胆道系统探查中术中超声的应用及临床价值

目的:探讨胆管系统探查中术中超声(intraoperative ultrasound,IOUS)的应用及临床价值。方法:2007年3月至2014年8月应用术中超声对胆道系统进行探查的病例资料58例,对其术前影像学表现、手术过程、术中超声所见以及术中和术后诊断进行分析,研究术中超声对胆道探查的应用价值。结果:(1)58例应用术中超声病人中,肝内外胆管结石35例、肝门部胆管癌及胆总管癌11例,急性胆囊炎8例,胃癌1例,先天性胆总管囊肿1例,胆总管炎性狭窄1例,胰腺癌1例。术中超声确认取净结石或胆总管未见明显异常34例,定位肝内胆管残余结石6例,发现胆总管内尚有结石2例,术中超声确诊胆管癌2例;另发现胆总管先天性解剖异常2例;(2)在发现胆管结石方面,与术前MRCP无显著性差异(P=0.643);与术前CT、B超比较有显著差异(P0.05),诊断率分别为B超74.3%,MRCP 91.4%,CT 77.1%,IOUS 94.3%。结论:术中超声胆道系统的探查可以在广泛的疾病中得到应用,可以对术前影像学检查起到验证和补充的作用,且在术中引导各种介入操作中起到独特作用。     

基因组学技术推动中医药精准医学研究现状分析与展望

中医药具有精准医学的核心"个体化诊断和治疗"要素。基因组学技术在中医药基于体质的精准预防、个体化诊断与药物、针灸治疗、药物复杂性、包括中医药干预人体微生物环境等方面已经有较多应用。这与精准医学通过分析人群基因信息、生活方式、环境因素等了解疾病发生发展机制、针对相关靶点开发药物的方法及目标相匹配。未来将在整合各组学技术、结合中医药自身特色等方面应用于中医药精准医学研究,为实现中医药现代化及精准治疗的目标提供助力。     

纳米金在分子影像学中的应用进展

分子影像学的出现将传统的以解剖结构为成像基础的医学影像学带入到以图像阐释细胞/分子结构和功能以及病理改变的新时代。伴随着"后基因组"时代的到来以及"个体化医疗"的兴起,分子影像学对医学领域带来了里程碑式的革命并日益发挥重要作用。在分子影像领域,寻找最佳的分子影像探针/对比剂以及成像方法,以获取更多的细胞或者分子的功能及病理改变的信息日益成为热门的研究领域。纳米金籍其自身的优点在分子影像学的发展中展示出日益广阔的前景。本文就分子影像学的相关技术及纳米金在分子影像学中的应用进展作一简要综述。     

幽门螺杆菌检测技术研究进展及展望

幽门螺杆菌是(Helicobacter pylori,H. pylori)是导致人类多种胃肠疾病的主要病因,通过多种毒力因子导致各种疾病的发生和发展。鉴于目前幽门螺杆菌缺少商业化疫苗且多重耐药性问题日益严重,临床上对其根除效果不佳,因此,精准的检测技术是预防幽门螺杆菌感染的关键,也是评估感染后治疗效果的重要手段。幽门螺杆菌的检测方法主要包括尿素呼气试验、快速尿素酶试验、粪便抗原检测、血清学检查、内镜检查、组织学病理检查、聚合酶链式反应及细菌培养,每种方法在临床上皆存在优点与局限性。目前,对于幽门螺杆菌检测的“金标准”尚无统一定论,因此本文重点综述当前应用的幽门螺杆菌检测技术,分析其优点和局限性,并指明精准、快速且便捷的检测技术在流行病学调查等方面具备的优势,旨在为临床和研究提供科学的参考依据。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术在内镜取石失败后的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗内镜取石失败的胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2005年-2013年实施腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)的患者共89例,分为两组,其中A组为患者在内镜取石失败后再行LCBDE术(n=47),B组为诊断胆总管结石后立即行LCBDE术(n=42),比较两组之间手术时间、中转开腹率、结石残留率、术后并发症率(包括胆瘘、胰腺炎以及其他)、住院时间、结石复发率。结果:A组和B组相比在手术时间、中转开腹率、结石残留率、术后并发症率、住院时间、结石复发率上并没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:针对内镜取石失败的胆总管结石患者,腹腔镜胆总管探查术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

影像医学在肝脏检查中的作用

现如今科技的进步带动各个行业的发展,同时也应用在医学设备和医学技术领略上,如:医学影像学的改进和发展。CT虽然属于比较昂贵的影像学,但是它在对相关病况检测上所起到的作用却是十分重要的,体现出重要的价值,在对肝脏疾病检查中,CT检查能够提供更明确地诊断方法和治疗方法,并且CT检查能够有效的弥补B超检查所带来的缺陷,如:具体定性问题等。     

输尿管镜超声气压弹道碎石手术的护理配合

输尿管镜手术是经尿道将输尿管镜置入膀胱、输尿管腔内进行诊断和治疗的新技术,可对输尿管进行检查、碎石、取石,可用于治疗输尿管结石、异物、输尿管狭窄等。具有无切口、创伤小、痛苦少、疗效高、时间短及无热效应等优点,是治疗中、下段输尿管结石的首选方法。     

开放手术与内镜治疗胆总管结石的临床疗效对比分析研究

目的:分析探讨内镜括约肌切开与胆管切开取石治疗胆总管结石的疗效比较。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2013年1月间收治的胆总管结石病人150例,65例为开放手术组,55例为内镜治疗组,通过比较两组患者手术治疗成功率、操作时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、住院时间及住院费用。结果:开放手术组和内镜治疗组治疗成功率分别为96.92%和98.18%;平均手术时间分别为95.8士14.6和51.32±22.76分钟;术中出血量分别为177.25±48.67和28.23±18.96 mL;术后并发症的发生率分别为9.23%和3.63%;术后住院天数分别为20.54±10.69和8.83±6.41天;住院费用分别为22312.04±4563.42和10518.42±5368.62元;两组间治疗成功率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组间平均手术时间、术中失血量、术后并发症的发生率、住院天数及住院费用差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与开放手术相比,内镜治疗胆总管结石具有安全、有效的优点,是目前治疗胆总管结石的首选方法。     

科技名词：精准医疗

<正>精准医疗(Precision Medicine)是一种将个人基因、环境与生活习惯差异考虑在内的疾病预防与处置的新兴方法。2015年1月20日,美国总统奥巴马在国情咨文中提出"精准医学计划",希望精准医学可以引领一个医学新时代。精准医学可以使医疗健康的概念发生本质变化,从医疗健康体系以诊断治疗为主,     

浅谈食管癌的体征与影像诊断

食管癌,严重危害我国人民健康的十大恶性肿瘤之一,而南充市是我国食管癌的一个高发地区。因大多数食管癌患者的早期临床表现并不明显,故准确地检查与诊断出食管癌显得尤为重要。作为疾病诊断特别是影像学诊断的医务工作者就必须熟练地掌握检查诊断方法,这样,我们才能让患者得到尽早尽快的治疗,才能造福于病人。本文就食管癌的概论及患者体征,各种影像学检查诊断的价值做出简要的论述。     

痛风的相关研究

痛风是一种由高尿酸血症引起的关节炎类型。研究其流行病学,使临床对高尿酸血症及痛风性关节炎的病理生理学有了新的见解。研究表明,遗传倾向的作用越来越明显。痛风的临床表现分为无症状高尿酸血症,急性痛风性关节炎,发作间期和慢性痛风性关节炎。痛风的诊断基于实验室和放射学特征,其中偏振光显微镜发现滑液中针状或杆状的单钠尿酸盐晶体是诊断的金标准。其成像方法主要有常规放射成像、超声检查、双能CT。其中超声和双能CT应用的进步使该领域的诊断、分期、随访和临床研究有了显著的提高。深入了解痛风的发病机制,不断优化诊断方式,有助于提高痛风的临床诊疗水平。痛风的管理一直是医学史上对医学技能的挑战,当前需要不断深入了解痛风的发病机制,不断优化诊断方式,以寻求不同寻常的治疗方案。在秋水仙碱、泼尼松、别嘌醇、非布司他、雷西纳德等药物的临床应用取得不错效果的同时,存在的一些不良反应值得重视。随着精准医疗时代的到来,相信痛风的个体化诊疗有着更加乐观的未来。     

Proteomics and personalized medicine: a focus on kidney disease

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Inter-individual variability in response to drug treatment has induced an increased demand for decisions via personalize medicine. Also, the contribution of proteomics to the era of personalized medicine would seem to be vital in improving therapeutic outcomes.

Areas covered: We review validated biomarkers discovered by proteomics techniques and their use in personalized medicine with the focus on kidney diseases. We discuss this topic with a special emphasis on recent publications and relevant initiatives and depict some limitations that remain for personalized medicine.

Expert opinion: The development of highly accurate biomarkers is essential for optimizing the management of kidney diseases. Various biomarkers of kidney diseases have been identified using proteomic techniques. However, only a few of these biomarkers showed the potential to be used in clinical practice concerning personalized medicine. Therefore, it becomes evident that the combination of multiple biomarkers confers higher accuracy and the ability to depict complex pathophysiological conditions, a prerequisite for personalized treatment. CKD273, a multimarker panel for early CKD detection may serve as a first example for personalized medicine in nephrology. Based on this successful example, proteomics is expected to develop into the key technology to guide personalized intervention.     

心力衰竭的物理诊断现状

心力衰竭是各种心脏疾病发展的终末阶段,及时准确的确诊心力衰竭、辨别其病情变化可进一步指导治疗及缩短住院时间,并为心力衰竭的预后评价提供参考依据。目前,确诊心力衰竭主要基于患者的临床症状、体征及各种影像学表现、生化指标等做出综合评价,而物理诊断是诊断心力衰竭不可或缺的依据。心脏彩超已应用于临床多年,可从多个层面评估左室充盈压,是初步评价心脏功能的便捷措施。核心脏病学可评估心脏交感神经支配的区域及激活模式,预测心力衰竭的发病率和死亡率。心脏磁共振可用于进行危险分层及确定是否适合手术/介入治疗。此外,心脏CT及心导管术也是用于评价心功能的常见物理检查方法。本文主要总结了目前各种诊断心力衰竭的物理诊断方法的最新进展,以进一步指导临床实践。     

Advances in techniques for phosphorus analysis in biological sources

. Suites of analytical methods for detection and characterization of various forms of phosphorus present in biological sources.

1. Download : Download high-res image (196KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

Highlights? We review the available methods for analyzing various forms of phosphorus. ? Biological, chemical, molecular and microscopic phosphorus analysis methods are summarized. ? Principles, advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed. ? Examples of applications for each technique are provided.     

Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging

The microcirculation plays a crucial role in the interaction between blood and tissues both in physiological and pathophysiological states. Despite its critical role in numerous diseases including diabetes, hypertension, sepsis or multiple organ failure, methods for direct visualization and quantitative assessment of human microcirculation at the bedside are limited. Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging is a relatively new noninvasive method for assessment of human microcirculation without using fluorescent dyes. Recent clinical studies using OPS imaging in various pathological states have shown a wide spectrum of different clinical applications with evident impact on the diagnosis, treatment or prognosis assessment. Thus, there is a great effort to validate OPS imaging for various clinical purposes. The principles of OPS imaging, validation studies, its advantages, limitations, methods of quantitative assessment and current experience in clinical practice are discussed.     

肺炎支原体实验室检测方法研究进展

肺炎支原体(Mycoplosma pneumonia,MP)为人类非典型肺炎的病原体,是引起呼吸道感染的重要病原体。但是支原体肺炎与其他病原体感染的肺炎,在临床症状、影像学上并无特异性差别,且其对一般治疗肺炎、上呼吸道感染的药物有耐药性,因此肺炎支原体及时、准确的实验室检测对于支原体肺炎的诊断治疗显得尤为重要。目前MP的实验室检测方法不断推陈出新,但各种方法均有其优势与不足,临床可选择两种不同的方法同时检测。比如:血清学抗体的检测结合MP快速培养药敏的方法;血清学抗体的检测结合PCR的方法,不同方法相互补充为临床的早期诊断、治疗提供依据。而MP药敏试验的检测和耐药机制的研究对于临床用药方案的选择,减少耐药株的产生和流行具有重要意义。     

Application of Molecular Biology and Genetics in Endocrinology

ObjectiveTo review the growing impact of molecular biology and genetics on clinical endocrinology.MethodsMedical literature, databases, and Web sites describing genetics and genomic medicine with relevance for clinical endocrinology were reviewed.ResultsMany monogenic disorders can now be explained at the molecular level and the diagnosis can be established through mutational analysis. The ability to establish a molecular diagnosis is relevant for carrier detection and genetic counseling. In contrast to the significant advances in monogenic disorders, the current knowledge about the genetic components contributing to the pathogenesis of complex disorders is still relatively modest and is a major focus of current research efforts. Molecular biology already has an important impact on therapy in endocrine disorders. A broad spectrum of recombinant peptides and proteins are used in daily practice, eg, insulin and insulin analogues. Moreover, the increasingly detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer is leading to the development of novel and more specific inhibitors. While genetic testing has many advantages, it is important that physicians and patients are aware of potential limitations. They include, among others, technical limitations and allelic and nonallelic heterogeneity. These limitations need to be discussed in detail with patients and relatives, and it is often useful to involve a genetic counselor before obtaining informed consent by the individuals undergoing testing.ConclusionMolecular biology and genetics play an increasingly important role for the diagnosis and therapy of endocrine disorders. Challenges for the future include the elucidation of the genetic components contributing to complex disorders, eg, diabetes mellitus type 2, and the development of cheaper and comprehensive DNA sequencing technologies. Lastly, it is important that there is continuing attention directed towards the ethical, social, and legal aspects surrounding genetic medicine. (Endocr Pract, 2007;13: 534-541)     

精准医疗与结核病

精准医疗概念的提出开启了一个医学新时代,且在世界范围内引起了一场科技竞争。精准医疗的实质包括精准诊断和精准治疗,其具体内容,结合各国实际情况各不相同。对中国而言,慢性传染病特别是结核病造成了严重疾病负担,应作为重点研究对象,实际上该领域中各种形式的精准医疗已然展开。精准医疗作为一种新的理念,贯穿于结核病的研究和治疗中,势必对人类结束结核病的肆虐和消除结核病作出重大贡献。     

Cell blocks in cytopathology: a review of preparative methods,utility in diagnosis and role in ancillary studies

The cell block (CB) is a routine procedure in cytopathology that has gained importance because of its pivotal role in diagnosis and ancillary studies. There is no precise review in the published literature that deals with the various methods of preparation of CB, its utility in diagnosis, immunocytochemistry (ICC) or molecular testing, and its drawbacks. An extensive literature search on CB in cytology using internet search engines was performed for this review employing the following keywords: cell block, cytoblock, cytology, cytopathology, methods, preparation, fixatives, diagnostic yield, ancillary and molecular studies. Ever since its introduction more than a century ago, the CB technique has undergone numerous modifications to improve the quality of the procedure; however, the overall principle remains the same in each method. CBs can be prepared from virtually all varieties of cytological samples. In today's era of personalized medicine, cytological specimens, including CBs, augment the utility of cytological samples in analysing the molecular alterations as effectively as surgical biopsies or resection specimens. With the availability of molecular targeted therapy for many cancers, a large number of recent studies have used cytological material or CBs for molecular characterization. The various techniques of CB preparation with different fixatives, their advantages and limitations, and issues of diagnostic yield are discussed in this review.