溶剂特性对三臂星型类弹性蛋白多肽相变温度的影响

本文利用SpyTag/SpyCatcher特性构建了三臂星型结构的类弹性蛋白多肽(elastin like polypeptides, ELPs),考察其在不同溶剂,如分子拥挤试剂、osmolytes及深共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvents,DESs)中的相变温度及行为,并与含有相同ELPs重复数的线性ELPs120作对比。结果表明：在不同浓度拥挤试剂PEG2000作用下,两种结构的ELPs相变温度均降低,当其各自浓度均为25 μmol/L时,三臂星型ELPs相变温度降低3℃～13℃,而ELPs120相变温度仅降低1.5℃～10.8℃。此外,在添加PEG2000后,三臂星型ELPs相变缓慢;在不同类型和浓度的osmolytes溶液中,25 μmol/L三臂星型ELPs相变温度明显要比线性ELPs高8℃左右;在DESs体系中,三臂星型ELPs有类似与水溶液中的相变行为,且其相变温度受到抑制,另外三臂星型ELPs和ELPs120在DESs/PBS体系中,与在(氯化胆碱+尿素)/PBS体系中的相变行为一致,其中当DESs体积含量为50%,ELPs120相变温度是最低的。由于ELPs在非单一缓冲液体系中的相变行为不同,这丰富了ELPs作为纯化标签的应用,且在非单一缓冲液体系中因降低了相变温度,节约了纯化融合蛋白的经济成本,同时也为研究ELPs拓扑结构与其相变行为之间的关系奠定理论基础。     

影响类弹性蛋白多肽自组装成微球的因素及其作用机制

影响类弹性蛋白多肽(ELPs)自组装成微球的因素较多,目前尚缺乏系统研究。以类弹性蛋白多肽[KV8F]n为对象,利用动态光散射仪测定了不同条件下其自组装成微球的粒径。结果表明:随着分子量的增加ELPs形成的微球粒径也随之增大,粒径的均一度减小;当盐浓度低于0.4 mol/L时,盐浓度的增加,微球粒径相应增加,而盐浓度高于0.4 mol/L则呈减少的趋势,但粒径均大于1.1μm;而当ELPs末端融合木聚糖酶和1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶后,其自组装形成的微球粒径急剧减小,约为游离ELPs的1/10,分别为151.0 nm和174.2 nm。导致这种现象的原因可能是酶分子和ELPs通过静电引力相互作用后,酶分子的空间位阻妨碍了ELPs分子的聚集。     

温敏类弹性蛋白多肽的基因设计及重组克隆表达

温敏类弹性蛋白多肽(elastin-like polypeptides, ELPs)作为新型的药物载体,在肿瘤治疗中具有广阔的应用前景。本研究根据大肠杆菌密码子的偏好性和简并性,将高度连续重复氨基酸的多种遗传密码引入基因序列中,利用依次插入单体基因和递归定向连接技术,成功构建了以缬氨酸为客座氨基酸的ELPs基因的表达质粒库,即p ET28-ELP-V_5～pET28-ELP-V₅₀。将pET28-V₅₀转化至表达宿主Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中,经重组菌的培养和IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE结果显示ELP-V₅₀在大肠杆菌中成功获得了可溶性表达,与预期分子量大小一致。本研究为进一步构建不同分子量的ELPs基因库提供了新的思路,并为重组表达获得特定相变特性的多肽分子奠定了基础。     

类弹性蛋白多肽的从头设计、非色谱纯化及盐效应

旨在克隆、表达与纯化类弹性蛋白多肽,并测定类弹性蛋白的相变温度对不同的盐敏感程度。从头设计了类弹性蛋白多肽的序列并人工合成其编码基因片段,克隆至改造后的表达载体pET-22b中,构建重组表达载体,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 中并诱导表达,采用可逆相变循环经高速离心对其进行纯化,并考察了盐类型及浓度对类弹性蛋白相变温度的影响。结果表明：0.4 mmol/L的Na2CO3能使25 μmol/L类弹性蛋白多肽 [KV8F-20] 相变温度降低至19 ℃,此类弹性蛋白多肽序列有望开发成一新型纯化标签,为今后     

ELP[Ⅰ]50标签在重组硫氧还蛋白分离纯化中的应用及PEG对其相变温度的影响

[目的]使用自行设计的类弹性蛋白(Elastin-like protein,ELP) ELP[Ⅰ]50作为非色谱纯化标签,分离纯化重组硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin,Trx),并研究聚乙二醇(Polyethyleneglycol,PEG)对ELP[Ⅰ]50-Trx相变温度(Inverse temperature transition,Tt)的影响.[方法]人工合成Trx基因,将其亚克隆到自行构建的表达载体pET28编码ELP[Ⅰ]50标签下游,转入大肠杆菌BLR(DE3)进行表达.融合蛋白表达后,采用可逆相变循环(Inverse transition cycling,ITC)分离纯化,并检测不同浓度PEG时的Tt值.[结果]成功表达、分离纯化出融合蛋白ELP[Ⅰ]50-Trx,检测出该蛋白浓度为25 μmol/L时,Tt为28.6℃;而当PEG的浓度为5％、10％、15％、20％时,Tt分别降至22.3℃、15.9℃、6℃、0℃.[结论]ELP[Ⅰ]50标签高效纯化重组蛋白具有操作简便、成本较低、易于扩大的优势,而PEG能降低蛋白的Tt值,进一步增强分离纯化效果,扩大使用范围,可望应用于分离纯化多种重组蛋白.     

ELP[I]50标签在重组硫氧还蛋白分离纯化中的应用及PEG对其相变温度的影响

【目的】使用自行设计的类弹性蛋白(Elastin-like protein, ELP) ELP[I]50作为非色谱纯化标签, 分离纯化重组硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin, Trx), 并研究聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol, PEG)对ELP[I]50-Trx相变温度(Inverse temperature transition, Tt)的影响。【方法】人工合成Trx基因, 将其亚克隆到自行构建的表达载体pET28编码ELP[I]50标签下游, 转入大肠杆菌BLR(DE3)进行表达。融合蛋白表达后, 采用可逆相变循环(Inverse transition cycling, ITC)分离纯化, 并检测不同浓度PEG时的Tt值。【结果】成功表达、分离纯化出融合蛋白ELP[I]50-Trx, 检测出该蛋白浓度为25 μmol/L时, Tt为28.6 °C; 而当PEG的浓度为5%、10%、15%、20%时, Tt分别降至22.3 °C、15.9 °C、6 °C、0 °C。【结论】ELP[I]50标签高效纯化重组蛋白具有操作简便、成本较低、易于扩大的优势, 而PEG能降低蛋白的Tt值, 进一步增强分离纯化效果, 扩大使用范围, 可望应用于分离纯化多种重组蛋白。     

聚乙二醇对ELP[I]40相变温度的影响

目的:研究聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)对类弹性蛋白(elastin-like protein,ELP)ELP[I]40相变温度(inverse temperature transition,Tt)的影响.方法:设计并合成ELP[I]40基因(由40个(VPGIG)五肽单元串联组成),表达纯化后,检测不同浓度PEG条件下ELP[I]40的Tt.结果:在ELP[I]40终浓度为25 μmol/L时,PEG浓度为5％,10％,15％,20％,25％时分别使Tt由29℃降至26.5℃,22℃,15.2℃,8.8℃,2.5℃.结论:PEG可降低ELP的Tt,可通过PEG促进ELP重组蛋白分离纯化.     

以类弹性蛋白多肽为标签的表达质粒构建及其用于木聚糖酶的非色谱纯化

【目的】旨在构建一个能以非色谱纯化目标蛋白的表达质粒,使用自行设计的类弹性蛋白多肽(ELPs)作为非色谱纯化标签,以纯化目标蛋白。该ELPs长度短,对盐非常敏感。【方法】从头设计了木聚糖酶,将其通过一段无规则卷曲同ELPs相连,合成了编码上述序列的基因,并构建重组表达载体pET-22b-SoxB-M2-S-ELP,转化至大肠杆菌BLR(DE3)中诱导表达,采用可逆相变循环经高速离心纯化木聚糖酶,并考察纯酶的酶学性质。【结果】成功构建了表达载体并表达,在pH=7.0时0.5 mol/L碳酸钠可使ELPs的相变温度降至22℃。在上述条件下,对木聚糖酶进行了非色谱纯化,其纯化倍数为3.2,回收率为21.2%,纯度为64.3%。经测定,未连接ELPs的酶、粗酶及纯化酶学性质基本一致,其最适温度为60℃,最适pH为6.0,最适反应时间为30 min,粗酶70℃保温1 h相对酶活仍有50%,为嗜热木聚糖酶,与预期相符。【结论】ELPs作为非色谱纯化标签纯化重组木聚糖酶具有操作简单、易于放大、成本较低的优势,故所构建的重组质粒可望通用于分离多种重组蛋白,具有较广泛的用途。     

PEG胁迫对不同培养方式下金发草愈伤组织再生能力的影响

在静置液体培养和振荡液体培养方式下,研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫对金发草[Pogona the rumpaniceum(Lam.)Hack]愈伤组织的再生能力和游离脯氨酸(F-Pro)积累的影响。发现金发草愈伤组织具有较高的耐PEG胁迫能力,培养方式与PEG胁迫对其再生抑制上存在时间与程度两个方面的表现。振荡培养方式主要表现为延迟再生时间,而PEG胁迫则主要表现为降低再生频率。两种培养方式都能使愈伤组织在PEG胁迫下发生F-Pro积累,F-Pro含量随PEG浓度的增加和培养时间的增长而升高。去胁迫后,大部分愈伤组织都能够恢复再生能力,F-Pro可能在抑制和恢复过程中作用较复杂。因此,在利用愈伤组织筛选抗旱植株时,PEG浓度应在300g.L-1以上,处理时间3周以上,静置培养更有利于抗旱突变体的筛选。     

聚乙二醇（PEG）对杜仲胚乳愈伤组织茎芽分化的影响

实验中发现,在培养基中加入适量PEG可以显著提高杜仲胚乳愈伤分化频率。PEG这种促进分化的效果既与PEG的分子量和所用的浓度有关,也与培养基中无机离子的强度和蔗糖浓度有关。效果最佳的培养基配方是：在激素组成为BA（2.0-2.75mg/L）＋NAA0.15mg/L）的基本培养基（MS无机盐＋B5有机物＋3％蔗糖）中,添加浓度为4％－6％PEG 4000或4％－5％PEG6000。在这种培养基上杜仲胚乳愈伤组织的分化频率均超过50％,最高可达70％以上,而在同样的条件下不加PEG时分化频率不到10％。然而,经PEG处理分化出来的胚乳再生植株中,部分苗玻璃化现象严重。     

Stimulatory effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on gene expression in mouse liver following hydrodynamics-based transfection

BACKGROUND: Rapid intravenous injection of a large volume of plasmid DNA (pDNA), i.e. a transfection procedure based on hydrodynamics, is known to be an efficient and liver-specific method of in vivo gene delivery. However, the gene expression is transient. METHODS: We investigated the effect of addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a solution of naked pDNA (luciferase) on the expression of the gene in mouse liver following transfection by the hydrodynamics-based technique. In addition, the mechanism leading to the enhancement of the gene expression was studied. RESULTS: The addition of 1% (w/v) PEG2000 to the pDNA solution enhanced the resulting gene expression in the liver. Increasing the PEG2000 concentration to more than 1 and up to 10% (w/v) rather diminished the gene expression level. By contrast, increasing the molecular weight of PEG to over 2000 up to 10 000 did not affect the level of gene expression. Histopathological and serum-chemistry examinations indicated that hydrostatic or osmotic pressure increased tissue and hepatocellular damage in a PEG-concentration-dependent manner, and resulted in a decrease in gene expression. Quantitative evaluation showed that the enhanced gene expression resulted from stabilization of the pDNA introduced into the hepatocytes and an enhancement of the transport of intact pDNA to the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: For most gene therapy applications and gene function studies, sustained expression of the introduced gene(s) is necessary. This simple method to achieve enhanced gene expression in liver may have a great potential for a wide variety of laboratory studies in molecular and cellular biology as well as possibly for future clinical applications in humans.     

Liquid-phase peptide synthesis on polyethylene glycol (PEG) supports using strategies based on the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino protecting group: application of PEGylated peptides in biochemical assays.

Stepwise synthetic assembly of polypeptide chains reversibly linked to polyethylene glycol represents a hybrid between traditional solution and solid-phase chemistries and combines the inherent advantages of both approaches. The technical simplicity and scalability of the liquid-phase peptide synthesis method renders it particularly attractive for multiple parallel syntheses, combinatorial approaches and the large-scale preparation of peptides. The versatile protection strategy based on the N alpha-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group commonly used in solid-phase peptide synthesis was adapted to the liquid-phase approach. Fluoride ions were used rather than the conventional organic base piperidine for the repetitive amino-deprotection step. Using a range of acid- and base-labile linkers between the polymer and the peptide, it was shown that free and fully side-chain protected peptides can be obtained using our version of the liquid-phase peptide synthesis method. Protocols for simultaneous multiple syntheses requiring a minimum of equipment are presented and the use of polyethylene glycol-bound peptides in biochemical binding and functional assay systems is demonstrated.     

The encapsulation and release of guanosine from PEGylated liposomes

The encapsulation and release kinetics of guanosine from liposomes and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified liposomes are reported. Specifically, the influence of PEG chain length, PEGylation level, lipid type, drug-loading level, temperature, and solution conditions (i.e., salt and pH effects) on the rate and mechanism for release have been determined. Increasing PEGylation significantly reduced the guanosine release kinetics; this is more significant for greater molecular weight PEG and is correlated with the PEG layer thickness. Further, the mechanism for guanosine release changed from diffusion to interfacial control as the PEG level increased. The interfacial structure introduced by PEG also increased the activation energy required for guanosine transport across the lipid bilayer from 14 to 22 kJmol^?1. Findings from this study provide further insight into optimizing the formulation of Stealth liposomes.     

On the Molecular Mechanism of Steric Stabilization of Liposomes in Biological Fluids

Abstract

Liposomes with specific surface modification overcome rapid in vivo uptake by cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) resulting in prolonged circulation in the blood. The structure-function relationship of this effect has been examined by measurements both in vitro and in vivo. The results are reviewed and compared with those from liposomes without surface modification. For example, in the best cases with polyethylene glycol-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) up to 35% of the injected dose remains in the blood and less than 10% is taken up by the two major organs of the MPS, liver and spleen, after 24 hr. This compares with less than 1% in the blood and up to 40% uptake for liposomes without PEG-PE. Steric stabilization has been proposed as a theoretical basis for these results, and some initial results testing this basis have been reported. Here, we discuss steric stabilization in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the liposomes.     

Evaluation of the effects of the parameters involved in the purification of clavulanic acid from fermentation broth by aqueous two-phase systems

The purification of clavulanic acid (CA), which is an important β-lactam antibiotic produced by submerged cultivation of Streptomyces clavuligerus, was studied through the use of phosphate and polyethylene glycol-based aqueous two-phase systems. The parameters’ effect on the yield and purification was evaluated through an experimental design and the preliminary results showed that the polyethylene molecular mass and tie-line length and phase volume ratio exerted the strongest effect on the yield and distribution coefficient in the range tested. In addition, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the distribution coefficient, yield, and purification factor. The optimal conditions of yield and purification factor are in the regions where polyethylene has a low molecular mass, pH close to the isoelectric point, and lower top phase volume. A 100% yield and a 1.5-fold purification factor are obtained when extracting CA by maximizing the conditions of an aqueous two-phase system.     

Gold nanoparticle and polyethylene glycol in neural regeneration in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Gold nanoparticles (GNs) have unique characteristics, for example, stability, biocompatibility, small dimensions, and low toxicity. Several clinical applications have been suggested for GNs, such as diagnosis, imaging, and drug delivery. GNs absorb infrared light, indicating their potential value for imaging. There is growing evidence showing the therapeutic application of GN for drug delivery because of their interaction with the blood-brain barrier and DNA, the latter being associated with their genotoxic effects. GN can also be stimulated to produce high local temperatures, indicating their potential value in photodynamic therapy in the treatment of tumors. The aim of the current review is to summarize the potential applications of GNs in the biomedical field, specifically in neurodegenerative diseases.