大堤型湖滨带生态系统健康状态驱动因子——以太湖为例

湖滨带是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持湖泊生态系统健康和改善水环境功能具有积极作用。由于防洪需要,我国许多湖泊在湖滨带中修建了防洪大堤,防洪大堤对湖滨带生态系统的影响还缺乏研究,识别引起大堤型湖滨带生态健康退化的驱动因子是开展湖滨带生态修复的必要前提。针对太湖湖滨带的特点,在定性筛选了太湖主体营养状态、入湖河流污染负荷通量、岸带类型、风浪强度4个主要影响因子的基础上,分别采用"多元线性逐步回归法"和"偏相关系数法"进行驱动因子识别,2种方法确定的驱动因子个数均为3个,且3者的驱动力大小排序也相同,即太湖主体营养状态>岸带类型>入湖河流污染负荷通量。3个驱动因子对太湖湖滨带生态系统健康的影响均为负效应,也即太湖主体的营养状态综合指数越高、入湖河流污染负荷通量越重、岸带状况越差,湖滨带生态系统也就越不健康。另外,从统计方法的角度解释了"风浪强度"没有入选为驱动因子的原因;澄清了现阶段环境学、生态学领域对"驱动因子"识别方法的误解及不足之处。研究结果为大堤型湖滨带的生态修复方案提供了理论支持。     

图们江流域河流生态系统健康评价

河流是重要的自然生态系统,也是重要的生态廊道之一,图们江流域河流生态系统的健康状况,对维护跨国界流域的水环境的管理和可持续发展有着重要的意义。基于河流水文、河流形态、河岸带状况、水体理化参数以及河流生物5个层面选取22个指标构建了图们江流域河流生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和加权平均法对其进行了健康评价。评价结果表明,虽然该地区处于"健康"级别,但也有28%的地区处于"亚健康"状态。河流健康综合指数(RHI`)与河流生物指标、水体理化指标、河流形态指标、河岸带指标等4项呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数依次为0.847、0,757、0.740、0.547。研究结果表明图们江流域水生生物的生存环境遭到严重破坏、水体污染严重,河岸带生态退化、城市化影响严重等一系列影响河流健康的问题。     

“拉开档次”法的改进及其在河流生态健康评价中的应用

针对“拉开档次”法在进行综合评价过程中不能较好反映评价者主观信息的缺点,并考虑到影响河流生态系统健康的因素具有多层次、不确定和属性复杂等特点,对”拉开档次”法进行改进,并运用改进的”拉开档次”法对流经北京和天津的北运河上、中、下游各区段进行生态健康综合评价.结果表明,北运河上、中、下游各区段生态系统健康评价值分别为0.539、0.521、0.546,生态状况均处于亚健康状态;河流水环境状况对北运河生态系统健康影响程度最大.运用改进后的“拉开档次”法进行河流生态系统健康评价,既兼顾了评价者的主观判断,又包含了数据本身的客观信息,评价过程透明,评价结果科学、合理、客观、可靠,可为河流综合治理提供技术支持和基础依据.     

“拉开档次”法的改进及其在河流生态健康评价中的应用

针对“拉开档次”法在进行综合评价过程中不能较好反映评价者主观信息的缺点,并考虑到影响河流生态系统健康的因素具有多层次、不确定和属性复杂等特点,对”拉开档次”法进行改进,并运用改进的”拉开档次”法对流经北京和天津的北运河上、中、下游各区段进行生态健康综合评价.结果表明,北运河上、中、下游各区段生态系统健康评价值分别为0.539、0.521、0.546,生态状况均处于亚健康状态;河流水环境状况对北运河生态系统健康影响程度最大.运用改进后的“拉开档次”法进行河流生态系统健康评价,既兼顾了评价者的主观判断,又包含了数据本身的客观信息,评价过程透明,评价结果科学、合理、客观、可靠,可为河流综合治理提供技术支持和基础依据.     

基于土地利用空间格局的区域生态系统健康评价——以舟山岛为例

土地利用空间格局是影响区域生态系统健康状态的重要因素。构建适用于舟山岛生态系统健康诊断的"活力-组织结构-恢复力-生态系统服务功能"评价指标体系,其活力以植被相对密度指数表征、组织结构以蔓延度等4个景观格局指数表征。选择镇、乡或街道等行政区作为评价单元,以遥感数据和土地利用调查数据为基础,采用G IS和RS技术,提取舟山岛17个乡镇1970-2005年间5个时期的土地利用空间格局和指标信息,采用综合参数评价模型对研究区生态系统健康进行时空动态评价。研究结果表明:(1)35 a来舟山岛生态系统健康整体状况呈下降趋势,相对较好的区域面积下降了18%,相对一般的下降了8%,而相对较差的上升了26%;(2)城市化、滩涂围垦与沿海工业的发展是舟山岛生态系统健康状态下降的主要原因。     

城市河流健康评价指标体系构建及其应用

健康的城市河流既能够维持其生态系统的自然运转,又能够满足城市社会经济的正常需求,还能够为人类提供休闲娱乐的场所。基于城市河流健康的内涵,构建出包含自然生态、社会经济和景观环境等3个方面24个指标的城市河流健康评价指标体系。以漓江市区段为例,通过建立基于层次分析法的模糊综合评价模型对其进行健康评价。结果表明:漓江市区段复合生态系统的评价结果为(0.2193,0.3004,0.3261,0.1137,0.0405),处于中健康状态;其自然生态子系统、社会经济子系统和景观环境子系统的健康状态分别为中、优和良;水量、防洪能力、鱼类多样性指数和底栖动物多样性是漓江市区段健康的主要影响因素。该评价指标体系可为其它城市河流的健康评价提供参考。     

多尺度生态系统健康综合评价——以宁波市为例

以宁波市为例,从市域、所辖县(市/区)、生态系统3个尺度,划分出城市、森林、河流、农田、湖库及海岸带六类生态系统,选定56个指标因子建立了宁波市生态系统健康评价体系,并采用生态系统健康指数法进行了多尺度综合评价。结果显示:(1)宁波市生态系统处于亚健康状态,(2)县(市/区)生态系统中慈溪、象山和镇海为亚健康偏向预警水平,主城区(海曙区、江东区和江北区)、北仑、余姚、鄞州、奉化和宁海为一般健康水平;(3)对宁波市生态系统健康影响的生态系统类型主要是海岸带、河流和农田,县(市/区)主要是慈溪、镇海和象山,影响因子主要是海岸带初级生产力、海水综合污染指数、河流水环境质量和农田系统生产力。根据评价结果,提出重点在农田、河流和海岸带相关方面制定管理措施和开发政策。同时本研究表明,多尺度综合评价方法有助于生态环境管理部门全面直观认识不同尺度上生态系统健康状态,并具体分析主要的影响因子,进行区域生态环境管理的科学决策。     

辽河干流河流化学完整性评价方法对比研究

基于河流水环境和河岸带生境状况进行河流化学完整性评价,可以全面综合的判断河流水体及河岸带化学污染情况,对有效控制水体污染,科学制定整治计划,恢复河流自身的环境承载力及生态系统功能以及对河流生态系统的修复都具有重要意义。以辽河干流为研究对象,探讨了化学完整性的概念、评价指标、评价标准及评价方法,从河流水环境和河岸栖息地环境两方面选取了19个指标,构建了河流化学完整性评价指标体系。同时采用模糊综合评价法、贴近度法和综合指数法分别对辽河干流化学完整性进行评价,最终筛选并确定综合指数法更适合河流化学完整性评价。综合指数法评价结果表明,辽河干流化学完整性评价结果总体表现为“一般”,河流水环境总体评价为“一般”,哈大高铁、达牛和盘山闸评价为“差”。其中哈大高铁和达牛地处交通节点,受人为干扰较大。另外盘山闸长期处于施工状态且靠近市区,施工废料与城市污水污染不断。评价结果为研究者及管理者开展辽河干流生态修复与后评估等工作提供指标与方法参考。     

吉林省生态系统服务价值评估

吉林省生态系统效益总价值为1.74×1010USD·a-1,占全国总价值的3.6%。其中,森林生态系统效益的总价值占全省的15%,草原生态系统、沼泽湿地生态系统、河流湖泊生态系统以及耕地生态系统分别占1.6%、51.3%、29%和3.1%。其中,面积比重占到90%以上的的森林、草地和耕地生态系统效益价值占全省的20%左右,面积比重仅占6.2%的河流湖泊及沼泽湿地则占全省的80%之多;沼泽湿地的生态系统效益价值所占比例最高,草地最低;十七种生态系统效益中,生态系统的生态效益价值为1.55×1010USD·a-1,占总价值的88.9%,远高于其经济效益和社会效益的价值;在地区分布上,吉林省各地区生态系统效益价值排序为白城﹥延边州﹥松源﹥长春﹥吉林﹥通化﹥四平﹥白山﹥辽源。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产业生态系统服务功能价值评估

利用宁夏回族自治区统计局、宁夏回族自治区葡萄产业发展局和国家统计局等的相关统计数据,从食品生产、固碳释氧、净化大气、土壤保持、涵养水源、节水增效、生态旅游和生态扶贫等角度,对宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产业生态系统服务价值进行评估.结果表明: 1)宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄产业生态系统服务功能价值为35.98亿元,其中直接效益为22亿元,生态效益为13.98亿元.生态效益占整个产业生态系统服务价值的38.85%.2)生态效益中,各项功能的价值量依次为: 生态扶贫>生态旅游>固碳释氧>节水增效>净化大气>土壤保持>涵养水源.3)生态效益中,生态扶贫的价值最高,占64.39%;生态旅游的价值次之,占24.47%.对葡萄产业进行生态系统服务功能价值评估,既可以让人们在看到葡萄产业直接效益的同时,又可以意识到葡萄产业所带来的生态效益.这对全面指导葡萄产业健康持续发展具有重要参考价值.     

汉江中下游生态系统健康评价指标体系构建及其应用

水利工程建设影响了河流生态系统健康。为探究梯级水库、跨流域调水等水利工程建设对长江流域河流生态系统健康的影响,以汉江中下游为例,采用频次分析法和相关性分析法对评价指标进行筛选,用最小二乘法和熵系数法相结合的综合权重模型确定各评价指标权重,从整体性、稳定性及可持续性3个方面构建了河流生态系统健康评价指标体系,并利用赋分法进行河流健康评价。结果表明,汉江中下游河流健康评价指标体系包含流量过程变异程度、输沙量变化、河流连通性、富营养化状况、鱼类物种数等11个指标。评价结果显示汉江中下游河流生态健康状况表现出较强的空间异质性,且健康状况逐年降低。靠近丹江口水库的区域较好,越往下游越差。     

Rivers in peril inside and outside protected areas: a systematic approach to conservation assessment of river ecosystems

This paper establishes a framework within which a rapid and pragmatic assessment of river ecosystems can be undertaken at a broad, subcontinental scale, highlighting some implications for achieving conservation of river biodiversity in water‐limited countries. The status of river ecosystems associated with main rivers in South Africa was assessed based on the extent to which each ecosystem had been altered from its natural condition. This requires consistent data on river integrity for the entire country, which was only available for main rivers; tributaries were thus excluded from the analyses. The state of main river ecosystems in South Africa is dire: 84% of the ecosystems are threatened, with a disturbing 54% critically endangered, 18% endangered, and 12% vulnerable. Protection levels were measured as the proportion of conservation target achieved within protected areas, where the conservation target was set as 20% of the total length of each river ecosystem. Sixteen of the 112 main river ecosystems are moderately to well represented within protected areas; the majority of the ecosystems have very low levels of representation, or are not represented at all within protected areas. Only 50% of rivers within protected areas are intact, but this is a higher proportion compared to rivers outside (28%), providing some of the first quantitative data on the positive role protected areas can play in conserving river ecosystems. This is also the first assessment of river ecosystems in South Africa to apply a similar approach to parallel assessments of terrestrial, marine, and estuarine ecosystems, and it revealed that main river ecosystems are in a critical state, far worse than terrestrial ecosystems. Ecosystem status is likely to differ with the inclusion of tributaries, since options may well exist for conserving critically endangered ecosystems in intact tributaries, which are generally less regulated than main rivers. This study highlights the importance of healthy tributaries for achieving river conservation targets, and the need for managing main rivers as conduits across the landscape to support ecological processes that depend on connectivity. We also highlight the need for a paradigm shift in the way protected areas are designated, as well as the need for integrated river basin management plans to include explicit conservation visions, targets, and strategies to ensure the conservation of freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide.     

Models of underlying autotrophic biomass dynamics fit to daily river ecosystem productivity estimates improve understanding of ecosystem disturbance and resilience

Directly observing autotrophic biomass at ecologically relevant frequencies is difficult in many ecosystems, hampering our ability to predict productivity through time. Since disturbances can impart distinct reductions in river productivity through time by modifying underlying standing stocks of biomass, mechanistic models fit to productivity time series can infer underlying biomass dynamics. We incorporated biomass dynamics into a river ecosystem productivity model for six rivers to identify disturbance flow thresholds and understand the resilience of primary producers. The magnitude of flood necessary to disturb biomass and thereby reduce ecosystem productivity was consistently lower than the more commonly used disturbance flow threshold of the flood magnitude necessary to mobilize river bed sediment. The estimated daily maximum percent increase in biomass (a proxy for resilience) ranged from 5% to 42% across rivers. Our latent biomass model improves understanding of disturbance thresholds and recovery patterns of autotrophic biomass within river ecosystems.     

雄安新区河流健康评价

雄安新区地理环境敏感,生态环境较为脆弱,研究新区河流健康对维护区域水生态平衡,实施京津冀协同发展战略及疏解北京非首都功能具有重要意义。以雄安新区4条河流为研究对象,基于高分二号遥感影像、地理信息数据和实测数据,构建由水文水资源、河流水质、河流底泥、河流生物、河流生境和社会服务构成的河流健康评价指标体系,并用主客观赋值法得到各指标的综合权重,进而计算河流的综合健康指数,以此对河流健康情况进行评价。结果表明不同河流的准则层指标的健康指数和河流综合健康指数存在差异性,其中白沟引河综合健康指数为0.640,处于健康状态;府河的综合健康指数为0.484,处于亚健康状态;瀑河和孝义河均处于病态,综合健康指数为0.269和0.228。总体表现同一河流不同河段以及不同河流存在明显的空间异质性,府河和白沟引河的健康状态明显好于孝义河和瀑河,同时除孝义河不同采样点的健康情况没有差别,府河、瀑河和白沟引河三条河流不同采样点之间的健康状况存在一定的差别,河流入淀处健康状况普遍比中游健康状况好。这为后期生态需水及其整个新区的生态功能提升提供了参考依据。     

基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究

随着人类对于河流的开发利用日益增强,显著改变了河流的天然径流过程,生态供水不足成为流域生态系统健康的重要制约因素。以山西省汾河流域为研究区,基于天然和实测径流数据,利用SWAT模型分别模拟了流域近30年天然径流和近10年跨流域调水情况下现状径流过程,并在此基础上对流域各河道生态流量及现状径流量进行时空量化,探讨了不同生态流量标准下生态缺水量在时间和空间上的变化情况。研究结果表明：(1)汾河流域各河道生态流量时空差异明显,汛期(0.50—18.80m~3/s)河道生态流量需求显著高于非汛期(0.05—1.81m~3/s),总体分布特征为中下游干流远高于上游支流;(2)在Tennant法的不同生态流量标准下,汾河流域非汛期生态流量保障情况整体优于汛期,高频缺水区主要分布在支流,呈上下游分散分布;(3)在中等级生态流量标准下,流域约84%的区域能保障基本生态流量需求,关键缺水区为岚河、潇河、浮山县及浍河地区;(4)建议流域生态补水在时间上侧重汛期补水,空间上侧重高频缺水地区,基于流域生态缺水量时空分布特征分配跨流域调水资源,提高水资源利用效率。研究从时空上量化了跨流域调水工程实施后流域生态流...     

Extreme weather events threaten biodiversity and functions of river ecosystems: evidence from a meta-analysis

Both gradual and extreme weather changes trigger complex ecological responses in river ecosystems. It is still unclear to what extent trend or event effects alter biodiversity and functioning in river ecosystems, adding considerable uncertainty to predictions of their future dynamics. Using a comprehensive database of 71 published studies, we show that event – but not trend – effects associated with extreme changes in water flow and temperature substantially reduce species richness. Furthermore, event effects – particularly those affecting hydrological dynamics – on biodiversity and primary productivity were twice as high as impacts due to gradual changes. The synthesis of the available evidence reveals that event effects induce regime shifts in river ecosystems, particularly affecting organisms such as invertebrates. Among extreme weather events, dryness associated with flow interruption caused the largest effects on biota and ecosystem functions in rivers. Effects on ecosystem functions (primary production, organic matter decomposition and respiration) were asymmetric, with only primary production exhibiting a negative response to extreme weather events. Our meta-analysis highlights the disproportionate impact of event effects on river biodiversity and ecosystem functions, with implications for the long-term conservation and management of river ecosystems. However, few studies were available from tropical areas, and our conclusions therefore remain largely limited to temperate river systems. Further efforts need to be directed to assemble evidence of extreme events on river biodiversity and functioning.     

城市生态系统休闲娱乐服务支付意愿及价值评估——以成都市温江区为例

城市生态系统为居民提供了供给服务、环境调节服务和休闲娱乐等精神文化服务。从现代消费选择理论出发,建立居民接受城市生态系统休闲娱乐服务支付意愿模型,采用Logit模型、Oprobit模型和实际调查数据,分析了居民对温江区城市生态系统休闲娱乐服务的支付意愿及影响因素,并运用CVM方法对其休闲娱乐服务价值进行了测算。结果表明:(1)居民支付意愿与支付数量在成都市区均低于温江区,两者支付意愿率分别为60.3%和69.1%,支付意愿值为127.1元/a和142.5元/a;(2)居民支付意愿和支付数量不仅是收入水平的体现,也是居民对城市生态系统内部基础设施服务和便利程度的主观评价,以及再次获取服务意愿等非经济因素的体现;居民受教育程度和再次获取服务的意愿对支付数量有负影响,这反映了人们对城市生态系统休闲娱乐服务认识与支付行为的偏差和"搭便车"的侥幸心理。(3)基于平均支付意愿,温江区城市生态系统休闲娱乐服务价值为4.1亿元,在城镇化不断推进和居民收入不断增加的背景下,城市生态系统具有较大的潜在休闲娱乐服务价值。最后,基于研究结论,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Assessment of river health based on an improved entropy-based fuzzy matter-element model in the Taihu Plain,China

Rivers are valuable to human beings because of their various functions. Unfortunately, ecological integrity of rivers has been seriously threatened by human activities, resulting in poor river functions. It is thus necessary to evaluate and maintain river health. Meanwhile, it is challenging to comprehensively assess river health with a single method alone. It is therefore relevant to combine the advantages of multiple methods in river health assessment. By classifying and characterizing river functions, we first established an indicator system for river health assessment in plain river network regions. We then assessed the health status of the Taihu Plain in terms of an improved entropy-based fuzzy matter-element model. We found that the overall health status of the Taihu Plain is below “good”. In particular, the health status of Yang-Cheng-Dian-Mao and Hang-Jia-Hu Region is “moderate”; the Wu-Cheng-Xi-Yu Region displays the poorest natural and social river functions. We also found that flood control is the most important influential factor in river health. Our findings suggest that rivers in the Taihu Plain must be restored to maintain their health, with the Wu-Cheng-Xi-Yu Region that must be restored preferentially, and that the river function of flood control must be improved at the scale of whole watershed. Comparing with other four commonly used comprehensive assessment methods, our improved entropy-based fuzzy matter-element model outperforms in reflecting objective fact and can be applied to river health assessment. Our results are generally consistent with existing studies, confirming that the proposed method for river health assessment is effective and feasible. Therefore, it provides a useful reference for river health assessment in other plain river network regions.     

重点脆弱生态区生态恢复的综合效益评估

全球变化和人类活动的剧烈影响导致对人类福祉至关重要的生态系统功能和服务的改变,生态系统退化已成为全球面临的严重问题之一。综合评价生态恢复效益是目前衡量恢复工程实施效果的重要途径。以中国重点脆弱生态区为研究对象,选取产水、土壤保持、食物供给、固碳4项服务,构建研究区生态恢复综合效益评估指标体系,并通过Welch T方法检验恢复显著和不显著区生态系统服务指标,对比分析研究区生态恢复综合效益的变化情况。结果表明:2000年到2015年,生态恢复工程的实施使脆弱区生态系统服务整体增长20.86%;综合效益由波动变化转为稳定,并稳定在其均值0.55附近,其中喀斯特区综合效益最高,达0.75以上;生态系统类型变化主要是农田、森林、草地和聚落生态系统之间的转移,森林和草地生态系统的增加使得生态系统服务水平升高;T检验的结果表明生态恢复带来综合效益的改善和生态系统服务能力的提高。