新薛河溪流生境底栖动物群落结构季节动态

明确底栖动物在时空尺度上的自然变化规律对有效评估和保护水生态系统十分重要。基于2012年季节调查数据,对新薛河典型生境底栖动物群落季节动态进行了研究。共鉴定底栖动物108种,隶属5门10纲74属。短脉纹石蛾、长钝直突摇蚊、拟长跗摇蚊、Neozarelia sp.为研究区域优势分类单元,相对丰度分别为25.1%、9.8%、9.0%、8.6%;各季节间优势分类单元组成差异较大,3个季度共同优势物种仅短脉纹石蛾1种。密度、物种丰度、香农指数表现为4月和12月显著高于10月;均匀度指数10月份最高。非度量多维标度排序表明,不同季节底栖动物群落结构差异显著;对照河段(D河段)群落结构季节间差异相对较小。指示物种法分离出了新薛河及各河段代表性物种41种,但B河段未分离出指示物种;双向聚类分析进一步明确了指示物种的指示属性(特有或者相对丰度最高)。     

长白山源头溪流底栖动物生活型及群落结构的时空特征

底栖动物是山地溪流生态系统的关键生物类群, 其群落组成结构与时空分布在很大程度上依赖于组成物种的生活型以及生活型构成。为认识我国高纬度地区山区底栖动物群落结构与环境的关系, 以长白山龙湾自然保护区的典型源头溪流为对象, 在春、夏、秋三个季节对五个断面进行定量样品采集, 结合溪流生境信息初步分析了源头溪流中不同生活型底栖动物的分布以及时空动态。共采集到底栖动物4525头, 隶属于5纲11目35科82属, 其中水生昆虫以78属占有绝对优势, 优势种类包括Oulimnius属一种、直突摇蚊亚科一种(Orthocladiinae sp.)、Podmosta属一种、纹石蛾一种(Hydropsyche sp)、弓石蛾一种(Arctopsyche sp.)和钩虾属一种(Gammarus sp.); 底栖动物的生活型相对丰度表现为固着型最高, 其次为蔓生型和穴居型, 游泳型最少, 分别为50%、25%、17%和8%; 人为活动显著降低了底栖动物的密度、多样性和物种丰富度, 其中固着型和蔓生型底栖动物反应最为敏感。因此, 在源头溪流, 人为干扰对底栖动物群落结构影响显著, 生活型组成较物种组成对干扰的响应更为敏感。      

永定河流域大型底栖动物群落分布格局及其影响因子

人类干扰造成了全球河流生态系统的普遍退化。流域尺度的水生生物分布特征及其影响因素研究对于河流生态系统的保护与恢复具有重要意义。本研究以永定河流域大型底栖动物群落为研究对象,分别于2017年春季(3月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(11月)开展全流域尺度的大型底栖动物调查。研究表明: 永定河流域以摇蚊科为主,优势类群包括直突摇蚊属、摇蚊属、雕翅摇蚊属以及多足摇蚊属。聚类分析表明,大型底栖动物群落结构存在显著的空间差异性,按照群落相似性可分为2组: 组1主要包含桑干河和东洋河水系,以直突摇蚊为主要优势种;组2主要包含洋河、妫水河以及永定河干流部分河段,以雕翅摇蚊为主要优势种。单因素方差分析表明,组2生物量、Shannon指数、Margalef指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及物种丰富度均显著高于组1,指示了该区域内更好的生态状况。大型底栖动物的季节差异显著,夏季的密度、生物量和各多样性指数均显著低于春季和秋季。典范对应分析显示,影响永定河大型底栖动物空间分布的环境因子主要包括水温、铵氮、pH、溶解氧和总磷。从水文因子的角度,流量和流速与主要生物参数存在显著相关性。组2中流速和流量与大型底栖动物密度和EPT%存在显著的正相关关系,表明急流生境有利于EPT(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)敏感类群的生存;但流量和流速与多样性指数呈负相关关系,表明过高流量和流速的生境条件不利于大型底栖动物多样性的维持。总之,水环境因子、水文因子都显示出了对大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性特征的影响,表明永定河流域生态系统受到多类型人为活动的影响。减少水质污染、适度恢复部分河段的流量是永定河流域生态系统修复的重要环节。     

广西北海西村港互花米草对红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响, 作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样, 按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异, 探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种, 隶属于5门7纲15科, 其中互花米草群落10种, 红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增, 导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地; 除个别月份外, 红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境-采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著; 两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著; 大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明, 互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子, 而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析结果表明, 红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之, 在西村港地区, 互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量, 但由于优势物种的凸显, 显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性, 且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见, 互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。     

拉萨河流域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2017年8月对拉萨河流域23个采样点的底栖动物群落和环境因子特征进行了调查,采集到大型底栖动物41属(种),其中水生昆虫35属(种),占85.4%;软体动物2属(种),占4.9%;环节动物3属(种),占7.3%;线形动物1属(种),占2.4%。各点位平均物种数为8种,优势种组成差别较大,优势种主要有四节蜉属(Baetis spp.)、大蚊属(Tipula sp.)、纹石蛾属(Hydopsychesp.)、短石蛾属(Brachycentrus sp.)、水丝蚓属(Limnodrilus sp.)、摇蚊属(Chironomus sp.)等,各采样点底栖动物平均密度为362只/m2。运用生物多样性指数分析底栖动物的群落结构,Marglef丰富度指数、香农威纳指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为1.18、1.32和0.49,生物多样性指数水平较低。采用均匀度指数法和底栖动物BI指数法进行了水质评价,两种评价结果显示分别有30.3%和56.5%的采样点水质为中污染至重污染状态。典范对应分析结果表明:影响拉萨河流域底栖动物群落的主要环境因子是海拔、化学需氧量、硫化物、p H值、总磷和总氮。     

长江上游支流赤水河流域底栖动物物种多样性与保护对策

作为长江上游唯一未在干流建坝的一级支流和长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区的核心区,赤水河流域孕育和保护了极为丰富的底栖动物多样性。然而对赤水河底栖动物的了解仍不充分,缺乏涵盖整个流域的连续性、季节性的底栖动物调查。本研究于2019–2021年按季度开展4次调查,系统评估了赤水河水系底栖动物物种多样性,更新了物种名录,甄别出其驱动机制及受胁因素,并提出相应的保护对策。本次调查共记录底栖动物5门9纲22目86科186属209种。全流域优势种均为昆虫类,如蜉蝣属一种(Ephemera sp.)、扁蜉属一种(Heptagenia sp.)、河花蜉属一种(Polamanthus sp.)、四节蜉属一种(Baetis sp.)、潜水蝽科一种(Naucoridae sp.)和多足摇蚊属一种(Polypedilum sp.)。春季底栖动物的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均高于其他季节。上游的密度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均明显高于中下游。主坐标分析显示,不同季节和不同河段间底栖...     

新疆巩乃斯河枯、丰水期大型底栖动物群落结构与环境因子的关系

为探究新疆巩乃斯河的生态状况,团队先后在2018年10月(枯水期)和2019年6月(丰水期)对大型底栖动物群落和环境因子进行了调查,分析大型底栖动物群落结构、功能摄食类群、生活类型组成及其与环境因子的关系。研究河段共采集到大型底栖动物40种,隶属3门4纲8目27科,主要以节肢动物门为主,其中直突摇蚊亚科(Orthocladiinaespp.)、长跗摇蚊族(Tanytansinisp.)、四节蜉属(Baeitssp.)、亚美蜉属(Ameletussp.)和Cheilotrichiasp.是优势类群。经过分析发现枯、丰水期巩乃斯河大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著, T检验结果显示:枯水期大型底栖动物群落的生物密度和物种丰富度显著低于丰水期(P<0.05),两个时期大型底栖动物的生物多样性指数和均匀度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。巩乃斯河大型底栖动物功能摄食类群完整,枯、丰水期均以收集者为主;在生活类型方面,枯水期时固着型动物最相对丰度最大为43.20%,丰水期时蔓生型动物相对丰度最大为57.53%。经过对大型底栖动物和环境因子之间进行典范对应分析发现,水温是影响巩乃斯河大型底栖动物...     

底栖动物功能摄食类群对酸性矿山废水的响应

为研究底栖动物功能摄食类群对酸性矿山废水的响应机理及高岚河硫铁矿对香溪河生态环境的影响状况,2006年9月、11月及2007年1月、3月、5月、7月对高岚河3个河段12个样点(受损河段G1—G3、恢复河段G4—G8、对照河段D1—D4)底栖动物进行了调研,同时测定了各样点水体金属含量(Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn、Fe、Al、Ca和Mg)、pH值、电导、水温、总溶解性固体、盐度、溶氧、流速、水深、水面宽度等理化指标。对3个河段底栖动物群落功能摄食类群群落结构及理化指标进行了对比分析,结果表明,受酸性矿山废水的影响,受损河段金属含量及电导、总固体悬浮物明显高于对照河段和恢复河段,受损河段pH值显著低于其他河段;而对照河段和恢复河段各项理化指标不存在明显差异。共采集底栖动物213种,隶属7纲,59科,四节蜉(Baetis sp.)、侧枝纹石蛾(Ceratopsyche sp.)、锯形蜉(Serratella sp.)和扁蜉(Heptagenia sp.)为研究区域优势类群;功能摄食类群相对丰度收集者最大,刮食者和滤食者次之,捕食者和撕食者最小,分别为48.8%、20.6%、17.0%、9.0%、4.7%。受损河段底栖动物各功能摄食类群密度和生物多样性指数明显低于对照河段和恢复河段,且组成相对单一;刮食者对酸性矿山废水反应最为敏感。非度量多维标度排序和多响应置换过程分析表明,受损河段底栖动物各功能摄食类群群落结构同对照河段和恢复河段存在较大差异,而对照河段和恢复河段群落结构相似性较高。典型对应分析发现,矿山酸性废水的排放是影响底栖动物功能摄食类群分布的主要因素。     

雅鲁藏布江中下游底栖动物物种多样性及其影响因素

雅鲁藏布江流域维系着丰富而独特的生物资源, 是全球生物多样性研究的热点区域。然而, 该流域底栖动物多样性的调查却极不充分。本文于2015年10月和2016年3月对雅鲁藏布江干流(朗县至墨脱段)和主要支流的底栖动物进行了调查, 并采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis)等对群落多样性格局进行解析。共采集到底栖动物270种, 隶属于5门8纲20目92科, 包括昆虫纲246种, 寡毛纲14种, 腹足纲4种, 其他动物6种。春季和秋季分别采集到底栖动物184种和214种, 优势种均以喜清洁和冷水的水生昆虫为主, 包括四节蜉属一种(Baetis sp.)、花翅蜉属一种(Baetiella sp.)、蚋属一种(Simulium sp.)、小突摇蚊属一种(Micropsetra sp.)和短石蛾属一种(Brachycentrus sp.)等。全流域平均密度为939.1 ind./m²,sp.)等。平均生物量为5.44 g/m²。底栖动物的物种组成、密度和多样性在季节和区域之间存在一定差异, 支流的多样性显著高于干流。典范对应分析显示, 海拔、流速、河宽和底质类型等环境因子是影响雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物群落结构的关键环境因素, 而大峡谷地区多变的气候类型和地理阻隔是造成群落变化的根本原因。本研究可为雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物多样性评估和环境监测提供重要的基础和参考。     

长江口新生湿地大型底栖动物群落时空变化格局

为了解长江口新生湿地大型底栖动物时空变化格局,2004年11月—2005年10月对九段沙湿地的3个沙洲以及各主要生境进行了调查。结果表明:九段沙湿地大型底栖动物密度和生物量均呈春季最高,夏、秋季下降,秋季末和冬季回升的趋势,整体生物多样性水平较低,分布不均匀。夏季上沙和中沙底栖动物密度存在显著差异,四季生物密度和生物量空间梯度为下沙>上沙>中沙。由物种组成分析可知,九段沙湿地大型底栖动物群落时空变化与优势种的消长有关。各季海三棱藨草带和藨草带底栖动物密度和生物量最高,芦苇和互花米草次之,光滩区域最低,且群落季节波动大。外来物种互花米草生境下底栖动物群落特征与土著种芦苇生境下无显著差异。     

施肥和杂草多样性对土壤微生物群落的影响

常年使用化肥和除草剂以及农业新技术的高投入,使我国粮食主产区耕地出现了生产力降低、土壤生物多样性失调和污染严重等生态问题。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法来评估施肥和杂草多样性对冬小麦土壤微生物群落结构的影响。实验采用裂区实验设计,施肥作为主因素,杂草多样性作为次因素。化肥和有机肥两个施肥处理,在两个施肥处理中进行杂草多样性设置,实验盆中心种植作物(冬小麦8株),四周种植杂草(8株),杂草种类选择野燕麦、苜蓿、菊苣、播娘蒿。杂草多样性处理设为0、1、2、4种杂草处理,0种杂草处理仅种植作物,有6盆;1种杂草处理为每盆种1种杂草,有12盆;2种杂草处理为每盆种两种杂草,有12盆;4种杂草处理为每盆种4种杂草,有6盆。结果表明:在两种施肥处理中,增加杂草多样性显著增加了土壤碳氮比和p H值,碳氮比都是在4种杂草处理中最高。施化肥处理中,增加杂草多样性显著影响真菌和细菌比,真菌和细菌比在4种杂草处理中最大,显著高于0、1、2种杂草处理。在施有机肥处理中,增加杂草多样性显著影响阳性菌和阴性菌比,阳性菌和阴性菌比在0种杂草处理中最低,显著低于1、2、4种杂草处理。在两个施肥处理中,土壤碳氮比与各类群微生物量显著相关,杂草多样性通过改变土壤碳氮比改变微生物群落构成,并且微生物群落结构转变方式不同。     

The invasive green alga Avrainvillea sp. transforms native epifauna and algal communities on a tropical hard substrate reef

Some introduced species compete directly with native species for resources and their spread can alter communities, while others do not proliferate and remain benign. This study compares community structure and diversity in adjacent areas dominated by the introduced alga Avrainvillea sp. or native algal species on a hard substrate reef. The biomass and species composition of 15 paired plots (30 in total, plot type based on dominance of Avrainvillea sp. or native species) were quantified. Plots dominated by Avrainvillea sp. had a significantly different assemblage of species characterized by lower algal diversity, mostly Dictyota spp. and Laurencia sp., and a higher abundance and diversity of invertebrates, such as small arthropods, polychaetes, and brittlestars. These results suggest that as Avrainvillea sp. becomes more abundant on hard substrate reefs, it will engineer a different community composed of algal epiphytes and an invertebrate assemblage more typically associated with algae in soft sediments.     

Two coexisting tank bromeliads host distinct algal communities on a tropical inselberg

The tank bromeliads Aechmea aquilega (Salisb.) and Catopsis berteroniana (Schultes f.) coexist on a sun‐exposed Neotropical inselberg in French Guiana, where they permit conspicuous freshwater pools to form that differ in size, complexity and detritus content. We sampled the algal communities (both eukaryotic and cyanobacterial taxa, including colourless forms) inhabiting either A. aquilega (n = 31) or C. berteroniana (n = 30) and examined differences in community composition and biomass patterns in relation to several biotic and abiotic variables. Chlorella sp. and Bumilleriopsis sp. were the most common taxa and dominated the algal biomass in A. aquilega and C. berteroniana, respectively. Using a redundancy analysis, we found that water volume, habitat complexity and the density of phagotrophic protozoa and collector‐gatherer invertebrates were the main factors explaining the distribution of the algal taxa among the samples. Hierarchical clustering procedures based on abundance and presence/absence data clearly segregated the samples according to bromeliad species, revealing that the algal communities in the smaller bromeliad species were not a subset of the communities found in the larger bromeliad species. We conclude that, even though two coexisting tank bromeliad populations create adjacent aquatic habitats, each population hosts a distinct algal community. Hence, bromeliad diversity is thought to promote the local diversity of freshwater algae in the Neotropics.     

Variation in the structure of epifaunal invertebrate assemblages among coral hosts

The high biodiversity of coral reefs is attributable to the many invertebrate groups which live in symbiotic relationships with other reef organisms, particularly those which associate with the living coral habitat. However, few studies have examined the diversity and community structure of coral-dwelling invertebrates and how they vary among coral species. This study quantified the species richness and composition of animals associated with four common species of branching corals (Acropora nasuta, A. millepora, Pocillopora damicornis, and Seriatopora hystrix) at Lizard Island in the northern Great Barrier Reef. One hundred and seventy-eight nominal species from 12 different phyla were extracted across 50 replicate colonies of each coral host. A single coral colony, approximately 20 cm in diameter, harbored as many as 73 individuals and 24 species. There were substantial differences in invertebrate species composition among coral hosts of different families as well as genera. Twenty-seven species (15% of all taxa collected) were found on only one of the four different coral species, which may potentially indicate some level of specialization among coral hosts. The distinct assemblages on different coral species, and the presence of potential specialists, suggests invertebrate communities will be sensitive to the differential loss of branching coral species resulting from coral reef degradation.     

江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构及功能多样性分析

为了解江西柘林水库鱼类群落结构和多样性的时空变化特征,研究鱼类物种多样性和功能多样性的关系,于2020年9月至2021年4月在该水库调查分析了鱼类物种组成、优势度及群落物种多样性和功能多样性。结果表明,共采集鱼类53种,分属于5目12科36属。其中,鲤形目(38种)种类最多,占调查物种数的71.69%,柘林水库上、中、下游库区分别采集到鱼类36、40和32种,各库区均以鲤形目鱼类为主,分别占采集物种数的72.97%、85.00%和75.00%。优势物种主要是■(Hemiculter leucisculus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi),重要种主要是草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蒙古红鲌(Erythroculter mongolicus)等。鱼类群落结构季节性差异大于空间格局差异,主要表现为秋季和冬季之间;生物多样性指数Margalef和功能丰富...     

Diversity and composition of macrobenthic community associated with sandy shoals of the Louisiana continental shelf

Along the Louisiana, USA continental shelf, sandy shoals are shallow, possibly oxygen-rich “islands” surrounded by deeper muddy deposits prone to hypoxia. Shoals also contain significant quantities of fine sand that may be mined in the future for coastal restoration. The ecological role of shoals remains poorly understood and we hypothesized that shoals provide critical habitat for benthic invertebrates. Using Ship Shoal as a model system, we assessed the diversity and structure of macrobenthic assemblages and how community structure varies with season and environmental parameters. High biomass (averaging 26.7 g m⁻²) and high diversity (161 species) of macrobenthos was found in 2006. Polychaetes (45%—72 species) and crustaceans comprised most of the species (28%—46 species); spionids and amphipods dominated the polychaete and crustacean groups respectively, both in terms of number of species and abundances. Sharp decreases in diversity, abundance and biomass occurred from spring to autumn. Species diversity and total abundance significantly increased with decreasing sediment grain size and increasing bottom water dissolved oxygen. Across seasons, mole crabs Albunea paretii and amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae typified the community and contributed most of the biomass. The polychaetes Nephtys simoni, Neanthes micromma, Dispio uncinata, Mediomastus californiensis and Magelona sp. A, the amphipod Acanthohautorius sp. A and the burrowing shrimp Ogyrides alphaerostris also contributed to variation in community composition. Cluster analyses quantified seasonal variation, mainly based on sharp decreases in abundance, as well as spatial differences in species composition oriented along both east–west and north–south gradients. Variation in benthic assemblages was correlated with water depth and sediment characteristics (mean grain size and percentage of gravel-sized shell debris). We conclude that Ship Shoal is an unrecognized biodiversity hotspot and a hypoxia refuge compared to the immediate surrounding area where the benthic community is affected by seasonal hypoxia events and we discuss how sand-mining may influence this community.     

与物种多样性有关的长白落叶松人工林生物量

对不同龄组长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)人工林群落的物种多样性和生物量及二者关系研究分析。结果表明:1)随林龄增大,群落物种组成结构和多样性特征发生了很大变化。物种更迭现象明显,春榆等阔叶树重要值上升,长白落叶松优势地位逐渐下降,植被类型向针阔混交林演替。群落Sorensen相似性指数降低,Shannon-Winner多样性指数呈"S"型曲线增长,Pielou均匀度指数呈反"S"型曲线下降,Margalef丰富度指数呈单峰曲线增长趋势;2)随林龄增大,群落生物量"S"型曲线增长趋势明显,分配序列为:乔木层木质物残体层灌木层草本层,占群落生物量比例分别为82.41%、15.10%、1.69%和0.81%。长白落叶松生物量占据主导地位,但所占比例持续下降,属于衰退型种群,而春榆等阔叶树比例上升。林下植被层中,草本的主导地位逐渐丧失,灌木取而代之,生物量所占比例明显升高。地表木质物残体生物量比例缓慢下降;3)群落中物种多样性测度指标与生物量之间单调线性增长的关系明显,Shannon多样性指数较之Pielou均匀度指数更适合作群落生物量度量指标,生物量与Margalef丰富度指数无明显相关性。     

Differential effects of host plant hybridization on herbivore community structure and grazing pressure on forest canopies

Interspecific hybridization in plants is known to have ecological effects on associated organisms. We examined the differences in insect herbivore community structure and grazing pressure on tree canopy leaves among natural hybrids and their parental oak species. We measured leaf traits, herbivore community structure, and grazing pressure on leaves of two oak species, Quercus crispula and Q. dentata, and their hybrids. The concentration of nitrogen in canopy leaves was greater in hybrids and in Q. dentata than in Q. crispula. The concentration of total phenolics was lower in hybrids than in Q. crispula. The concentration of condensed tannin was greater in hybrids than in Q. crispula. Relative herbivore abundance and species richness were greater on oak hybrids than on either parental species; herbivore species diversity and composition on hybrids were close to those on Q. crispula. Herbivore grazing pressure was lower on hybrids and Q. dentata than on Q. crispula. There was a negative correlation between herbivore grazing pressure and leaf nitrogen, suggesting that interspecific variation among oak taxa in herbivore pressure may be explained by leaf nitrogen; variation in herbivore community structure among oak taxa is likely to be controlled by polygenic leaf traits. Differing responses of (1) herbivore community structure and (2) herbivore grazing pressure to host plant hybridization may play important roles in regulating herbivore biodiversity in cool‐temperate forest canopies.