干旱胁迫下氮素对胡杨幼苗生长及光合的影响

胡杨(Populus euphratica)是塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林重要的抗逆种质资源,胡杨幼苗的存活及生长受水分和氮素的限制。为了研究干旱胁迫下氮素供应对胡杨幼苗早期形态建成的影响,本试验以1年生胡杨实生幼苗为研究对象,采用温室盆栽试验,设置4个水分处理(D_1、D_2、D_3、D_4,土壤含水量为20%~25%、40%~45%、60%~65%、80%~85%)和3种施氮水平(N_0、N_1、N_2:0、3、6 g·pot-1),测定胡杨幼苗的生长指标、叶绿素荧光和光合参数。结果表明:轻度干旱胁迫(D_3)下,施氮量为N_1时,胡杨幼苗的表观生长和光合能力显著提高;幼苗根冠比在D_1时最低,施氮使其显著增大;干旱胁迫(D_1、D_2、D_3)下,N对幼苗生长的促进作用大于N_2;严重干旱胁迫(D_1)时,施氮显著提高幼苗荧光参数和光合速率,增强其光合能力;因此,胡杨幼苗在土壤相对含水量60%~65%(D3)、氮素量为3g·pot~(-1)(N_1)时,其生长表现为最佳状态;干旱胁迫下,氮素能显著增强幼苗地下部分生长和光合能力,表明氮素对干旱胁迫具有补偿效应,可促进幼苗的早期形态建成,有效帮助幼苗渡过生长脆弱期。     

供氮水平对不同砧穗组合苹果叶片衰老及~(13)C、~(15)N分配利用的影响

砂培条件下,以2年生烟富3/八棱海棠(乔化)、烟富3/M7(半矮化)和烟富3/M26/八棱海棠(矮化)为试材,采用C、N双标记示踪技术,研究供氮水平(0N、25%N和100%N,100%N为Hoagland完全营养液中的N量)对不同砧穗组合苹果叶片衰老及~(13)C、~(15)N分配利用的影响.结果表明:在秋梢停长期,在同一氮素胁迫(0N和25%N)下植株叶片的叶绿素、氮含量和光合速率均以烟富3/八棱海棠最大,其次是烟富3/M7,烟富3/M26/八棱海棠最小,而正常氮素处理(100%N)均以烟富3/M26/八棱海棠最大,其次是烟富3/M7,烟富3/八棱海棠最小;在同一氮素胁迫水平下叶片的SOD和CAT活性均为烟富3/八棱海棠烟富3/M7烟富3/M26/八棱海棠,而正常氮素水平均为烟富3/M26/八棱海棠烟富3/M7烟富3/八棱海棠;在同一氮素水平下,3种砧穗组合苹果植株根和叶片的~(15)N、~(13)C分配率存在显著差异,氮素胁迫处理植株根的~(15)N、~(13)C分配率最高,表现为烟富3/八棱海棠烟富3/M7烟富3/M26/八棱海棠,而正常氮素处理植株叶片的~(15)N、~(13)C分配率最高,表现为烟富3/M26/八棱海棠烟富3/M7烟富3/八棱海棠.在不同氮素水平下,3种砧穗组合苹果植株氮肥利用率存在显著差异,且均以烟富3/八棱海棠植株最大,分别为44.3%、37.5%和31.4%,其次是烟富3/M7,分别为38.8%、30.7%和26.6%,烟富3/M26/八棱海棠最小,分别为32.0%、27.2%和22.5%.     

土壤水肥因子对胡杨幼苗生长权衡和木质化的影响

以当年生胡杨幼苗为材料,通过不同水平的水分和养分单因素控制盆栽试验,探讨土壤水肥因子对当年生胡杨幼苗生长权衡和木质化的影响,以明确胡杨生长过程中以及种子更新困难的原因和机理。结果表明:(1)当年生胡杨幼苗生长权衡主要体现在生物量的分配策略上,而主根长/高度没有显著差异。(2)在连续给水处理下,干旱胁迫使幼苗根冠比显著增加,土壤含水量15%处理的根冠比较含水量20%和30%处理分别显著增加了75%和93%;但干旱胁迫抑制了生物量的积累,含水量10%处理下生物量比15%、20%和30%处理分别显著减小53.4%、89.2%、78.6%;在断续给水处理下,随着干旱程度的增加幼苗根冠比显著增加,土壤含水量15%处理的根冠比较含水量20%和30%处理分别显著增加34%和38%;连续给水和断续给水两类干旱胁迫均能明显增加幼苗根系木质化程度。(3)土壤施加氮磷均显著增加幼苗根冠比和木质化,但过量的氮肥抑制根系生物量的积累。可见,胡杨幼苗对于水肥条件胁迫敏感性与生长权衡能力是胡杨林种子更新与种群维持的关键环节,调整立地土壤水肥环境对当年生胡杨幼苗的生长定居有重要的作用。     

土壤碳氮比对平邑甜茶幼苗生长和碳氮分配的影响

为探讨土壤碳氮比(C:N)对苹果(Malus pumila)植株生长和碳氮分配特性的影响, 采用碳氮双标记示踪技术, 以二年生平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)幼苗为试验材料, 研究了6个不同土壤C:N处理(T1-T6分别为4.70、9.78、14.70、19.96、25.60和28.83)下平邑甜茶的生长状况和氮素吸收、利用分配以及碳水化合物的运转特性。结果表明, 随着土壤C:N的逐渐增大, 平邑甜茶幼苗根系干重逐渐增加, 而株高、茎粗、地上部干重和植株总干重呈先增加后降低的趋势, 以T4处理最大。土壤C:N显著影响了平邑甜茶幼苗的 ¹⁵N利用率, 从T1到T4处理, 植株的 ¹⁵N利用率逐渐升高, T4处理(18.46%)是T1处理(10.65%)的1.73倍; 随着土壤C:N的进一步增加, 植株的 ¹⁵N利用率逐渐降低, T5和T6处理分别比T4处理降低了1.59%和2.58%。土壤C:N较低的T1和T2处理, 平邑甜茶幼苗各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的 ¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)大小顺序为根>叶>茎, 随着土壤C:N的进一步增大, 叶片的Ndff均为最大, 其次是根, 茎最少。随着土壤C:N的增大, 叶片 ¹⁵N分配率逐渐升高, ¹³C分配率逐渐降低; 而根系 ¹⁵N分配率逐渐降低, ¹³C分配率逐渐升高。综合考虑植株生长和氮素利用状况, 本试验条件下适宜平邑甜茶生长的土壤C:N为21-23。     

甜樱桃对^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材,研究了其在萌芽前土施^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的^15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（Ndff）均随时间推移逐渐升高,盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高;果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%;果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%;果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根^15N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官^15N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期^15N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的^15N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官^15N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对^15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

甜樱桃对15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材, 研究了其在萌芽前土施¹⁵N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均随时间推移逐渐升高, 盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高; 果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%; 果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%; 果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根¹⁵N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官¹⁵N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期¹⁵N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的¹⁵N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官¹⁵N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对¹⁵N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

秸秆和氮肥不同配比影响平邑甜茶幼苗的生长和对氮素的吸收、分配和利用

为探讨秸秆和氮肥不同配比对平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)植株生长和氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响, 采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术, 以二年生盆栽平邑甜茶为试材, 研究了不同秸秆和氮肥配比条件下平邑甜茶的生长、¹⁵N尿素吸收利用和土壤碳氮比等参数, 发现秸秆和氮肥不同配比对平邑甜茶植株的生长及¹⁵N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用具有不同的影响。园土和秸秆比在45:1的水平, 同时配施氮肥(N 300 mg·kg^-1)时, 植株株高、茎粗和植株总干重的值最高, 分别为85.33 cm、8.05 mm和74.68 g; 植株的全氮、¹⁵N吸收量和利用率也最大, 分别为0.938 g、0.029 g和9.74%。不加秸秆而仅施加氮肥(N 200 mg·kg^-1)的对照(CK)的根冠比最大, 为1.54, 显著高于其他各种处理。各试验处理地上部分从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对地上部分全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均大于地下部分, 且CK各器官Ndff值最高, 地上部分和地下部分分别为7.94%和4.69%。除CK外, 各处理¹⁵N分配率均是地上部>地下部。秸秆的施用显著提高了土壤的有机质、全氮含量和土壤有机质C/N比。相关性分析结果表明, 土壤有机质C/N比与植株地下部分Ndff值有极显著负相关性(p < 0.01), 与植株整株Ndff值有显著负相关性(p < 0.05)。建议果园秸秆配施氮肥时, 控制秸秆施用量在45:1水平, 氮肥在200-300 mg·kg^-1之间较好。     

施肥深度对矮化苹果15N-尿素吸收、利用及损失的影响

以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N同位素示踪技术,研究表层(0 cm)、上层(20 cm)和中层(40 cm)3个施肥深度对矮化苹果15N-尿素吸收、分配及利用特性的影响.结果表明:20 cm施肥处理的叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片全氮含量显著高于0和40 cm施肥处理.不同施肥处理各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)存在显著差异,盛花期均以根的Ndff最高,多年生枝次之;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官转运;果实膨大期各器官Ndff均达到较高水平;果实成熟期均以果实中的Ndff最高.果实成熟期不同施肥处理的15N分配率存在显著差异,20 cm施肥处理生殖器官和营养器官的15N分配率显著高于0和40 cm施肥处理,而贮藏器官的15N分配率显著低于0和40 cm施肥处理.在果实成熟期,20 cm施肥处理15N肥料利用率为24.0%,显著高于0 cm(14.1%)和40 cm施肥处理(7.6%),而15N损失率为54.0%,显著低于0 cm(67.8%)和40 cm施肥处理(63.5%).不同施肥深度土壤15N残留量随施肥深度的增加而显著增加.     

干旱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对七子花非结构性碳水化合物积累及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以濒危植物七子花二年生幼苗为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究干旱胁迫和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理对幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量关系和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响。试验共设计4个处理:对照(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、接种AMF(AMF)、干旱胁迫和接种AMF(D+AMF)。结果表明: 在干旱胁迫下七子花根系AMF的侵染率显著下降,但接种AMF处理植株的株高、叶片数显著高于未接种处理。接种AMF显著提高了干旱胁迫下植株根、叶可溶性糖和NSC含量及茎、叶淀粉含量,且茎和叶可溶性糖与淀粉比显著下降。干旱胁迫导致植株C含量在根和叶中显著增加,P含量在茎中显著减少;与干旱胁迫相比,胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎、叶P含量及叶C含量显著提高,而根C、N含量及茎C含量显著降低。胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和叶N∶P均显著低于单一胁迫处理。NSC与C∶N∶P计量比的相关性分析表明,根、叶P含量与可溶性糖和NSC含量呈显著正相关,茎P含量与淀粉和NSC含量呈显著正相关,各器官N∶P与NSC含量呈显著负相关。综上,干旱胁迫显著抑制了七子花幼苗的生长,接种AMF通过提高植株根和叶的可溶性糖含量、根的可溶性糖/淀粉,增加地上部分淀粉含量,促进P元素吸收和降低各器官N∶P来增强植株耐旱性,从而提高七子花幼苗在干旱环境中的存活率。     

胡杨幼苗根系生长与构型对土壤水分的响应

胡杨实生幼苗成活率低是制约其更新与人工育苗保存的关键问题,而幼苗根系生长与构型是影响其存活的重要因素。该试验以1年生胡杨幼苗为材料,通过2种给水方式(断续给水和连续给水)下各6个土壤水分梯度处理的控制试验,探究胡杨幼苗根系生长与构型对荒漠地区关键因子水分的响应特征。结果表明:(1)2种给水方式下干旱胁迫均使根冠比增加,且断续给水处理下幼苗根冠比显著大于连续给水。(2)一定程度的干旱处理还可以促进幼苗根系形态发育特征的发展和根系生物量的积累,但过度干旱胁迫或土壤水分含量过多都会抑制根系生长,并以连续给水、土壤含水量15%处理下幼苗根系最为发达。(3)幼苗深扎根能力强,其根宽深比在2种给水方式下均小于1,且断续给水处理显著小于连续给水处理;2种给水方式下根宽深比都与土壤水分含量呈显著正相关。(4)根系拓扑指数在2种给水方式下无显著差异且均接近1,但都与土壤水分含量呈显著负相关。即幼苗根系趋向鱼尾状分支结构,次级分支少,这种根系延伸策略有利于胡杨幼苗在干旱贫瘠的土壤环境中生存。(5)根系构型参数的主成分分析显示,总根长、总根表面积、根宽深比和拓扑指数在2种给水方式下都能很好地表示胡杨幼苗根系构型特征。可见,胡杨幼苗根系通过构筑鱼尾状分支结构、增加垂直根纵向延伸能力和增大根冠比适应干旱环境;水分对于胡杨幼苗根系生长与构型作用显著,根系对水分因子的响应对于胡杨幼苗适应水分异质性环境具有重要意义。     

不同施氮水平对巨桉幼树耐旱生理特征的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了巨桉幼树在N0(不施氮)、N1(1.4g尿素·盆-1)、N2(2.8g尿素·盆-1)3个氮处理水平下,连续干旱不同时间[分别停水0(D0)、3、6、9、12、15、18d]时巨桉的生理响应。结果显示:(1)除D0外,试验期内N1和N2处理的巨桉叶片含水量(LWC)、叶片相对含水量(LRWC)和叶片保水力(LWHC)基本低于N0水平,尤其在干旱中期最为明显,表明在干旱胁迫前施氮可能对巨桉叶片水分生理产生负面作用。(2)干旱初期,氮处理间的可溶性蛋白(SP)和可溶性糖(SS)含量的差异不大,而干旱处理后期(9~18d),N0处理的SP和SS较初期明显增加,但N1和N2处理相对于N0变化较为平缓,表明施氮不利于SP和SS积累;N1和N2处理下脯氨酸(Pro)含量的增幅随着干旱胁迫时间的延长明显大于N0处理。(3)随干旱时间延长干旱程度加重,N1、N2处理巨桉叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显高于N0处理,表明施氮使得巨桉在干旱条件下水分缺乏更为严重,产生更多的活性氧(ROS)。(4)整个干旱处理期内,施氮并未显著改变巨桉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,但N1和N2的过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显高于N0。(5)施氮增加了巨桉叶片的色素含量并在干旱初期和中期保持较高水平,在干旱初期(0~3d)增加了巨桉叶片的净光合速率(Pn),但随着干旱时间的延长而迅速下降;施氮(N1、N2)的蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)在干旱初期均显著小于N0,但在干旱中后期(6d以后)各处理间差异不显著且均处于极低水平。研究表明,水分充足时施氮有助于增强巨桉的光合同化能力,促进其生长,但遇到持续干旱时施氮更易面临水分亏缺,降低其抵抗干旱的能力,因此在巨桉人工林的经营管理过程中,不应在干旱或季节性干旱即将到来之前施氮,若干旱过程中需施氮则应采取灌溉等途径保证其充足的水分供应。     

Dinitrogen-fixation by three neotropical agroforestry tree species under semi-controlled field conditions

Cultivating dinitrogen-fixing legume trees with crops in agroforestry is a relatively common N management practice in the Neotropics. The objective of this study was to assess the N₂ fixation potential of three important Neotropical agroforestry tree species, Erythrina poeppigiana, Erythrina fusca, and Inga edulis, under semi-controlled field conditions. The study was conducted in the humid tropical climate of the Caribbean coastal plain of Costa Rica. In 2002, seedlings of I. edulis and Vochysia guatemalensis were planted in one-meter-deep open-ended plastic cylinders buried in soil within hedgerows of the same species. Overall tree spacing was 1 × 4 m to simulate a typical alley-cropping design. The ¹⁵N was applied as (NH₄)₂SO₄ at 10% ¹⁵N atom excess 15 days after planting at the rate of 20 kg [N] ha⁻¹. In 2003, seedlings of E. poeppigiana, E. fusca, and V. guatemalensis were planted in the same field using the existing cylinders. The ¹⁵N application was repeated at the rate of 20 kg [N] ha⁻¹ 15 days after planting and 10 kg [N] ha⁻¹ was added three months after planting. Trees were harvested 9 months after planting in both years. The ¹⁵N content of leaves, branches, stems, and roots was determined by mass spectrometry. The percentage of atmospheric N fixed out of total N (%N_f) was calculated based on ¹⁵N atom excess in leaves or total biomass. The difference between the two calculation methods was insignificant for all species. Sixty percent of I. edulis trees fixed N₂; %N_f was 57% for the N₂-fixing trees. Biomass production and N yield were similar in N₂-fixing and non-N₂-fixing I. edulis. No obvious cause was found for why not all I. edulis trees fixed N₂. All E. poeppigiana and E. fusca trees fixed N₂; %N_f was ca. 59% and 64%, respectively. These data were extrapolated to typical agroforestry systems using published data on N recycling by the studied species. Inga edulis may recycle ca. 100 kg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ of N fixed from atmosphere to soil if only 60% of trees fix N₂, E. poeppigiana 60–160 kg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, and E. fusca ca. 80 kg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹.     

Application of 15N and xylem ureide methods for assessing N2 fixation of three shrub legumes periodically pruned for forage

The apparently diminished capacity for N₂ fixation by the shrub legume Calliandra calothyrsus (Calliandra) relative to other woody perennial legumes was investigated in a field experiment in northern Queensland, Australia. In this trial, (i) the proportion of plant nitrogen (N) derived from symbiotic N₂ fixation (%Pfix) and the amounts of N₂ fixed were compared in Calliandra, Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) and Codariocalyx gyroides (Codariocalyx), (ii) variations in N₂ fixation due to season or tree age were determined, (iii) estimates of Pfix derived with the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique were compared with values obtained from ¹⁵N enrichment or xylem sap ureide procedures to determine whether the previous conclusions about Calliandra's ability to fix N had resulted from specific problems with the natural abundance methodology used in the earlier studies.Inoculated seedlings of each of the three shrub legume species were planted in dense stands (1.5 m rows, 0.5 m between trees) in two randomised blocks. The northern block was used solely for natural abundance measurements, while ¹⁵N-enriched KNO₃ (10 atom % ¹⁵N excess) was applied four times over a 52 week period to plots in the southern block. The non-nodulating tree legume Senna spectabilis (formally Cassia spectabilis) was used as a non-N₂-fixing reference for the ¹⁵N-based procedures, with Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) included as an additional non-fixing check. Growth by the trees above 75 cm was first cut and removed after 22 weeks and regrowth was subsequently pruned periodically for another 95 weeks. Sampling for dry matter production, N yield and estimates of Pfix were restricted to the central four of the 32 plants which constituted each replicate plot. Information generated during the 117 week study indicated that estimates of Pfix by ¹⁵N natural abundance were closely similar to values derived with ¹⁵N-enrichment or sap ureides. The data indicated that Calliandra had a reduced reliance upon N₂ fixation relative to Gliricidia and Codariocalyx for the first 65 weeks after establishment. This appeared to be due to more prolifc root growth by Calliandra than either of the other N₂-fixing species and an ability to extract a greater proportion of its N requirements from soil mineral N. However, after week 65 and for the remainder of the experiment, estimates of Pfix for Calliandra were similar to the other shrub legumes. Over 117 weeks, prunings from Calliandra and Gliricidia had removed 52–58 t dry matter ha^-1, and between 1471 and 1678 kg N ha^-1, of which 1026–1063 kg N ha^-1 was estimated to have been derived from N₂ fixation. At the time of final harvest, 65–73% of the fixed N was present in shoot regrowth of the N₂ fixing shrubs, 9–18% in the roots, 15% in the trunk, and 2–6% in fallen leaves.     

Seasonal patterns of growth and nitrogen fixation in field-grown pea

The seasonal patterns of growth and symbiotic N₂ fixation under field conditions were studied by growth analysis and use of¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer in a determinate pea cultivar (Pisum sativum L.) grown for harvest at the dry seed stage. The patterns of fertilizer N-uptake were almost identical in pea and barley (the non-fixing reference crop), but more fertilizer-N was recovered in barley than in pea. The estimated rate of N₂ fixation in pea gradually increased during the pre-flowering and flowering growth stages and reached a maximum of 10 kg N fixed per ha per day nine to ten weeks after seedling emergence. This was the time of early pod-development (flat pod growth stage) and also the time for maximum crop growth rate and maximum green leaf area index. A steep drop in N₂ fixation rate occurred during the following week. This drop was simultaneous with lodging of the crop, pod-filling (round pod growth stage) and the initiation of mobilization of nitrogen from vegetative organs. The application of fertilizer-N inhibited the rate of N₂ fixation only during that period of growth, when the main part of fertilizer-N was taken up and shortly after. Total accumulation of fixed nitrogen was estimated to be 244, 238 and 213 kg N ha⁻¹ in pea supplied with nil, 25 or 50 kg NO ₃ ⁻ −N ha⁻¹, respectively. About one-fourth of total N₂ fixation was carried out during preflowering, one fourth during the two weeks of flowering and the remainder during post-flowering. About 55% of the amount of N present in pods at maturity was estimated to be derived from mobilization of N from vegetative organs. “Starter” N (25 or 50 kg NO ₃ ⁻ −N ha⁻¹) did not significantly influence either dry matter and nitrogen accumulation or the development of leaf area. Neither root length and root biomass determined 8 weeks after seedling emergence nor the yield of seed dry matter and nitrogen at maturity were influenced by fertilizer application.     

不同土壤水盐条件下多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)对胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼苗的影响

目前胡杨更新困难,种群处于退化阶段,而与其生态位高度重叠的多枝柽柳却在扩张。为探讨多枝柽柳对胡杨生长的影响,本研究设置了3个水平的水分、盐分梯度,对胡杨进行了单种和混种的盆栽控制实验,通过测定胡杨幼苗的生长和存活状况,分析不同水、盐梯度下多枝柽柳如何影响胡杨生长。结果表明：（1）多枝柽柳伴生降低当年生胡杨幼苗的存活率,随着水分条件改善,胡杨存活率提高,而盐分对存活率没有显著的影响。（2）水分、盐分和伴生模式几个因子对胡杨的生长特征的影响存在显著的交互作用（P<0.05）。各水盐条件下,多枝柽柳会不同程度降低胡杨幼苗的株高、主根长和地上地下生物量,而根冠比增大。混种条件下,胡杨幼苗对水盐的响应更为敏感。（3）相对竞争强度对水盐环境有明显的响应（P<0.05）,随水分条件改善,地上、地下相对竞争强度降低。多枝柽柳对胡杨的生长产生不良影响的机制是通过快速消耗土壤的水分,从而导致胡杨幼苗水分亏缺。土壤水分条件是胡杨和多枝柽柳幼苗共存的关键因素,在水分供给不足的情况下,对水分偏好的差异导致胡杨无法通过实生苗进行有效的更新从而加剧胡杨种群的衰退,而多枝柽柳更为耐旱的特性使其逐步占据河岸的生境。我们的研究结果强调了两个树种对环境因子的适应性差异决定了河岸带植被发育过程中植物-土壤的相互作用导致胡杨在演替过程中表现出的衰退现象。     

Variation in the natural abundance of 15N in the halophyte,Salicornia virginica,associated with groundwater subsidies of nitrogen in a southern California salt-marsh

To provide insight into the importance of the salt-marsh ecotone as a sink for inorganic nitrogen in perched groundwater, measurements were made of the natural abundance of ¹⁵N in dissolved NO₃-N and NH₄-N and in the salt-marsh halophyte, Salicornia virginica, along an environmental gradient from agricultural land into a salt-marsh. The increase in the natural abundance of ¹⁵N (expressed by convention as ¹⁵N) of NO₃-N, accompanied by the decrease in NO₃-N (and total dissolved inorganic N, DIN) concentration along the gradient, suggested that the salt-marsh ecotone is a site of transformation, most likely through denitrification, of inorganic nitrogen in groundwater. ¹⁵N enrichment in S. virginica (and the parasitic herb, Cuscuta salina), along the tidal marsh boundary, relative to high and middle marsh locations, indicated the retention of groundwater nitrogen as vegetative biomass. The correlation between ¹⁵N _Salicornia and ¹⁵N_NH4 suggested a preference for NH₄-N over NO₃-N during uptake by this plant. Groundwater inputs enhanced the standing crop, above-ground productivity, and nitrogen content of S. virginica but the ralative effects of pore water salinity and DIN concentration on these parameters were not determined. ¹⁵N enrichment of marsh plants by groundwater DIN inputs could prove useful in tracing the fate of these inputs in the marsh food web.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics,Dark Respiration,and Leaf Mass Per Unit Area in Seedlings of Four Tropical Tree Species Grown Under Three Irradiances

We investigated the effect of growth irradiance (I) on photon-saturated photosynthetic rate (P _max), dark respiration rate (R _D), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in seedlings of the following four tropical tree species with contrasting shade-tolerance. Anthocephalus chinensis (Rubiaceae) and Linociera insignis (Oleaceae) are light-demanding, Barringtonia macrostachya (Lecythidaceae) and Calophyllum polyanthum (Clusiaceae) are shade-tolerant. Their seedlings were pot-planted under shading nets with 8, 25, and 50 % daylight for five months. With increase of I, all species displayed the trends of increases of LMA, photosynthetic saturation irradiance, and chlorophyll-based P _max, and decreases of chlorophyll (Chl) content on both area and mass bases, and mass-based P _max, R _D, and CE. The area-based P _max and CE increased with I for the light-demanders only. Three of the four species significantly increased Chl-based CE with I. This indicated the increase of nitrogen (N) allocation to carboxylation enzyme relative to Chl with I. Compared to the two shade-tolerants, under the same I, the two light-demanders had greater area- and Chl-based P _max, photosynthetic saturation irradiance, lower Chl content per unit area, and greater plasticity in LMA and area- or Chl-based P _max. Our results support the hypothesis that light-demanding species is more plastic in leaf morphology and physiology than shade-tolerant species, and acclimation to I of tropical seedlings is more associated with leaf morphological adjustment relative to physiology. Leaf nitrogen partitioning between photosynthetic enzymes and Chl also play a role in the acclimation to I.     

Effect of NaCl,water stress or both on gas exchange and growth of wheat

Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to various concentrations of NaCl and levels of drought were followed. With the rise of NaCl or drought, or NaCl and drought together, growth was retarded. The water content of shoots and roots was mostly unchanged. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were increased in plants subjected to salinity or drought or both. Only high salinity level induced a considerable decrease in net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and dark respiration rate (R_D). P_N and R_D were decreased with the decrease of soil moisture content. The content of Na⁺ in the shoots and roots of wheat plants increased with increasing salinity or decreasing soil moisture content or both treatments. Considerable variations in the content of K⁺, Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ were induced by the NaCl, drought or both treatments.     

Influences of nitrogen load on the growth and photosynthetic responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus serrata</Emphasis> seedlings to O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The objectives of this study were to clarify the influences of nitrogen (N) load on the growth and photosynthetic responses of Quercus serrata seedlings to O₃ and to obtain basic data for evaluating the critical levels of O₃ for protecting Q. serrata forests in Japan. The effects of O₃ and/or N load on growth and photosynthetic activity of Q. serrata seedlings were investigated during the two growing seasons. Two-year-old seedlings were assigned to 12 experimental treatments, which were comprised of the combination of four gas treatments (charcoal-filtered air and three levels of O₃ at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times ambient concentration) and three N treatments (0, 20 and 50 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). During the second growing season, no significant interactive effects of O₃ and N load on the growth and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings were detected. Threrfore, we concluded that N supply to the soil at ≤50 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ does not significantly influence the growth and photosynthetic responses of Q. serrata seedlings to O₃. Based on the O₃ exposure-response relationships for the whole-plant growth of the seedlings, the critical level of O₃ for Q. serrata was estimated to be approximately 36 nmol mol⁻¹ as the average 15-h O₃ concentration during the one growing season.     

不同氮处理下速生柳对水体氮的吸收、分配及生理响应

采用水培法,研究了旱柳苗在外源添加不同氮水平(贫氮、中氮、富氮、过氮)的铵态氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的生长、氮吸收、分配和生理响应。结果表明:一定范围氮浓度的增加能够促进旱柳苗的生长,但过量氮会抑制其生长,且NH+4-N的抑制作用大于NO-3-N;两种氮处理下,旱柳表现出对NH+4-N的吸收偏好,在同一氮水平时,旱柳各部位氮原子百分含量Atom%15N(AT%)、15N吸收量和来自氮源的N%(Ndff%)均为NH+4-N处理大于NO-3-N处理,且随着氮浓度的增加,差异增大,且在旱柳各部位的分布为根﹥茎﹥叶;2种氮素过量和不足均会对旱柳根和叶生理指标产生不同的影响,其中在过氮水平时,NH+4-N和NO-3-N处理下根系活力比对照减少了50.61%和增加了19.53%;在过氮水平时,NH+4-N处理柳树苗根总长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积和侧根数分别对照下降了30.92%、29.48%、19.44%、27.01%和36.41%,NO-3-N处理柳树苗相应的根系形态指标分别对对照下降了1.66%、5.65%、1.49%、5.06%和25.72%。可见,高浓度NH+4-N对旱柳苗的胁迫影响大于NO-3-N,在应用于水体氮污染修复时可通过改变水体无机氮的比例,削弱其对旱柳的影响,从而提高旱柳对水体氮污染的修复效果。