联合靶向免疫检查点CD47与PDL1的抗肿瘤研究进展

程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death 1 ligand 1,PDL1)是适应性免疫系统中的一个关键的抑制性信号.CD47是先天性免疫系统中的一个关键的“不要吃我”信号,也是适应性免疫反应的调节剂.由于CD47和PDL1分子在许多肿瘤细胞表面过度表达,从而使肿瘤细胞能够逃避机体免疫系统监视.近年来...     

中医药抗肿瘤的生物免疫效应

本文探讨了中医药对抗肿瘤生物免疫效应的影响。以近年来的临床和实验研究结果为基础,多方面阐述其在生物免疫效应中的影响以达到抗肿瘤的目的;最后表明中医药对生物免疫效应的影响是中医药抗肿瘤最重要的内在作用机理。     

CD28与免疫应答的研究进展

目前大量已证明ＣＤ２８家族分子与Ｂ７家族一产生的共到刺激信号在免疫应答的Ｔ细胞激活中作用，对相关分子的研究已成为免疫学的一个热门课题，本文不ＣＤ２８家族分子的结构、配体、领事声望地以及对免疫应答的调控等作一综述。     

大鲵免疫分子CD9的克隆与鉴定

CD9是4次跨膜蛋白家族成员,对机体的免疫调控发挥着重要作用．本文首次报道了大鲵CD9的鉴定及其对免疫刺激的应答．大鲵CD9（Chinese giant salamander CD9, cgsCD9）由232个氨基酸组成,被4个跨膜结构域分割成1个胞内环、2个胞外环和2个短的胞内末端,这是4次跨膜蛋白的主要结构特征．1个糖基化位点NDS、1个CCG模体和7个半胱氨酸残基保守地存在于cgsCD9．cgsCD9与其它脊椎动物CD9具有最高77%氨基酸序列一致性,并与两栖动物CD9归属一族．实时定量RT-PCR结果显示,cgsCD9在大鲵中分布广泛,脾脏组织的表达水平最高,并且脂多糖能显著提高cgsCD9 mRNA的表达．过表达于Jurkat细胞中的cgsCD9能促进核因子κB的活化以及白介素-6的表达,而cgsCD9的作用在CCG模体突变为AAA后几乎丧失．上述结果表明,cgsCD9在大鲵抵抗细菌的免疫应答中发挥重要作用．     

CD4~+ CD25~+调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫的研究进展

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞是CD4+T细胞的一个重要亚群,具有免疫抑制和免疫无能两大功能。CD4+CD25+T细胞与自身免疫性疾病的发生、移植耐受具有密切关联。近几年的研究表明,CD4+CD25+T细胞与肿瘤的发生发展和转归亦有着密切联系。本文就调节性T细胞的作用机制及特点与肿瘤免疫的关系作一综述。     

树突状细胞的靶向抗肿瘤治疗进

树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)是目前已知体内最强的抗原提呈细胞(ARC),其在肿瘤免疫中具有重要的作用.DC的靶向抗肿瘤治疗成为当今肿瘤免疫治疗的研究热点.本文就DC的抗肿瘤机制、DC基因修饰策略及DC疫苗的临床治疗进展进行综述.     

植物与病原菌互作的分子机制研究进展

植物的先天免疫主要包括模式识别受体对保守的微生物病原相关分子模式的识别和抗病蛋白对效应蛋白的识别。植物与病原体互作过程中存在广泛的信号交流,信号分子在植物与病原体的互作攻防中发挥了重要的调控作用,决定了二者的竞争关系。当前,大量植物与病原体互作中的信号分子被定位和克隆,其作用方式被揭示。本文总结了这些信号分子及其在植物免疫过程中的作用机制,主要包括植物细胞表面的模式识别受体分子对病原相关分子模式的识别与应答,植物抗病蛋白对病原体效应蛋白的识别与应答,以及免疫反应下游相关信号分子及其在植物抗病中的作用。此外,本文对未来相关研究提出了展望。     

CD24在恶性肿瘤中的生物学功能及作为抗肿瘤靶点的应用

分化簇24 (cluster of differentiation 24, CD24)是一种小分子量、高度糖基化的细胞膜上表达的蛋白质,通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚点与质膜相连。正常情况下,CD24主要在人体的免疫细胞上表达,但在70%以上的恶性肿瘤细胞包括肝癌、肺癌及膀胱癌等中也发现其过度表达。CD24往往通过参与介导肿瘤发生发展的相关信号转导通路调节肿瘤细胞的生长增殖、转移及侵袭,包括和配体P-选择素结合促进肿瘤细胞转移,通过激活Wnt信号通路和MAPK信号通路促进肿瘤生长增殖等。因此,利用靶向CD24的siRNA或抗体等阻断其与相关信号通路的联系,将会成为潜在的抗肿瘤治疗方案之一。目前,包括抗体治疗、基因治疗及免疫治疗等方式在内的多项以CD24为靶点的抗肿瘤治疗药物,正处于临床前研究阶段。最新研究显示,CD24可通过与巨噬细胞上的配体-唾液酸结合Ig样凝集素10 (sialic-acid-binding Ig-like lectin 10, Siglec-10)结合,释放抑制巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞吞噬的“别吃我”信号,进而导致肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监视。利用靶向CD24的抗体或CD24受体融合蛋白...     

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型免疫逃避机制——ICP47抑制抗原加工相关转运蛋白

病毒侵入宿主后的感染过程除导致相应的病理学结果外,还能引发机体非特异性、特异性抗病毒免疫反应清除病原体。在特异性免疫反应中,机体能否对“异已”抗原进行有效识别,在很大程度上是通过抗原呈递细胞实现的。抗原呈递细胞APC(包括树突状细胞DC、巨噬细胞、B细胞等)能捕捉、     

阿霉素处理的肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞的抗肿瘤免疫研究

研究表明化疗药物作用于肿瘤细胞后可有效激发免疫应答,这与肿瘤细胞的性质和化疗药物有关。该研究主要探讨阿霉素（adriamycin,ADM）处理小鼠宫颈癌u14细胞获得的肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞（dendriticceils,DCs）的免疫应答及对肿瘤的杀伤效应。分别应用ADM和反复冻融法处理小鼠宫颈癌U14细胞,取其离心上清液,致敏小鼠骨髓来源的DC,观察DC诱导的淋巴细胞增殖反应和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxicTlymphocyte,CTL）对宫颈癌细胞的细胞毒效应。结果显示：ADM处理的U14细胞抗原致敏后的DC组所激发和扩增的T细胞数及对宫颈癌细胞的杀伤效果显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。因而提示ADM处理的肿瘤抗原能有效地致敏DC并产生抗肿瘤免疫效应。     

蛋白激酶PINK1与炎症及免疫反应

磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物诱导的蛋白激酶1(PTEN induced putative kinase 1, PINK1) 是一种与线粒体自噬、帕金森病的发生发展密切相关的蛋白激酶。PINK1蛋白由581个氨基酸残基组成,具有高度保守的结构域,表达广泛。除了帕金森病,PINK1还参与多种疾病的发生、发展和调控,如肿瘤、糖尿病、心肺功能异常等。近年的研究表明,PINK1的表达影响T细胞的增殖和分化,抑制线粒体抗原递呈,参与调节机体固有免疫反应和炎症反应。另外,炎症小体NLRP3对肺内皮细胞的调节作用也与PINK1表达有关。PINK1也能通过NLRP3调节炎症介质的释放,参与脓毒症诱导的免疫代谢活动。本文就近年来PINK1与炎症、免疫反应的相关研究进行综述。     

Therapeutic targeting of the thrombospondin-1 receptor CD47 to treat liver cancer

CD47 is a signaling receptor for the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 and a counter-receptor for signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) on macrophages. Following its initial discovery in 1992 as a cell surface protein that is over-expressed by ovarian carcinoma, elevated CD47 expression has emerged as a negative prognostic factor for a variety of cancers. CD47 is also a potential therapeutic target based on the ability of CD47 blockade to cause regression of tumors in mice, and a humanized CD47 antibody has recently entered phase I clinical trials. CD47 blockade may control tumor growth by inhibiting thrombospondin-1 signaling or by preventing inhibitory SIRPα signaling in tumor-associated macrophages. A recent publication by Lee et al. (Hepatology 60:179–191, 2014) provides evidence that blocking CD47 signaling specifically depletes tumor-initiating stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma and implicates cathepsin-S/protease-activated receptor-2 signaling in mediating this therapeutic response.     

The vitronectin receptor and its associated CD47 molecule mediates proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human monocytes by interaction with soluble CD23

The vitronectin receptor, alphavbeta3 integrin, plays an important role in tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. CD47, a member of the multispan transmembrane receptor family, physically and functionally associates with vitronectin receptor (VnR). Although vitronectin (Vn) is not a ligand of CD47, anti-CD47 and beta3 mAbs suppress Vn, but not fibronectin (Fn) binding and function. Here, we show that anti-CD47, anti-beta3 mAb and Vn, but not Fn, inhibit sCD23-mediated proinflammatory function (TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IFN-gamma release). Surprisingly, anti-CD47 and beta3 mAbs do not block sCD23 binding to alphav+beta3+ T cell lines, whereas Vn and an alphav mAb (clone AMF7) do inhibit sCD23 binding, suggesting the VnR complex may be a functional receptor for sCD23. sCD23 directly binds alphav+beta3+/CD47(-) cell lines, but coexpression of CD47 increases binding. Moreover, sCD23 binds purified alphav protein and a single human alphav chain CHO transfectant. We conclude that the VnR and its associated CD47 molecule may function as a novel receptor for sCD23 to mediate its proinflammatory activity and, as such, may be involved in the inflammatory process of the immune response.     

鞘氨醇-1-磷酸与免疫细胞的调节

鞘氨醇-1-磷酸（sphingosine-1 phosphate,S1P）是来源于鞘脂代谢途径的多效性信号分子,其代谢受到多种因素调控。S1P由细胞内的鞘氨醇激酶（sphingosine kinases,SphKs）催化鞘氨醇的磷酸化而合成,可通过转运蛋白释放至细胞外。S1P可通过在胞外结合其特异性G蛋白偶联受体及胞内作用而调节多种重要生物学效应。作为细胞外介质和细胞内信使,S1P在免疫系统中也发挥重要的调节作用。S1P参与免疫细胞的迁移、增殖、分化及死亡细胞清除等过程。本文对S1P的代谢以及其对于免疫细胞的调节作用进行综述。     

Role of oxidative stress and caspase 3 in CD47-mediated neuronal cell death

CD47 or integrin-associated protein promotes cell death in blood and tumor cells. Recently, CD47 signaling has been identified in neurons as well. In this study, we investigated the role of CD47 in neuronal cell death. Exposure of primary mouse cortical neurons to the CD47 ligand thrombospondin-1 or the specific CD47-activating peptide 4N1K induced cell death. Activation of CD47 elevated levels of active caspase 3 and increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. Both ROS scavengers and caspase inhibitors attenuated cell death. But ROS scavenging did not reduce the activation of caspase 3, and combination treatments with a caspase inhibitor plus free radical scavenger did not yield additive protection. Taken together, these data suggest that parallel and redundant pathways of oxidative stress and caspase-mediated cell death are involved. We conclude that CD47 mediates neuronal cell death through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways.     

Deficits in cerebellar granule cell development and social interactions in CD47 knockout mice

CD47 is involved in neurite differentiation in cultured neurons, but the function of CD47 in brain development is largely unknown. We determined that CD47 mRNA was robustly expressed in the developing cerebellum, especially in granule cells. CD47 protein was mainly expressed in the inner layer of the external granule layer (EGL), molecular layer, and internal granule layer (IGL), where granule cells individually become postmitotic and migrate, leading to neurite fasciculation. At postnatal day 8 (P8), CD47 knockout mice exhibited an increased number of proliferating granule cells in the EGL, whereas the CD47 agonist peptide 4N1K increased the number of postmitotic cells in primary granule cells. Knocking out the CD47 gene and anti‐CD47 antibody impaired the radial migration of granule cells from the EGL to the IGL individually in mice and slice cultures. In primary granule cells, knocking out CD47 reduced the number of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches; by contrast, overexpressing CD47 or 4N1K treatment increased the axonal length and numbers of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches. Furthermore, the length of the fissure between Lobules VI and VII was decreased in CD47 knockout mice at P21 and at 14 wk after birth. Lastly, CD47 knockout mice exhibited increased social interaction at P21 and depressive‐like behaviors at 10 wk after birth. Our study revealed that the cell adhesion molecule CD47 participates in multiple phases of granule cell development, including proliferation, migration, and neurite differentiation implying that aberrations of CD47 are risk factors that cause abnormalities in cerebellar development and atypical behaviors.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 463–484, 2015     

A Potential Role of the CD47/SIRPalpha Axis in COVID-19 Pathogenesis

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Most SARS-CoV-2 infections are mild or even asymptomatic. However, a small fraction of infected individuals develops severe, life-threatening disease, which is caused by an uncontrolled immune response resulting in hyperinflammation. However, the factors predisposing individuals to severe disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that levels of CD47, which is known to mediate immune escape in cancer and virus-infected cells, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells, Calu-3 cells, and air−liquid interface cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection increases SIRPalpha levels, the binding partner of CD47, on primary human monocytes. Systematic literature searches further indicated that known risk factors such as older age and diabetes are associated with increased CD47 levels. High CD47 levels contribute to vascular disease, vasoconstriction, and hypertension, conditions that may predispose SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals to COVID-19-related complications such as pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, myocardial injury, stroke, and acute kidney injury. Hence, age-related and virus-induced CD47 expression is a candidate mechanism potentially contributing to severe COVID-19, as well as a therapeutic target, which may be addressed by antibodies and small molecules. Further research will be needed to investigate the potential involvement of CD47 and SIRPalpha in COVID-19 pathology. Our data should encourage other research groups to consider the potential relevance of the CD47/ SIRPalpha axis in their COVID-19 research.