的DNA复制及细胞生长均受到显著的抑制． 此外,研究还发现p19可使人胚肾293细胞内的细胞周期调控子的表达谱发生改变． 其中包括上调cyclin A1,CDK2,CDK4,CDK6,p18,cyclin D2,p19INK4d和E2F1,及下调p15,cyclin A,cyclin B1和cyclin E1的表达．上述研究结果提示,p19有可能靶向多个G2/M调控蛋白从而引发细胞的G2/M阻滞．     

过表达UHRF2通过上调p53及p21表达引起HEK293细胞G1期阻滞

UHRF2（ubiquitin like with PHD and ring finger domains 2）是新近发现的具有多个结构域的核蛋白,在细胞周期调控和表观遗传学中发挥重要作用．近期研究提示,UHRF2是肿瘤抑制蛋白p53的1个E3连接酶,在体内外能与p53相互结合并促进其泛素化,过表达UHRF2能使细胞周期停滞于G1期．然而,UHRF2介导的G1期阻滞及其与p53联系尚不清楚．通过共转染UHRF2质粒及p53特异性小干扰RNA(siRNAs)到HEK293细胞构建细胞模型,探索UHRF2引起细胞周期停滞与p53之间的关系．结果显示,UHRF2能促进HEK293细胞中p53的稳定,从而引起p21 (CIP1/WAF1)基因表达,并使细胞周期停滞于G1期;但在siRNA抑制p53的表达后p21(CIP1/WAF1)表达降低,UHRF2引起的细胞周期阻滞消除．研究结果提示,UHRF2可通过稳定p53,上调p21的表达,从而介导细胞周期阻滞于G1期;同时UHRF2可能参与细胞周期调控及DNA损伤反应（DNA damage response, DDR）．UHRF2稳定p53的具体分子机制及其在DDR中的作用有待进一步研究证明．     

PTEN基因诱导人胚肾293细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞

为了研究抑癌基因PTEN过表达对HEK293细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞的作用,以野生型PTEN和PTEN突变子(T910G)表达质粒分别转染无PTEN表达的人胚肾293细胞,采用细胞质梯度DNA方法检测细胞凋亡,以流式细胞仪分析细胞周期.发现PTEN过表达能够诱导人胚肾293细胞质中出现梯度DNA,293细胞发生凋亡,PTEN过表达改变细胞周期分布,G0/G1期细胞增加13%,S期细胞下降15%.PTEN突变子对细胞凋亡和G1细胞停滞的影响略弱于野生型PTEN.PTEN基因过表达明显下调血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)诱导的蛋白激酶B(PKB)和p42,p44-促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)磷酸化水平,PTEN突变子对p42,p44-MAPK磷酸化水平的调节作用略弱于野生型PTEN.PTEN通过抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡而影响细胞生长.     

T型钙通道α1G亚单位在细胞增殖中的功能研究

利用稳定过表达人类T型钙通道α_(1G)亚单位的HEK-293细胞研究了T型钙通道在细胞增殖中的作用。RT-PCR和标准全细胞膜片钳记录分别从mRNA转录水平和T型钙通道蛋白功能水平验证了α_(1G)单位的过表达的实现。生长曲线表明,T型钙通道α_(1G)亚单位的过表达能显著促进细胞增殖,HEKα_(1G)~+细胞的细胞群体倍增时间(13.7±0.3h)比对照HEK-293细胞的细胞群体倍增时间(22.1±1.1h)缩短了约8h;流式细胞分析结果也与此吻合,在稳定过表达了人类T型钙通道α_(1G)亚单位的细胞处于S期的细胞百分率比对照HEK-293细胞高,相反地处于G_0/G_1期的百分率比对照HEK-293细胞低,以上结果证明过表达T型钙通道α_(1G)亚单位能促进细胞增殖;T型钙通道特异性阻断剂mibefradil抑制HEKα_(1G)~+细胞增殖,IC_(50)为3.5/μmol/L,表明在HEK-293细胞过表达T型钙通道对细胞增殖的促进作用可以被T型钙通道特异性阻断剂mibefradil抑制,这就进一步证明了T型钙通道在促进细胞增殖方面的直接作用。Western杂交结果提示了T型钙通道α_(1G)亚单位的表达是通过某种信号途径提高了与细胞周期有关的蛋白质,cyclin A、cyclin E和CDK2的表达水平,从而刺激了细胞周期的进程。本研究有助于理解细胞增殖的机制并为开发治疗与细胞增殖异常有关疾病的新药提供了理论依据。     

诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长代谢的影响

目的：研究诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长和代谢的影响。方法：将pTet—on载体和响应于Dox的p27诱导表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,随机挑选单克隆细胞株。以细胞周期分布和活细胞密度为主要观察指标,考察稳定转染的细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞生长;以Qglc、Qlac和Qgln为主要观察指标,考察转染细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞代谢。结：p27基因的表达使HEK293细胞的增殖速度显著降低,G1期细胞比例显著升高,葡萄糖消耗和乳酸生产减少。结论：诱导表达p27基因是对HEK293细胞进行G1期阻滞的一种有效策略。     

诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长代谢的影响

目的:研究诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长和代谢的影响。方法:将pTet-on载体和响应于Dox的p27诱导表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,随机挑选单克隆细胞株。以细胞周期分布和活细胞密度为主要观察指标,考察稳定转染的细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞生长;以Qglc、Qlac和Qgln为主要观察指标,考察转染细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞代谢。结果:p27基因的表达使HEK293细胞的增殖速度显著降低,G1期细胞比例显著升高,葡萄糖消耗和乳酸生产减少。结论:诱导表达p27基因是对HEK293细胞进行G1期阻滞的一种有效策略。     

PTEN基因诱导人胚肾293细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞

为了研究抑癌基因PTEN过表达对HEK293细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞的作用,以野生型PTEN和PTEN突变子(T910G)表达质粒分别转染无PTEN表达的人胚肾293细胞,采用细胞质梯度DNA方法检测细胞凋亡,以流式细胞仪分析细胞周期.发现PTEN过表达能够诱导人胚肾293细胞质中出现梯度DNA,293细胞发生凋亡,PTEN过表达改变细胞周期分布,G0/G1期细胞增加13%,S期细胞下降15%.PTEN突变子对细胞凋亡和G1细胞停滞的影响略弱于野生型PTEN.PTEN基因过表达明显下调血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)诱导的蛋白激酶B(PKB)和p42,p44-促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)磷酸化水平,PTEN突变子对p42,p44-MAPK磷酸化水平的调节作用略弱于野生型PTEN.PTEN通过抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡而影响细胞生长.     

人CDK9基因真核表达及其与TP53蛋白的相互作用

[目的]构建细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶9(CDK9)的真核表达载体pEnter-CDK9-His,利用HEK 293T真核表达系统表达CDK9蛋白并验证其与TP53蛋白之间的相互作用。[方法]利用聚合酶链反应从Hela细胞中扩增出CDK9靶基因序列,并将扩增出的CDK9基因片段通过无缝克隆技术克隆至pEnter载体上,经过PCR和一代测序验证插入位置正确且无突变后转染至人胚肾HEK 293T细胞,利用GST-pulldown技术检测本研究所表达的CDK9蛋白与TP53蛋白之间的相互作用。[结果]重组质粒pEnter-CDK9-His的插入基因序列与目的序列完全一致,蛋白免疫印迹检测到融合蛋白表达; GST-pulldown实验证实了CDK9蛋白与TP53蛋白存在直接的相互作用。[结论]成功构建了人CDK9基因的真核表达载体pEnter-CDK9-His,证实了所表达的CDK9融合蛋白与TP53蛋白存在着直接的相互作用,具有一定的生物学功能,为进一步研究CDK9和TP53在肿瘤发生发展以及治疗过程中发挥的功能奠定了基础。     

高氧胁迫下Peroxiredoxin2蛋白的细胞保护作用的研究

衰老和凋亡是细胞的两个重要生理过程,一直以来都是细胞生物学领域研究的热点。Peroxiredoxin 2(Prdx2)蛋白是过氧化物酶的其中一个亚型,分布于细胞质中。为了研究它在高氧条件诱导的细胞衰老及凋亡中的保护作用,我们分别将大鼠来源的Prdx2基因转染进人间充质干细胞(Human mesenchymal stem cells,hMSCs)和HEK293T细胞中,并建立了稳定表达Prdx2蛋白的HEK293T细胞系,利用SA-β-gal染色(Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase Assay)、TUNEL染色及磷酸化p53蛋白的免疫印迹来检测高氧处理后细胞的衰老和凋亡情况。实验结果表明,高氧处理细胞后,转染了Prdx2的hMSCs和HEK293T细胞其衰老和凋亡率与对照组相比都有较为明显的减少,暗示Prdx2蛋白在细胞抵抗氧化损伤中发挥了重要作用。     

刺五加多糖诱导人小细胞肺癌H446 细胞凋亡

研究刺五加多糖(Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide,ASPS)诱导H446细胞凋亡及其可能的作用机制.采用MTT法检测ASPS对小细胞肺癌H446细胞增殖的抑制作用;Hoechst 33258染色和流式细胞技术检测经ASPS处理后H446细胞凋亡的形态特征及凋亡率的变化;West ern印迹方法检测凋亡相关基因bax、bcl-2、p53 表达的变化.MTT分析表明,ASPS作用48 h后可明显抑制H446细胞的增殖,半数抑制浓度(IC50值)为476.36 mg/ml;Hoechst 染色结果: H446细胞在ASPS诱导下出现典型的凋亡形态;流式细胞术检测结果显示: 对照组及浓度为240、480、960 mg/ml 药物处理组凋亡率分别是(5.02±0.4)%、(11.12±0.8)%、(19.89±0.5)%、(22.54±0.8)%;Western印迹显示: 在ASPS的诱导下bax、p53的表达量提高,而bcl-2的表达量下降.研究表明,ASPS对H446细胞增殖有抑制作用,并能促进其凋亡;ASPS通过上调bax、 p53表达,下调bcl-2表达促进H446细胞凋亡.     

Heterochromatin loss as a determinant of progerin‐induced DNA damage in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria is a premature aging syndrome caused by a truncated form of lamin A called progerin. Progerin expression results in a variety of cellular defects including heterochromatin loss, DNA damage, impaired proliferation and premature senescence. It remains unclear how these different progerin‐induced phenotypes are temporally and mechanistically linked. To address these questions, we use a doxycycline‐inducible system to restrict progerin expression to different stages of the cell cycle. We find that progerin expression leads to rapid and widespread loss of heterochromatin in G1‐arrested cells, without causing DNA damage. In contrast, progerin triggers DNA damage exclusively during late stages of DNA replication, when heterochromatin is normally replicated, and preferentially in cells that have lost heterochromatin. Importantly, removal of progerin from G1‐arrested cells restores heterochromatin levels and results in no permanent proliferative impediment. Taken together, these results delineate the chain of events that starts with progerin expression and ultimately results in premature senescence. Moreover, they provide a proof of principle that removal of progerin from quiescent cells restores heterochromatin levels and their proliferative capacity to normal levels.     

2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol can induce cell cycle arrest by blocking the hyper-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in benzo[a]pyrene-treated NIH3T3 cells

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is an environment carcinogen that can enhance cell proliferation by disturbing the signal transduction pathways in cell cycle regulation. In this study, the effects of 2M4VP on cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell cycle regulatory proteins were studied in BaP-treated NIH 3T3 cells to establish the molecular mechanisms of 2M4VP as anti-proliferative agents. 2M4VP exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on cell growth correlated with a G1 arrest. Analysis of G1 cell cycle regulators expression revealed 2M4VP increased expression of CDK inhibitor, p21Waf1/Cip1 and p15 INK4b, decreased expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and inhibited kinase activities of CDK4 and CDK2. However, 2M4VP did not affect the expression of CDK4 and CDK2. Also, 2M4VP inhibited the hyper-phosphorylation of Rb induced by BaP. Our results suggest that 2M4VP induce growth arrest of BaP-treated NIH 3T3 cells by blocking the hyper-phosphorylation of Rb via regulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins.     

过表达Grx1抑制HEK293T细胞中H2O2诱导的p38MAPK信号通路

谷氧还蛋白1（glutaredoxin1,Grx1）是细胞内一种重要的巯基 二硫键氧化还原酶,在细胞内氧化还原状态的调控及抵抗氧化应激损伤过程中发挥重要作用.为进一步探讨Grx1的抗氧化机制,本实验将重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-hGrx1瞬时转染HEK293T细胞,经RT-PCR和Western印迹验证,细胞转染后实现了Grx1的过表达;以不同浓度H₂O₂为损伤因素,建立细胞氧化应激模型,检测过表达Grx1后细胞存活率,丙二醛（MDA）含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出率的变化,观察过表达Grx1后细胞的抗氧化能力;用终浓度100 μmol/LH₂O₂作用于细胞,利用Western 印迹检测120 min内HEK293T细胞中p38MAPK磷酸化水平.实验结果表明,HEK293T细胞过表达Grx1后,缓解了细胞的氧化应激损伤;转染空载体组细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平在H₂O₂刺激后5 min开始升高,15 min达到最高值,并可维持至120 min左右;而过表达Grx1组细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平在H₂O₂刺激后各时间段没有明显改变,提示Grx1通过抑制H₂O₂诱导的p38MAPK信号通路激活发挥其抗氧化作用.     

Knockdown of KDM2A inhibits proliferation associated with TGF-β expression in HEK293T cell

Lysine-specific demethylase 2A (KDM2A, also known as JHDM1A or FBXL11) plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation. However, the mechanisms on KDM2A controlling cell proliferation are varied among cell types, even controversial conclusions have been drawn. In order to elucidate the functions and underlying mechanisms for KDM2A controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis, we screened a KDM2A knockout HEK293T cell lines by CRISPR–Cas9 to illustrate the effects of KDM2A on both biological process. The results indicate that knocking down expression of KDM2A can significantly weaken HEK293T cell proliferation. The cell cycle analysis via flow cytometry demonstrate that knockdown expression of KDM2A will lead more cells arrested at G2/M phase. Through the RNA-seq analysis of the differential expressed genes between KDM2A knockdown HEK293T cells and wild type, we screened out that TGF-β pathway was significantly downregulated in KDM2A knockdown cells, which indicates that TGF-β signaling pathway might be the downstream target of KDM2A to regulate cell proliferation. When the KDM2A knockdown HEK293T cells were transient-transfected with KDM2A overexpression plasmid or treated by TGF-β agonist hydrochloride, the cell proliferation levels can be partial or completely rescued. However, the TGF-β inhibitor LY2109761 can significantly inhibit the KDM2A WT cells proliferation, but not the KDM2A knockdown HEK293T cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that KDM2A might be a key regulator of cell proliferation and cell cycle via impacting TGF-β signaling pathway.

     

Negative regulation of p21 by beta-catenin/TCF signaling: a novel mechanism by which cell adhesion molecules regulate cell proliferation

Cell proliferation is regulated in part by cell-cell interactions mediated by cadherin and connexin. Here we present evidence that these two molecules act synergistically to suppress HEK293 cell proliferation by prolonging the G2/M phase. This event was accompanied by expression of p21, a potent Cdc2 kinase inhibitor. Not surprisingly, there was a concomitant decline in Cdc2 kinase activity. beta-Catenin/TCF signaling, which was downregulated by overexpression of N-cadherin, was found to inhibit transactivation of p21 gene expression. The effect of N-cadherin on cell proliferation and p21 expression was augmented by co-expression of connexin-43. Moreover, the magnitude of the connexin's effect was dependent on its ability to mediate intercellular communication. We conclude, therefore, that two major components of cell-cell interaction synergistically regulate cell cycle progression in HEK293 cells by regulating p21 expression in a beta-catenin/TCF-dependent manner.     

Transcriptional Profiling and Dynamical Regulation Analysis Identify Potential Kernel Target Genes of SCYL1-BP1 in HEK293T Cells

SCYL1-BP1 is thought to function in the p53 pathway through Mdm2 and hPirh2, and mutations in SCYL1-BP1 are associated with premature aging syndromes such as Geroderma Osteodysplasticum; however, these mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report significant alterations in miRNA expression levels when SCYL1-BP1 expression was inhibited by RNA interference in HEK293T cells. We functionally characterized the effects of potential kernel miRNA-target genes by miRNA-target network and protein-protein interaction network analysis. Importantly, we showed the diminished SCYL1-BP1 dramatically reduced the expression levels of EEA1, BMPR2 and BRCA2 in HEK293T cells. Thus, we infer that SCYL1-BP1 plays a critical function in HEK293T cell development and directly regulates miRNA-target genes, including, but not limited to, EEA1, BMPR2, and BRCA2, suggesting a new strategy for investigating the molecular mechanism of SCYL1-BP1.