生物酶法催化瓦伦西亚烯生成圆柚酮

在体外,利用野生型CYP450BM-3对瓦伦西亚烯进行催化,酶-底物复合物催化NADPH氧化的速率为31±1.0 nmol(nmol P450)-1min-1,但催化产物中没有检测到圆柚酮的生成。突变体R47L/Y51F/F87A与底物复合物催化NADPH氧化的速率高于野生型,为79±6.5 nmol(nmol P450)-1min-1,并在催化产物中检测到圆柚酮的生成,但其产物选择性较差,圆柚酮的含量仅占总产物的6.8%。与此同时,检测了另一个突变体A74G/F87V/L188Q对瓦伦西亚烯的催化效果,发现其与底物复合物对NADPH的氧化速率与突变体R47L/Y51F/F87A相当,但产物中圆柚酮的比率更高,达8.0%。     

内消旋-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶关键氨基酸位点的改造提高对烷基取代2-酮酸的催化活力

【背景】高效实现D-氨基酸的生物合成一直是人们关注的热点。内消旋-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶(meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase,DAPDH)能够直接催化2-酮酸和氨合成D-氨基酸。【目的】提高DAPDH对烷基取代2-酮酸的催化活力,并解释其催化机制。【方法】以来源于嗜热共生杆菌(Symbiobacteriumthermophilum)的内消旋-二氨基庚二酸脱氢酶(StDAPDH)为模板,在前期结构分析结合被选择位点突变结果的基础上,确定对H227位进行定点饱和突变,并以D-丙氨酸、D-2-氨基丁酸、D-正缬氨酸、D-谷氨酸为底物进行筛选。【结果】获得突变体H227Q和H227N。突变体H227Q对丙酮酸、2-氧代丁酸、2-氧代戊酸、2-酮戊二酸的比活力比野生型分别提高了10.9、11.5、8.6和7.6倍。动力学参数表明,突变体H227Q同时提高了酶对底物的亲和力及催化常数,使其对丙酮酸的催化效率(k_(cat)/K_m)相较于野生型提高了9.4倍。利用分子模拟技术分析突变体H227Q与产物氨基酸之间的相互作用表明,227位的谷氨酰胺通过与氨基酸的羧酸形成氢键,使得氨基酸产物Cα上的氢和辅酶烟酰胺环C4原子之间的距离缩短。【结论】利用定向进化技术提高DAPDH对烷基取代2-酮酸的催化活力,有助于开发新型的高效生物催化剂,这些工作也为下一步继续进行更具挑战性的D-氨基酸研究提供了基础。     

鉴别杰多霉素生物合成后修饰氧化酶JadH中参与底物结合或催化的关键残基

JadH是羟化脱水双功能酶,参与杰多霉素生物合成中的聚酮后修饰反应,将2,3-dehydro-UWM6催化为dehydrorabelomycin。为了分析杰多霉素生物合成途径中后修饰氧化酶JadH结合、催化底物的关键氨基酸,构建了JadH与底物复合物的三维结构模型。利用该模型并结合JadH同源蛋白氨基酸序列比对分析,推测出JadH活性中心中可能参与底物结合或催化的关键氨基酸(R50、G51、L52、G53、F100、R221、I223、P295和G298)。通过定点突变及体外酶学实验对这些位点的突变体的催化活性进行评价,结果显示这些突变株活性均显著低于野生型,表明这9个氨基酸是JadH参与底物结合或催化的关键氨基酸。     

亚热带山区土壤未培养微生物L-赖氨酸脱羧酶Ldc1E中关键氨基酸残基的功能鉴定

本研究旨在探讨L-赖氨酸脱羧酶Ldc1E关键氨基酸在底物识别和催化过程中的作用;通过生物信息学方法选择突变位点,并利用直接定点突变技术,完成了6个关键氨基酸残基突变和功能鉴定研究。突变酶D692N最适温度和pH值分别为40℃和6.5。突变酶D692N比野生型Ldc1E对高温具有更强的耐受性,在40℃～55℃温浴1 h后剩余酶活力达到35%以上,在60℃温浴1 h后仍然保留20%的酶活力;而野生型酶Ldc1E在50℃以上温浴1 h后几乎失活。此外,50 mmol/L DMSO、5 mmol/L Al~(3+)和Ca~(2+)对突变酶的酶活力有激活作用,而Al3+对野生型酶Ldc1E具有明显抑制作用。突变酶D692N的分子动力学常数K_m升高了1.78倍,k_(cat)下降了20.2倍。突变酶S221A、H245A、D330A、H366A、F607Y经检测酶催化活性丧失。研究结果表明氨基酸残基位点D692对酶与底物的结合具有重要影响;而S221、H245、D330、H366、F607是Ldc1E酶活性能够体现的关键氨基酸位点,不可替换。本研究为探究L-赖氨酸脱羧酶的结构与功能关系提供理论参考。     

黄翅大白蚁来源β-葡萄糖苷酶的分子改造

纤维素水解成为葡萄糖需要一系列纤维素酶的作用,其中β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidases)起着至关重要的作用。来自于培菌白蚁中肠的β-葡萄糖苷酶(MbmgBG1)具有较高的葡萄糖耐受性(1.5 mol/L的葡萄糖,保持60%以上的酶活力),但是,酶活力低和热稳定性差限制了β-葡萄糖苷酶(MbmgBG1)在食品以及工业领域中的应用。因此通过对保守氨基酸附近的非保守氨基酸定点突变,获得点突变体(F167L、T176C、E347I、R354K、N393G和V425M),其中突变体F167L、R354K的比活力(底物pNPG)比MbmgBG1分别高出约2倍和4倍。突变体的K_(cat)/K_m值比野生型大,反映了突变体对底物的亲和力以及催化能力比MbmgBG1强。当酶活力保留60%以上时,MbmgBG1所耐受的葡萄糖浓度为1.5 mol/L,而F167L为2.0 mol/L,R354K为3.0 mol/L。这些特性的增强表明,对活性中心附近保守区域内的非保守氨基酸突变,可以较大程度地影响活性,因此需要更深入地研究β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性中心位点,进行改造以提高催化效率。     

来源于瘤胃菌Ruminococcus sp.的D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的底物结合位点分析

【目的】研究来源于瘤胃菌Ruminococcus sp.的D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的底物结合机制。【方法】通过同源模拟和同源序列比对,筛选与其底物结合相关的关键位点,进而通过定点突变构建突变体并对其动力学性质进行研究。【结果】筛选得到关键位点Y6和A109,构建了突变体Y6F、Y6I、A109P及A109L。【结论】Y6既与底物结合又与催化能力相关,其-OH只与底物结合相关,芳香环则与催化能力和结合能力均相关;而A109则只是底物结合的位点。该研究结果为D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶的催化机理研究及分子改造提供了借鉴。     

短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚脱氢酶脱氢催化机理

【目的】为研究短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚脱氢酶(sNPEO-DH)的脱氢氧化机制(基因克隆于Ensifer sp.AS08),我们进行了以下实验。【方法】采用同源序列比对及同源建模的方法筛选出与其辅酶黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)异咯嗪基邻近的4个氨基酸残基。以定点突变方法分别构建了突变体,并进行了重组蛋白的表达纯化和酶活力测定。【结果】野生型和突变体的酶学动力学实验表明,突变体N90A和N509A对亲水性底物聚乙二醇(PEG1000)的相对活性分别降低为51%和89%,对疏水性底物sNPEO的活性分别降低为26%和40%,说明氨基酸残基N90和N509可能与底物的结合相关。突变体H465A的相对活性丧失了90%以上,突变体N507A完全丧失活性;瞬时"停-流"检测实验进一步证明N507A突变体阻断了底物向FAD传递质子的过程,突变体H465A阻断了对FAD还原形成的FADH2脱氢再生的过程。【结论】以上结果说明N507和H465为sNPEO脱氢酶活性中心中参与对底物氧化脱氢及FADH2脱氢再生进行下一次反应的催化位点。     

唾液乳杆菌BSH1及其突变体的底物特异性

为了解析胆盐水解酶催化中心中关键氨基酸位点与其底物特异性的关系,以大肠杆菌pET-20b(+)表达系统为分子改造平台,采用理性设计,结合氨基酸定点突变的方法,成功构建了唾液乳杆菌Lactobacillus salivarius胆盐水解酶BSH1的7种突变体。通过对比L.salivarius BSH1及其突变体对6种结合胆盐的底物特异性表明,7种突变体对不同的结合胆盐的水解活性有所改变。结果说明,Cys2和Thr264分别是BSH1催化TCA和GCA的关键残基,且对酶的催化活性的保持具有关键作用。其中,高保守性的氨基酸位点Cys2不是BSH1唯一的活性位点,而其他突变的氨基酸位点可能作为BSH1的结合位点参与了底物的结合,也可能影响了底物进入BSH1活性中心的通道或底物结合口袋的体积与形状,进而影响了BSH1对不同结合胆盐的水解活性。     

亚位点+1处突变提高软化类芽胞杆菌环糊精糖基转移酶底物麦芽糊精特异性

通过改造来源于软化类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus macerans的环糊精糖基转移酶(Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase,CGT酶)的+1亚位点提高其对麦芽糊精的底物特异性,并进一步提高以麦芽糊精为糖基供体催化合成2-O-D-吡喃葡糖基-L-抗坏血酸(AA-2G)的效率。首先对+1亚位点附近的3个氨基酸残基Leu194、Ala230和His233分别进行定点饱和突变,得到3个优势突变体L194N(亮氨酸→天冬酰胺),A230D(丙氨酸→天冬氨酸),H233E(组氨酸→谷氨酸),然后以这3个优势突变体为模板进一步进行两点和三点复合突变,获得7个复合突变体。研究结果表明,突变体L194N/A230D/H233E以麦芽糊精为底物合成AA-2G的产量最高,达到1.95 g/L,比野生型CGT酶提高了62.5%。对获得的突变体进行动力学分析,发现高浓度的底物L-AA对突变型CGT酶催化的酶促反应具有抑制作用。确定了突变体酶促反应的最适温度、pH和反应时间。模拟突变体的三维结构并进行分析,突变体底物特异性的改善可能与CGT酶第194位、230位和233位的氨基酸残基的亲水性及与底物分子间的作用力的改变有关。     

定点突变提高土曲霉Aspergillus terreus脂肪酶的催化活性

本研究旨在利用理性设计的方法来提高来源于土曲霉Aspergillus terreus的酸性脂肪酶ATL的催化活力。通过同源比对,选择脂肪酶盖子区域和底物结合口袋域中的位点进行定点突变,得到8种ATL的突变脂肪酶。结果发现,盖子区域突变酶ATLLid与底物结合口袋域突变酶ATLV218W的催化活性显著提高。ATLLid和ATLV218W对底物对硝基苯酚月桂酸酯p-nitrophenyl laurate(p-NPL)的催化活性最高,k_(cat)值较ATL分别提高了39.37倍和50.79倍,k_(cat)/K_m值较ATL分别提高了2.85倍和8.48倍。与ATL相比,ATLLid和ATLV218W的热稳定性略有下降,最适p H为5.0,p H 4.0–8.0具有较好的稳定性,说明突变未对ATL的嗜酸耐酸特性产生影响。通过同源建模模拟及分子对接技术分析底物p-NPL与酶分子间的相互作用,解析了ATLLid和ATLV218W催化活性提高的机理。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.