胃动素对大鼠胃平滑肌细胞收缩活动的作用

本研究用大鼠游离的胃平滑肌细胞,观察胃动素对胃平滑肌细胞的收缩作用。结果表明：（１）胃动素明显增强单个胃平滑肌细胞收缩活动,在生理剂量１０（－１１）─１０（－１０）ｍｏｌ范围内,呈剂量依赖性。（２）不同胃分区平滑肌细胞对冒动素兴奋反应不同,胃动素对胃窦平滑肌细胞收缩强度大于胃体和幽门。（３）给予抗胃动素血清可以完全取消胃动素对胃肌细胞的收缩反应,而阿托品、ＴＴＸ、甲氰米胍、ｌｏｘｉｇｌｕｍｉｄｅ均不影响胃动素的作用。（４）给予胞内钙释放阻断剂ＴＭＢ－８可抑制胃动素对目肌细胞的收缩作用。上述结果提示,胃动素对胃平滑肌细胞的直接作用是由胃动素受体所介导,且与胞内Ｃａ（２＋）释放起重要作用。     

胞内钙释放在胃泌素引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩中的作用

本研究用大鼠游离的胃平滑肌细胞,观察五肽胃泌素（G5）对胃平滑肌细胞的收编作用及胃泌索引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩时胞内游离钙释放作用。结果表明：（1）G5能够引起胃体、胃窦、幽门平滑肌细胞收缩,并对胃窦作用最强。在G54×10－8～16×10－8mol／L剂量范围内,呈剂量依赖性。（2）丙谷胺或抗胃泌素血清可以阻断G5对胃肌细胞的收缩反应,而阿托品则不影响G5的作用。（3）G5与乙酸胆碱对平滑肌细胞收缩有相加作用。（4）胞内钙释放阻断剂TMB-8可抑制G5对胃肌细胞的收缩作用。（5）G5作用于胃窦平滑肌细胞后胞内游离Ca2 显著上升。上述结果提示：胃泌素通过特异性受体引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩,其收缩作用通过胞内Ca2 释放介导。     

有氧运动对老年大鼠胃肠动力及血清中胃促生长素、瘦素水平的影响

目的：探讨有氧运动对老年大鼠胃肠动力以及血清中胃促生长素（ghrelin）和瘦素（leptin）的影响。方法：雄性SD大鼠45只,分为青年对照组、老年对照组以及老年有氧运动组（n=15）。老年有氧运动组采用递增负荷的方式进行8周跑台运动。实验过程中连续观察并记录各组大鼠的摄食量、体重以及行为学特征;实验结束测定各组大鼠胃排空速率以及小肠推进比,血清Ghre-lin和Leptin。结果：与青年对照组相比,老年对照组大鼠摄食量、胃排空速率、小肠推进比、血清Ghrelin水平明显降低,体重、体脂和Leptin水平显著升高;与老年对照组相比,老年有氧运动组大鼠摄食量、胃排空速率、小肠推进比、血清Ghrelin水平明显升高,体重、体脂和Leptin水平明显降低。结论：有氧运动能促进老年大鼠食欲、提高胃肠动力、改善身体成分,其保护机制可能与血清中Ghrelin含量升高和Leptin含量降低有关。     

焦山楂醇提物对大鼠离体胃、肠平滑肌条收缩性的影响

目的:观察焦山楂醇提取液对大鼠离体胃、肠平滑肌的影响.方法:本研究以大鼠的离体胃、肠平滑肌条为模型,观察在正常克氏液条件下加入焦山楂醇提取液后大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条收缩状况.同时观察乙酰胆碱、阿托品作用下加入焦山楂提取液对大鼠胃、肠平滑肌运动的影响.结果:焦山楂醇提取液在4-8 mg生药/ml浓度范围内可显著抑制大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条的运动,且具有明显剂量依赖性.焦山楂醇提取液(8mg生药/ml)可拮抗乙酰胆碱引起的胃肠平滑肌的强烈收缩和阿托品引起的肠平滑肌的舒张作用.结论:焦山楂醇提取液对大鼠胃、肠平滑肌条的收缩具有明显的抑制作用.     

胃动素对胃窦平滑肌细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响及机制

目的：观察胃动素对新生大鼠胃窦平滑肌细胞内Ca^2＋浓度的影响及机制。方法：采用激光共聚焦显微镜结合细胞内荧光染色观察不同条件下相同浓度胃动素对培养大鼠胃窦平滑肌细胞内Ca^2＋浓度的影响。结果：细胞膜Ca^2＋通道阻断剂维拉帕米、含Ca^2＋螯合剂EGTA的D-Hank’s液及细胞内Ca^2＋释放阻断剂TMB-8均可不同程度抑制MTL对胃窦平滑肌细胞内Ca^2＋的升高作用。结论：MTL具有升高胃窦平滑肌细胞内Ca^2＋的作用,细胞外Ca^2＋内流和内Ca^2＋释放参与了这种作用。     

大鼠ARC-BMA nesfatin-1神经通路及对GD神经元放电活动和胃运动的影响

目的:探讨弓状核(ARC)-杏仁核(BMA)间nesfatin-1神经通路的构成及其对胃牵张敏感(GD)神经放电活动和胃运动的影响。方法:逆行追踪结合免疫组化观察ARC-BMA间nesfatin-1神经通路;细胞外放电记录,观察nesfatin-1对GD神经元放电活动的影响及电刺激ARC对BMA内GD神经元放电活动的影响;在体胃运动研究,观察nesfatin-1对胃运动及胃排空的影响及电刺激ARC对胃运动的影响。结果:大鼠ARC-BMA间存在nesfatin-1神经通路;BMA微量注射Nesfatin-1能够促进GD-E神经元放电(4.25±1.02 Hz vs.5.32±1.17 Hz,P0.01),抑制GD-I神经元放电(3.73±0.92 Hz vs.2.64±0.86 Hz,P0.01),并且胃收缩频率及幅度下降,nesfatin-1的这些效应可被SHU9119部分阻断;电刺激ARC后,BMA内nesfatin-1反应性GD神经元放电频率增加(GD-E:5.14±1.32 Hz vs.6.75±1.84 Hz,P0.05;GD-I:2.84±0.86 Hz vs.4.05±1.12 Hz,P0.05),并且胃收缩频率和幅度增强。结论:ARC-BMA间nesfafin-1通路可调控大鼠胃牵张敏感神经元放电活动和胃运动,该效应可能与黑色素信号通路有关。     

Ghrelin对糖尿病大鼠下丘脑弓状核胃扩张敏感神经元和胃运动的影响

目的:探讨Ghrelin对糖尿病大鼠下丘脑弓状核胃扩张敏感神经元和胃运动的影响。方法:逆行追踪结合免疫组化观察ARC中GHSR-1的表达,细胞外放电记录,观察ghrelin对GD神经元放电活动的影响及电刺激ARC对GD神经元放电活动和胃运动的影响。结果:电生理实验结果表明,在ARC Ghrelin能够能激发GD兴奋性神经元(GD-E)和GD抑制性神经元(GD-I)。然而,ghrelin可以兴奋更少的GD-E神经元,在正常大鼠中ghrelin对于GD-E的兴奋作用比在DM大鼠中的作用弱。在体胃运动研究表明,在ARC中微量注射ghrelin可以明显的增强胃运动,并且呈现剂量依赖关系。Ghrelin在糖尿病大鼠促胃动力作用低于正常大鼠。Ghrelin诱导的效应可被生长激素促分泌素受体(GHSR)拮抗剂阻断[d-lys-3]-GHRP-6或bim28163。放射免疫法和实时荧光定量PCR数据表明胃血浆ghrelin水平,在ARC ghrelin mRNA的表达水平先上升后下降,糖尿病大鼠(DM)中,在ARC中GHSR-1a mRNA表达保持在一个比较低的水平。结论:ghrelin可以调节GD敏感神经元以及胃运动,通过ARC中ghrelin受体。在糖尿病大鼠中,Ghrelin促进胃运动作用减弱可能与ARC中ghrelin受体表达减少有关。     

针刺对术后胃肠功能紊乱大鼠胃肠传输功能及脑肠肽的影响

摘要 目的：探讨针刺三里穴、中脘对大鼠胃大部切除术后胃肠传输功能恢复的影响及可能的作用机制。方法：将60只 SD 大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和针刺组,每组 20 只。造模成功后第3天开始,针刺组进行针刺足三里、中脘,连续治疗14天。于末次针刺结束后,各组记录进食量、体重等;后各组禁食24 h后进行胃残留率和小肠推进率测定,腹主动脉取血测定胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体。结果：造模前,三组大鼠体重和进食量差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。造模后3天,模型组及针刺组体重和进食量低于空白组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。针刺干预后,模型组体重和进食量低于空白组和针刺组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。针刺干预后,针刺组大鼠胃残留率、小肠推进率、胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体高于模型组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;模型组胃残留率、小肠推进率、胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体低于空白组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;针刺组与空白组胃残留率、小肠推进率、胃泌素、胃动素、食欲素A及食欲素1型受体差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论：针刺胃大部切除术后大鼠足三里穴、中脘穴,改善胃排空和小肠推进功能,促进术后胃肠功能的恢复,其作用机制可能为改变脑肠肽代谢,增加食欲素A水平,激活食欲素1型受体,促进胃泌素、胃动素分泌。     

β_3肾上腺素能受体对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩活动的影响及其机制

目的:观察激动β_3-肾上腺素能受体(β_3-AR)对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌舒缩活动的影响及其可能机制。方法:30 mmol/L高钾生理盐溶液预收缩去内皮大鼠离体胸主动脉后,观察β_3肾上腺素能受体激动剂BRL37344(BRL)对主动脉舒缩活动的影响。用SR59230A(SR)、普萘洛尔(Pra)、L-NNA、H-89以及Iberiotoxin(IBTX)预孵主动脉平滑肌,探讨其可能存在的作用机制;应用免疫组织化学法,观察β_3-AR在大鼠胸主动脉的分布。结果:1BRL对预收缩的去内皮大鼠胸主动脉产生显著的舒张作用,舒张百分比为(10.59±0.79)%;2大鼠胸主动脉组织切片中可以观察到β_3-AR在内皮和平滑肌层都有表达;3给予Pra后,BRL对血管的舒张百分比无显著性变化;SR能明显拮抗BRL的血管舒张作用;4用L-NNA阻断NOS或者H-89抑制PKA后,BRL对血管的舒张作用有不同程度的减弱;5 IBTX阻断大电导钙依赖性钾通道后,BRL对血管的舒张作用减小。结论:激动β_3-AR产生血管舒张作用,平滑肌β_3-AR的作用与NOS以及PKA信号转导途径有关,是通过影响大电导Ca~(2+)依赖性钾通道(BK通道)来实现的。     

下丘脑催产素对大鼠摄食和胃动力的影响及调控研究

目的:探讨下丘脑催产素(OXT)对大鼠摄食和胃动力的影响及调控机制。方法:采用荧光金逆行追踪结合免疫组化实验,观察大鼠视上核(SON)与弓状核(ARC)之间的神经通路;采用核团置管术观察ARC微量注射OXT对大鼠摄食的影响;采用单极电刺激观察电刺激SON对大鼠胃运动的影响及ARC微量注射OXT对大鼠胃运动和胃排空的影响。结果:荧光金逆行追踪结合免疫组化实验显示大鼠SON与ARC之间存在神经通路;ARC微量注射OXT大鼠0-2 h、0-3 h和0-4 h摄食量显著下降,OXT受体拮抗剂阿托西班可完全阻断OXT的抑制摄食作用,注射OXT和缩胆囊素(CCK)受体拮抗剂MK-329混合液后,OXT对大鼠摄食的抑制作用被部分阻断;电刺激SON,大鼠胃运动幅度和频率显著增强,预先向ARC内微量注射阿托西班后再电刺激SON,电刺激SON对胃运动的促进作用进一步增强;ARC微量注射OXT后,大鼠胃运动幅度和频率显著降低,阿托西班可完全阻断OXT对胃运动幅度和频率的抑制作用,MK-329可部分阻断OXT对胃运动幅度和频率的抑制作用;ARC微量注射OTX后,大鼠胃排空率显著降低,阿托西班可完全阻断OXT对胃排空的抑制作用,MK-329可部分阻断OXT对胃排空的抑制作用。结论:SON-ARC内具有OXT神经通路,且该通路由CCK介导。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.