溶磷微生物在钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用

钝化和植物修复是重金属污染土壤修复的重要技术手段,而溶磷微生物可进一步增强钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用。介绍了钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤的基本原理,总结了溶磷微生物对土壤中难溶性磷酸盐的溶解、利用磷酸盐钝化修复重金属污染土壤、溶磷微生物对磷酸盐钝化修复的强化以及溶磷微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展,探讨了溶磷微生物对重金属的抗性及其溶磷机理、溶磷微生物对磷酸盐钝化修复重金属污染土壤的强化作用机理以及溶磷微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用机理。旨在为生物修复重金属污染土壤研究提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

根际促生菌强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

植物修复虽然是近年来土壤重金属污染修复的重要手段之一,但因修复植物生长缓慢、生物量小、重金属转移率低等因素严重影限制了植物修复技术的广泛应用。根际促生菌(plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)作为一类生长在植物根际土壤中的微生物,不仅能够利用自身的抗性系统减缓重金属离子对植物的毒性,还能够改变重金属的形态和迁移率,并通过分泌铁载体、有机酸、生物表面活性剂、植物激素等作用,直接或者间接地促进植物生长和增强植物对重金属的抗性,在强化植物修复土壤重金属污染过程中发挥着重要的作用。现介绍了根际促生菌的种类及其重金属抗性机制,总结了近年来国内外关于根际促生菌促进植物生长、强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用原理,同时对该研究领域目前存在的问题以及今后的研究前景进行展望,以期为今后土壤重金属修复研究提供新的思路和理论依据。     

根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在重金属污染环境修复中的地位、应用及潜力

土壤重金属污染严重影响了人类健康和生态系统稳定,已成为亟待解决的现实问题。在重金属污染地,氮素的极端不足是植被恢复主要限制因子之一。根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系是固氮能力最强的生物固氮体系,在促进重金属污染地氮素循化和营养元素积累中具有重要作用。本文阐述土壤重金属污染的修复方法及其特点,微生物抗重金属的机理及促植物生长和重金属积累的特性,根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在土壤重金属污染修复中的优越性,研究现状及应用潜力。提出应用"豆科植物-根瘤菌共生体系"修复重金属污染土壤的新思路和新任务。     

土壤解磷微生物促进植物磷素吸收策略研究进展

随着全球磷肥需求增加和磷矿资源储量短缺矛盾逐渐加重,土壤解磷微生物在促进磷循环方面的重要性日益突显,因此有必要对其种类和促进植物磷素吸收策略进行全面梳理总结。荟萃分析了土壤解磷微生物种类并构建了系统进化树,重点论述了土壤解磷微生物促进植物磷素吸收主要策略。土壤解磷微生物主要通过矿化和溶解作用直接活化难溶性磷,但其也能与植物根系互作间接活化磷素。其间接途径主要包括解磷微生物与根系分泌物和丛枝菌根真菌互作,它们通过碳磷交换间接活化磷素;其次包括一些解磷微生物可以通过固氮作用使植物生长受到磷的限制,从而调节植物磷酸盐转运系统间接活化土壤磷;解磷微生物也能通过分泌植物激素和生物防治剂促进植物根系生长间接促进植物磷素吸收。解磷微生物还能通过磷素固定减少磷流失,也可以通过加速自身磷素周转促进植物磷素吸收。对完善和发展解磷微生物主导的土壤磷循环和植物磷素吸收利用理论体系具有重要意义。     

强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的策略及其机制

重金属对生态环境、农业生产、人类健康等诸多方面造成重要危害。植物修复因其具有经济有效、绿色生态等优点,已经成为土壤重金属污染修复研究领域的热点。由于植物重金属毒害、修复耗时过长等因素致使植物修复技术受限于研究阶段而不能广泛应用于实践。采用科学合理的强化措施提高植物修复的效率可能是解决该矛盾的关键之一。讨论了根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌、溶磷微生物和内生真菌构建的微生物-植物共生系统在强化植物修复过程中的具体应用;概述了EDTA、EDDS等螯合剂在改变土壤中重金属可溶态,促进重金属从土壤向植株转运的重要作用;介绍了植物中编码金属转运蛋白、金属硫蛋白、植物螯合肽等与重金属转运和代谢相关的基因在植物修复领域的实际应用;归纳了上述强化策略主要机制为微生物促进植物生长、缓解重金属植物毒性以及提高了土壤中重金属生物利用度,从而促进重金属在富集植物中积累和植物生物量的增加;最后总结并展望了植物修复强化技术在今后研究的重点及存在的问题。综述植物修复技术采用的主要强化策略及其机制,旨在为利用植物修复技术治理土壤重金属污染提供重要参考。     

植物根系分泌物在污染及沙化土壤修复中的应用现状与前景

近年来重金属污染等生态环境问题日益受到重视,而物理、化学修复方法存在的诸如成本高、二次污染等问题,使得利用植物、微生物等进行联合治理成为环境修复的重要手段。植物根系分泌物作为植物与土壤进行营养和信息交流的重要媒介,不但对植物的生长具有重要作用,其在污染及沙化土壤修复中作用的研究也得以广泛开展。本文对根系分泌物的组成、分泌机制进行了阐述,并对其在植物吸收重金属、化感作用、植物根系与根际微生物互作、改变土壤理化性质等过程中的作用及机理进行了总结。此外,本文还对利用根系分泌物和根际微生物在生态环境治理中的应用现状、面临的难题及未来的发展等进行了讨论。希望本文可为基于植物与微生物进行的环境修复技术的实际应用提供理论支撑。     

重金属污染土壤植物修复中的微生物功能研究进展

综述了国内外在重金属污染土壤植物-微生物联合修复领域的研究报道,总结了近5年的研究实例。植物-微生物联合修复体系具有生物固定与生物去除土壤重金属的两种功能,根际微生物可以菌根、内生菌等方式与根系形成联合体,通过增强植物抗性和优化根际环境,促进根系发展,增强植物吸收和向上转运重金属的能力。建立植物-微生物联合修复体系,可充分发挥植物与微生物作用功能的优势,提高污染土壤的修复效率。增强植物修复体系中微生物功能的重点是深入研究根际微生物、根系和介质载体三者之间复合功能,结合污染土壤类型与植物群落配置的特点筛选扩繁高效菌种与菌群。     

解磷微生物的研究进展

磷是植物生长必需的矿质元素之一,而土壤中可溶性磷的含量比较低。土壤中有大量的微生物存在,其中有一些微生物能够将土壤中的不溶性磷转化成可溶性磷,主要对解磷微生物的种类、数量、分布、解磷机制及应用方面的有关情况进行综述。     

植物内生细菌在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用

土壤重金属污染是威胁人群健康和经济可持续发展的重要环境问题。植物修复具有经济、环保等特点,已成为治理重金属污染土壤的重要技术。如何提高植物对重金属的抗性、促进植物生长是影响植物修复效率的关键之一。内生菌群-植物共生关系在此方面具有独特优势。其中,植物内生细菌可改善植物营养、降低植物病菌感染、影响酶活性,以及分泌激素、含铁载体和有机配位体等,进而提高超积累植物对重金属的吸收作用。本文综述了近年来国内外关于抗重金属植物内生细菌筛选与应用的研究进展,分析了内生细菌促进植物生长、增强植物对重金属抗性、促进重金属向茎叶转移的机理,阐述了植物内生细菌在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用前景与研究重点。     

一株具有植物促生作用的重金属铅吸附菌的筛选与鉴定

【背景】随着工业化的发展,重金属污染逐渐成为主要的环境污染之一。微生物修复去除重金属污染成为近些年来新兴的修复方法,筛选开发具有良好修复功能的微生物菌株具有重要的现实意义。【目的】筛选具有促进植物生长作用的重金属修复菌株,为生物修复和植物促生等综合开发利用提供微生物资源。【方法】利用选择性培养基从淤泥中筛选重金属铅的抗性菌株,根据形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行分离鉴定,通过单因素分析不同培养条件对菌株生长的影响;采用原子吸收光谱法、比色法及平板对峙法等对菌株的重金属铅吸附率、无机磷溶解能力、吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)分泌及拮抗镰刀菌效果等进行分析。【结果】从污染严重的塘泥中筛选到一株对重金属铅有较好吸附率的菌株,在150 mg/L Pb²⁺浓度下,对Pb²⁺的吸附率达90%以上;初步鉴定该菌株为蜡样芽孢杆菌,命名为SEM-15;菌株还具有较好的溶解无机磷、分泌IAA及拮抗镰刀菌的能力;菌株生长适应性强,可以在pH 10.0的强碱性环境下生长,该菌株具有很好的重金属铅污染修复及促生防病的应用潜力。【结论】菌株SEM-15是一株具有植物促生作用的重金属铅吸附菌株,在重金属污染土壤联合植物修复的应用中可能具有较好的开发价值。     

Biochemical changes and adaptive strategies of plants under heavy metal stress

Heavy metal contamination of soil, aqueous waste stream and ground water causes major environmental and human health problems. Heavy metals are major environmental pollutants when they are present in high concentration in soil and show potential toxic effects on growth and development in plants. Due to unabated, indiscriminate and uncontrolled discharge of hazardous chemicals including heavy metals into the environment, plant continuously have to face various environmental constraints. In plants, seed germination is the first exchange interface with the surrounding medium and has been considered as highly sensitive to environmental changes. One of the crucial events during seed germination entails mobilization of seed reserves which is indispensable for the growth of embryonic axis. But, metabolic alterations by heavy metal exposure are known to depress the mobilization and utilization of reserve food by affecting the activity of hydrolytic enzymes. Some plants possess a range of potential mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals by which they manage to survive under metal stress. High tolerance to heavy metal toxicity could rely either on reduced uptake or increase planned internal sequestration which is manifested by an interaction between a genotype and its environment. Such mechanism involves the binding of heavy metals to cell wall, immobilization, exclusion of the plasma membrane, efflux of these toxic metal ions, reduction of heavy metal transport, compartmentalization and metal chelation by tonoplast located transporters and expression of more general stress response mechanisms such as stress proteins. It is important to understand the toxicity response of plant to heavy metals so that we can utilize appropriate plant species in the rehabilitation of contaminated areas. Therefore, in the present review attempts have been made to evaluate the effects of increasing level of heavy metal in soils on the key behavior of hydrolytic and nitrogen assimilation enzymes. Additionally, it also provides a broad overview of the strategies adopted by plants against heavy metal stress.     

根系分泌物及其在植物修复中的作用

 近年来环境污染日益严重,污染物在土壤植物中的行为引起了人们的高度关注。利用植物去除土壤水体等介质中污染物的植物修复是近10年来兴起的一项安全、廉价的技术,已成为污染生态学和环境生态学的研究热点,它通过植物吸收、根滤、稳定、挥发等方式清除环境中的重金属和有机污染物。国内外有关植物修复的研究报道和概述很多, 但对植物根系分泌物在植物修复中所起的作用及其机理少有述评。 本文从根系分泌物对土壤重金属和土壤有机污染物的去除作用出发,对根系分泌物的种类、数量及其在去除环境污染物中的作用机理和功能地位进行了总结,并借助研究事例对影响植物根系分泌的内外因子,如植物种类、营养胁迫、重金属胁迫、根际环境的理化性质、土壤微生物及其它环境因子进行了讨论。概言之,根系分泌物在修复污染土壤中的重金属途径是多种多样的,主要是通过调节根际pH值、与重金属形成螯合物、络合反应、沉淀、提高土壤微生物数量和活性来改变重金属在根际中的存在形态以及提高重金属的生物有效性,从而减轻它对环境的危害。在清除有机污染物时,根系分泌物中的酶可以对有机污染物进行直接降解,根系分泌物影响下的微生物也可以对有机污染物进行间接降解,且被认为是主要的降解途径。根系分泌物在植物修复过程中确实起着某些重要作用,今后应将这方面的研究重点放在某些特异性根系分泌物植物,尤其是某些重金属超富集植物资源的寻找、筛选上,通过室内实验和野外研究确定其根系分泌物对清除重金属和有机污染物的效率,证实超富集植物根系分泌物的特异性与污染物超富集的内在联系,找到污染土壤生态恢复和治理的有效方法并加以推广应用,如针对性地在被污染地大面积种植此类具特异性根分泌物植物,并辅以营林措施如修剪等,加快生物修复进程,提高修复效率。植物根系分泌物在植物修复过程中所具有的重要生态意义和可能应用前景,为污染生态学和化学生态学之间的联合研究开拓了全新的领域,今后将取得新的突破和重要进展。     

Recent developments in the application of proteomics to the analysis of plant responses to heavy metals

Pollution of soils by heavy metals is an ever‐growing problem throughout the world, and is the result of human activities as well as geochemical weathering of rocks and other environmental causes such as volcanic eruptions, acid rain and continental dusts. Plants everywhere are continuously exposed to metal‐contaminated soils. The uptake of heavy metals not only constrains crop yields, but can also be a major hazard to the health of humans and to the entire ecosystem. Although analysis of gene expression at the mRNA level has enhanced our understanding of the response of plants to heavy metals, many questions regarding the functional translated portions of plant genomes under metal stress remain unanswered. Proteomics offers a new platform for studying complex biological functions involving large numbers and networks of proteins, and can serve as a key tool for revealing the molecular mechanisms that are involved in interactions between toxic metals and plant species. This review focuses on recent developments in the applications of proteomics to the analysis of the responses of plants to heavy metals; such studies provide a deeper understanding of protein responses and the interactions among the possible pathways that are involved in detoxification of toxic metals in plant cells. In addition, the challenges faced by proteomics in understanding the responses of plants to toxic metal are discussed, and some possible future strategies for meeting these challenges are proposed.     

Understanding molecular mechanisms for improving phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils

Heavy metal pollution of soil is a significant environmental problem with a negative potential impact on human health and agriculture. Rhizosphere, as an important interface of soil and plants, plays a significant role in phytoremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals, in which, microbial populations are known to affect heavy metal mobility and availability to the plant through release of chelating agents, acidification, phosphate solubilization and redox changes, and therefore, have potential to enhance phytoremediation processes. Phytoremediation strategies with appropriate heavy metal-adapted rhizobacteria or mycorrhizas have received more and more attention. In addition, some plants possess a range of potential mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals, and they manage to survive under metal stresses. High tolerance to heavy metal toxicity could rely either on reduced uptake or increased plant internal sequestration, which is manifested by an interaction between a genotype and its environment.A coordinated network of molecular processes provides plants with multiple metal-detoxifying mechanisms and repair capabilities. The growing application of molecular genetic technologies has led to an increased understanding of mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance/accumulation in plants and, subsequently, many transgenic plants with increased heavy metal resistance, as well as increased uptake of heavy metals, have been developed for the purpose of phytoremediation. This article reviews advantages, possible mechanisms, current status and future direction of phytoremediation for heavy-metal–contaminated soils.     

Advances in Cotton Tolerance to Heavy Metal Stress and Applications to Remediate Heavy Metal-Contaminated Farmland Soil

Heavy metal-contaminated soil is one of the major environmental pollution problems of agricultural production and human health in the world. Remediation of heavy metals in soil is one of the most popular research subjects. Different remediation strategies have been reported to remove heavy metals from contaminated soil, among which phytoremediation is the most important one. Compared with other major crops, cotton shows the strongest and most widespread resistance to abiotic stresses, such as heavy metals. Although heavy metal stress adversely affects the growth and development of cotton, cotton possesses a set of sophisticated stress-resistance strategies. As the main product of cotton is nonedible fibers, which have a large biomass and strong heavy metal absorption and enrichment capacities, cotton is an ideal crop to restore heavy metal-contaminated soils and has unique advantages in terms of both ecological and economic benefits, with great application prospects. In this review, based on domestic and foreign research results in recent years, the effects of heavy metals on cotton growth and product quality were analyzed, the heavy metal absorption, accumulation, translocation and enrichment characteristics of cotton plants were summarized, and the adaptation and tolerance mechanisms of cotton to heavy metals were explored. Furthermore, the view that cotton is an effective crop to remediate heavy metal pollution in farmland soil has been proposed, and popularization and application suggestions for planting cotton to repair heavy metal pollution have been put forward to provide a reference for the comprehensive evaluation of the economic feasibility of cotton to repair heavy metal pollution in farmland soil.     

大蒜植物络合素合酶基因转化对酵母重金属抗性的提高

重金属污染是全球面临的亟待解决的生态问题。利用植物对重金属的富集作用来清除环境重金属污染即植物修复已成为重要的环境生物技术之一。这一技术的长远发展有赖于在重金属富集或耐受中起关键作用的基因的克隆和应用。植物络合素是植物体内一类重要的对重金属起螯合作用的多肽, 其合成受植物络合素合酶的催化。该文取得了如下研究结果:1)通过原子吸收测定表明,在大蒜(Allium sativum)的根部可以积累3 000 mg·kg^-1的重金属镉;2)将克隆的大蒜植物络合素合酶基因(AsPCS)置于酵母表达启动子之下,构建酵母表达载体,并将其分别转入了因CUP1和acr3基因缺失而对重金属镉和砷敏感的酵母突变体菌株后,发现来自大蒜的AsPCS基因的表达使酵母CUP1缺失菌株对镉的耐受性提高了4倍, acr3缺失菌株对砷的耐受性提高了两倍;3)表达AsPCS基因酵母的生长模式证实了AsPCS基因的表达是酵母对重金属耐受性提高的原因。这些结果暗示, 大蒜植物络合素合酶基因在大蒜对重金属的抗性及大蒜根部对镉的积累中起关键作用,可作为重要的基因元件应用到修复污染的植物基因工程中。     

根系分泌物在重金属污染土壤生态修复中的作用机制研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染问题日益突出.作为一种绿色、安全的生物修复技术,植物修复技术备受关注.根系分泌物作为植物-土壤-微生物三者物质交换与信息传递的重要载体,是植物响应外界胁迫的重要生理生态指征,在植物修复过程中发挥关键作用.研究表明,根系分泌物能够有效调控根际微环境,提升植物抗逆能力,影响重金属在根际微域中的环境行为.传...     

我国农田生态系统重金属的循环与调控

本文系统分析了我国农田土壤重金属的含量状况,探讨了农田生态系统中重金属的输入、输出及其平衡.农田生态系统中重金属存在一定的累积效应,但整体上超标风险较小,而部分作物、特别是蔬菜可能存在一定的超标风险.在采矿区和冶炼厂周边地区,以及废弃物利用强度较大的农区,土壤和作物中重金属超标的风险较大,是普通农区的十倍甚至数十倍以上.针对我国农田重金属污染现状,提出了调控农田生态系统重金属循环的有效措施,并对相关领域今后的研究进行了展望.     

A sensitive transgenic plant system to detect toxic inorganic compounds in the environment

We describe a transgenic plant-based assay to study the genetic effects of heavy metals. Arabidopsis thaliana plants carrying a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene either with a point mutation or as a recombination substrate were used to analyze the frequency of somatic point mutations and homologous recombination in whole plants. Transgenic test plants sown on media contaminated by the salts of the heavy metals Cd2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and As2O3 exhibited a pronounced uptake-dependent increase in the frequencies of both somatic intrachromosomal recombination and point mutation. The test was applied to monitor the genotoxicity of soils sampled in sites contaminated with several heavy metals. Our results indicate that this is a highly sensitive system for monitoring metal contamination in soils and water.     

重金属污染的植物修复及相关分子机制

随着近代工业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益严重。重金属即使在极低浓度下仍然可以对人畜造成健康上的威胁,因此迫切需要有效的修复方法对土壤进行修复。生物修复,特别是植物修复目前已经成为重金属污染修复的重要手段之一,了解相关植物的重金属解毒和积累分子机制是提高修复效率、解决重金属污染问题的基础。文中以土壤修复方式为起点,结合植物吸收积累重金属以及解毒的相关分子机制研究,探讨了植物修复的发展现状以及趋势。