大豆细胞核雄性不育基因研究进展

雄性不育是指植物雄蕊不能正常生长和产生有活力花粉粒的现象。利用雄性不育突变体开展杂交育种工作,是快速提高作物单产的有效途径。目前,通过杂种制种已大幅度提高了水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)和小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)等作物的产量。大豆(Glycinemax(L.)Merr.)作为自花授粉作物,通过人工去雄生产杂交种子不仅困难而且经济上不可行。由于适用于杂交种生产的不育系资源短缺,目前大豆还没有实现大规模杂种优势利用。因此,快速实现大豆杂种优势利用迫切需要鉴定稳定的大豆雄性不育系统。本文总结了大豆细胞核雄性不育(genic male sterility, GMS)突变体及不育基因研究进展,同时结合拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻和玉米中已报道的细胞核雄性不育基因,从反向遗传学的角度,为大豆核雄性不育基因的鉴定提供依据。     

主要作物光温敏核雄性不育基因的研究进展与应用*

光温敏核雄性不育系在不同的生态环境条件下可以实现一系两用,简化制种程序,是农作物杂交种子生产的一种重要资源。简要介绍了主要作物杂交种子生产方式,综述了水稻、小麦、玉米、谷子等作物光温敏核雄性不育系的研究进展以及在两系杂交种子生产上的应用,并探讨了光温敏核雄性不育系的应用前景。     

利用生物技术创建主要作物雄性不育杂交育种和制种的技术体系

雄性不育技术在作物杂种优势利用和杂交种生产中发挥着重要作用。基于核质互作雄性不育的“三系法”与光温敏核不育的“两系法”已经在水稻等主要作物的杂交制种中获得了广泛应用,但是存在着资源利用效率低、育性不稳定、易受外界环境影响等诸多问题。近三十年来,利用生物技术创建不同类型的植物雄性不育系取得了一系列突破性进展。主要针对玉米、水稻、小麦三大作物的基因工程雄性不育技术的最新进展进行总结,特别详细地描述了本实验室最近研究创制的玉米多控不育技术体系,以期为相关研究和产业化应用提供技术参考。     

太空诱变玉米核不育材料花粉败育的细胞学观察(简报)

玉米是最早利用雄性不育系生产杂交种的作物之一。在玉米T型细胞质雄性不育杂交种遭受毁灭性病害侵袭之后,科学家认识到利用细胞质雄性不育制种存在潜在的遗传脆弱性,从此试图通过多种途径来创造新的雄性不育．并对雄性不育材料的遗传多样性进行研究。空间诱变育种是80年代于我国发展起来的新技术,在农作物品种改良和种质创新上已初见成效。[第一段]     

作物雄性不育性在育种中的应用概评

概述总结了作物雄性不育性的类别与遗传特点。雄性不育性的遗传机理涉及细胞质遗传的现象,目前已初步探明玉米C群不育系的胞质基因可能是atp6-c,芝麻不育胞质基因拟为atpA。雄性不育化杂交种在实践中主要应用于玉米、水稻和蔬菜中。尽管现有近交理论、DNA甲基化效用、水稻胞质与核不育系遗传等理论提出,雄性不育化育种的基本理论尚需进一步探讨。在雄性不育化育种技术上,要逐步解决难点作物,如小麦、荞麦、菜豆等的不育化育种问题。     

玉米雄性不育资源的发掘与利用

植物雄性不育是指植物雄性生殖器官不能产生正常有功能花粉的现象.玉米(Zea mays L.)是重要的粮食作物之一,也是较早利用杂种优势的作物之一.当前,生产上广泛种植的玉米品种类型主要是单交种.我国玉米杂交种的播种面积常年稳定在6.2亿亩左右,年用种量10亿公斤以上,常年制种面积高达250多万亩.利用传统的人工去雄或机...     

基因工程培育可恢复的植物雄性不育系的研究进展

植物雄性不育是植物杂种优势利用的资源, 具有重要的生产利用价值。植物雄性不育可从自然突变、人工诱变和远缘杂交中发现, 现在可通过细胞工程和基因工程等方法来创造。文章综述了利用基因工程方法制备雄性不育品系及其相应的育性恢复策略, 分为“单组分策略”和“双组分策略”。其中利用“单组分策略”制备的不育植株是条件型雄性不育(可逆转的雄性不育), 它能在特定的条件下实现雄性可育与不育的转换, 实践中可直接作为两用系(不育系和保持系)用于两系法杂交制种; “双组分策略”是利用基因互作和亲本杂交直接培育雄性不育系, 或利用基因互作原理分别研制不育系和恢复系, 用于三系法生产杂交种。文章分析了 “单组分策略”和“双组分策略”的基因工程方法培育雄性不育系及其相应育性恢复策略优缺点, 对以上两种技术路线在实际应用中的现状作了分析和展望。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复研究进展

利用植物胞质雄性不育系生产杂交种子,不仅无需人工去雄,还能降低制种成本、确保杂交种子纯度,是植物杂种优势利用的重要途径。简要综述了辣椒雄性的败育时期、能量代谢、物质差异、激素变化,并分别从遗传分析、QTL定位和分子生物学等方面综述了辣椒胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复的机理。     

玉米雄性不育研究的重要进展

玉米雄性不育研究的重要进展周洪生（中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京１０００８１）利用细胞质雄性不育生产玉米杂交种可免除人工去雄的辛苦,节省大量人力财力．自从１９５０年第一个玉米雄性不育杂交种在美国问世以来,玉米细胞质雄性不育的育种研究曾有过较大的...     

TA29—Barnase基因导致油菜雄性不育的研究

利用杂种优势可以使作物达到高产优质的目的,而杂种优势利用的主要途径之一是作物雄性不育性的利用。由于传统育种方法的费时费力,所以通过基因工程法来快速获得作物雄性不育系,已被国内外学者广为重视,并有了相关的报道[1～3]。但这些转基因不育系很少是生产品种,其不育性稳定情况也少有探讨。本文通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将TA29-Barnase雄性不育基因转化到油菜生产品种中,并就其分子学和生物学检测及其不育性稳定情况作一简要报道。1　材料和方法1.1　植物材料及农杆菌菌株植物转化材料为优质高产的甘蓝型油菜(Brassicanapus)生产品种“浙…     

转基因雄性不育系及其在杂种种子生产上的应用

雄性不育为农作物杂种优势的利用开辟了一条经济有效的途径。本综述了利用生物技术培育转基因雄性不育的多种策略,以及繁育用作大田配制杂交种的母本雄性不育系的新方法;探讨了其应用于商业化杂种生产的重要性及前景。     

Development of the “Third-Generation” Hybrid Rice in China

Rice is a major cereal crop for China. The development of the ‘‘three-line" hybrid rice system based on cytoplasmic male sterility in the 1970 s(first-generation) and the ‘‘two-line" hybrid rice system based on photoperiod-and thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile lines(second-generation)in the 1980 s has contributed significantly to rice yield increase and food security in China. Here we describe the development and implementation of the ‘‘third-generation" hybrid rice breeding system that is based on a transgenic approach to propagate and utilize stable recessive nuclear male sterile lines, and as such, the male sterile line and hybrid rice produced using such a system is nontransgenic. Such a system should overcome the intrinsic problems of the ‘‘first-generation" and‘‘second-generation" hybrid rice systems and hold great promise to further boost production of hybrid rice and other crops.     

Effect of Growth Regulators and Chemicals on Pollen Sterility in TGMS Lines of Rice

Thermosensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) in rice is a widely adopted technique for successful hybrid rice production in Asia. TGMS lines remain male sterile when daily mean temperature is above the critical sterility temperature and are therefore used as female parents. The same line will remain fertile when mean temperature is below the critical sterility temperature. Achievement of 100% male sterility in TGMS lines is important for the successful utilization of TGMS lines as female parents in hybrid rice production. This study examined the external application of some growth regulators and chemicals and their effect on pollen sterility. Among the various treatments, ethrel (800 ppm), salicylic acid (600 ppm) and maleic hydrazide (0.2%) induced a significantly higher percentage of male sterility in the TGMS lines. The sprayed plants also showed higher total phenol accumulation in their flag leaves. The results suggest that it is possible to achieve 100% male sterility in TGMS lines with the external application of growth regulators and chemicals.     

高通量转录组测序技术在植物雄性不育研究中的应用

植物雄性不育是指植物雄蕊发育受阻不能产生正常有功能花粉的现象。植物雄性不育不仅是生殖生理研究的宝贵材料,也是植物杂种优势利用的重要工具。由于高通量转录组测序技术几乎可以检测细胞内所有mRNA及非编码RNA的信息,已被广泛应用于生命科学研究的各项领域。在植物雄性不育相关研究中,高通量转录组测序技术在不同物种、不同败育类型中的应用已有报道,这为研究者在转录组水平综合了解植物雄性不育的分子机制及代谢网络提供了帮助。本文从测序文库构建策略、差异表达基因、非编码RNA的功能特征等方面综述了高通量转录组测序在植物雄性不育机理方面的研究进展,并探讨了转录组测序技术在花粉败育机制解析及育性相关基因定位中的应用价值,以期为植物雄性不育的相关研究提供参考。     

杂交水稻育种将迎来新时代

杂种优势是生物界一种普遍的现象,在许多作物中得到应用．杂交水稻自20世纪70年代开始在中国大规模种植,对于粮食生产具有举足轻重的作用．现有的“三系法”和“两系法”杂交育种技术对粮食增产贡献巨大,但它们的技术缺陷也非常明显．本文在总结已有杂交育种技术的操作流程及优缺点的基础上,阐述了利用智能不育杂交育种技术,实现隐性雄性核不育材料在杂交水稻中应用的技术流程．这种飞跃性技术的运用将推动杂交水稻的生产进入一个新的时代．     

Molecular Control of Male Reproductive Development and Pollen Fertility in Rice

Anther development and male fertility are essential biological processes for flowering plants and are important for crop seed production. Genetic manipulation of male fertility/sterility is critical for crop hybrid breeding. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterility phenotypes, including genic male sterility, hybrid male sterility, and cytoplasmic male sterility, are generally caused by mutations of fertility‐related genes, by incompatible interactions between divergent allelic or non‐allelic genes, or by genetic incompatibilities between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Here, we review the recent advances in the molecular basis of anther development and male fertility‐sterility conversion in specific genetic backgrounds, and the interactions with certain environmental factors. The highlighted findings in this review have significant implications in both basic studies and rice genetic improvement. [ Yao‐Guang Liu (Corresponding author)]     

Male sterility systems in wheat and opportunities for hybrid wheat development

The common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a poly(hexa)ploid, derived from an amphi-diploidization process involving the donor species—Triticum urartu, Aegilops speltoides, Triticum turgidum, and Aegilops tauschii. The genetic diversity of the autogamous wheat is narrow, which is a major reason for lesser rate of yield gain in wheat, in contrast to rice and maize. It is desirable to encourage hybrid breeding, i.e., combining different lines into genetically divergent heterotic pools. Thus, hybrid plants are a unique combination of desired alleles produced by crossing between genetically different parental lines. Hybrid seed production in a crop requires male-sterile female parents along with a reliable outcrossing system. The male-sterile female parent prevents pollen shedding and self-fertilization, maintaining the purity of hybrid seeds. An outcrossing system enhances hybrid seed production. This article emphasizes the biological relevance of crossbreeding and self-pollination in wheat, and reviews different male sterility systems which could be utilized for the development of hybrid wheat. Several biotechnological approaches and their practical utility in generating cross-compatible male-sterile female parent lines have been discussed.     

Development of new cytoplasmic-genetic male-sterile lines in pigeonpea from crosses betweenCajanus cajan (L. Millsp. andC. scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars

Exploitation of hybrid vigour is quite possible in cross-pollinated crops. However, pigeonpea is a grain legume crop with a moderate level of cross-pollination (20-70%), which is mainly aided by insect pollinators. As a first step, hybrids based on genetic male sterility (GMS) were developed in pigeonpea, but the hybrid seed production technique is not farmer-friendly, because in the hybrid seed production plot 50% of the population, which are male-fertile in the female rows, have to be eliminated in time before contamination. This requires skilled labour and is a time-consuming process, which increases the cost of hybrid seed production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop cytoplasmic-genetic male-sterile (CGMS) lines in pigeonpea through wide hybridization, which would be very suitable for hybrid seed production. Two CGMS lines, viz. CORG 990052 A and CORG 990047, were developed by interspecific hybridization of Cajanus cajan and C. scarabaeoides. Restorers were identified and three CGMS-based pigeonpea hybrids were developed. The hybrid COPH 3 is found to be promising in Tamil Nadu State, India.