The liver of the slender salamander Batrachoseps attenuatus

Summary The structure of the crystalline inclusions found in Batrachoseps liver cells is described and it is shown that the most symmetric unit cell upon which the crystal lattice is built is a face-centered cube. Taking into consideration the physical properties of a face-centered cubic structure, an attempt is made to determine the nature of the macromolecules that comprise the crystal. It is concluded on the basis of available evidence that the macromolecules probably represent serum lipoproteins. The intracellular synthesis of the crystals and the possible functions they may subserve in the animal are discussed. A comparison is made between the crystals and granules in rat hepatocytes discussed by Bruni and Porter (1965).Research supported by grant RG-6729 from the Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.     

Theory of hemoglobin facilitated oxygen transport

The transport of oxygen in a hemoglobin-saturated medium is theoretically investigated using classical transport theory. It is found that all the chemical complexes can be expressed as a single function of oxygen pressure. A potential difference together with apH shift is predicted to occur across the medium. This research was supported by the United States Public Health Service Training Grant No. 5-T1-GM-833 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. This research was supported by a United States Public Health Service Research Career Program Award 5-K6-GM-18,420 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.     

The role of the Golgi complex in the formation of secretion in the test cells of the follicle of the tunicate,Ciona

Summary Electron microscope studies were made on the test cells which comprise a part of the follicular envelope in the ovary of the tunicate Ciona. During development the cells become filled with secretory granules. The Golgi complex is well developed and usually centrally located in the cells. The morphological variations shown and described strongly suggest that the Golgi complex is mainly concerned with the origin of the secretion in these cells.Supported by research grants (GM-9229, 9230) from the National Institute of General Medical Science, United States Public Health Service.This investigation was supported by a Public Health Service Research Career Program Award (1-K3-GM-11, 524) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.     

Deficiency of dihydroxy acid dehydratase in the mito-chondria of the iv-1 mutants of Neurospora crassa

The isoleucine-valine requiring mutants of Neurospora crassa which map at the iv-1 locus lack, or have a very low level of activity for, the enzyme dihydroxy acid dehydratase in the mitochondrial fractions derived from them. This enzyme is, however, present in the soluble fractions of the mutant homogenates. The enzyme is present in both mitochondrial and soluble fractions from homogenates of wild-type and from homogenates of iv mutants blocked at other steps in the isoleucine-valine pathway.The work reported here was supported in part by grants GM 12323 and 5TO1-GM-00337-09 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, and by a grant from the Robert A. Welch Foundation.Recipient of Research Career Award 4-K-6-GM-18,383 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.     

The resorption of cilia

Conclusions Ciliary resorption, a phenomenon consistently occurring in certain protozoa, illustrates fundamental cellular processes. Membranes are observed to break and fuse in an end-to-end manner and to laminate by surface fusion within the environment of the resorption vesicle. The sequence and manner of filament degradation demonstrate the relative lability of central filaments as compared to peripheral ones and the tenacity of the arrangement of peripheral filaments.Dedicated to Professor Friedrich Wassermann with admiration and affection on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.This study was supported by a grant (C-5581) from the National Cancer Institute, United States Public Health Service.     

A series of desmosomal attachments in the schwann sheath of myelinated mammalian nerves

Summary This paper reports the occurrence of a band of desmosome-like complexes between schwannian loops near the nodes of Ranvier in the myelin sheath of the sciatic nerves of rats. The complexes are characterized by focal widening of the space between adjacent loops and a conspicuous density of the subjacent cytoplasm. These complexes are arranged back-to-back in a row thereby forming a band-like structure. In serial and step-section reconstructions it appears that one such band is present on either side of each nodal gap. Although the function of these complexes is unknown, it is suggested that they may serve to bond together adjacent loops of the Schwann sheath near the point where the myelin sheath is interrupted at the node of Ranvier.This investigation was supported in part by United States Public Health Service Research Grant NB 04330-01, -02 and research career program award NB-K3-16,731 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and by Grant No. 358 from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.Presented in part at the 3rd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, New York City, 1963 (Harkin 1963a).     

Effects of starvation and refeeding on erythropoiesis in mice

Summary Erythropoiesis has been studied in the mouse following acute starvation and refeeding. Starvation produced a depression of erythropoiesis in both spleen and bone marrow. Refeeding, however, resulted in marked erythropoiesis in the spleen and relatively little erythropoiesis in the marrow. It is suggested that the spleen may be the primary organ in the mouse for the reestablishment of erythropoietic homeostasis.Dedicated to Professor B erta Scharrer with best personal wishes on the occasion of her 60th birthday.This study was supported by United States Public Health Service Grant No Ca-03071 Hem. from the National Cancer Institute.I wish to express my thanks to Mr. A. Scorza, Dept. of Pathology, for his excellent technical assistance in the preparation of the histological material.     

Phosphorylation and acetylation of glucosamine in germinating mung bean seeds

With the aim of elucidating the pathway of glucosamine in higherplants, studies were made on the enzymatic phosphorylation ofthis aminosugar and the subsequent acetylcoenzyme A-mediatedacetylation of the phosphate ester to N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate,as catalyzed by enzyme preparations obtained from germinatingmung bean seeds. Deaminase activity for glucosamine 6-phosphatewas detected. The reaction product was identified to be fructose6-phosphate. ¹This investigation was supported in part by a research grant(GM 11888) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences,National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.     

Stimulatory effect of selected surface-active agents on the growth of pathogenic human fungi

Summary The growth ofCryptococcus neoformans andCandida albicans in Sabouraud's dextrose broth with added surface-active agents was measured by nephelometric methods. The surface-active agents was measured by nephelometric methods. The surface-active agents utilized were Polyethylene glycol 400 monolaurate, Pluronic L 64, and Mulsor 224. These three compounds definitely stimulated the growth of the above organisms as indicated in the accompanying tables. The nephelometric runs were corroborated with plate counts taken at suitable intervals.This project was supported by Research Grant E-1045(R) of the National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service.     

Electrophoresis of human L-glutamate dehydrogenase: Tissue distribution and preliminary population survey

A method for the starch gel electrophoresis of human L-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) is described, as is the tissue distribution of GLUD detected by this method. Extracts of livers from 200 Whites were analyzed without demonstration of an electrophoretic variant. The molecular size was estimated to be 330,000 and the isoelectric point pH 4.83.This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Grant No. 1 F22 CAO2083-01 of the National Cancer Institute.     

Development of a chemically defined medium for growth ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae

A chemically defined medium satisfactory for growth of a number of laboratory strains and recent isolates ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae has been devised. It contains inorganic salts, dextrose, guanine, cytosine, B-vitamin supplement, and the following amino acids:l-arginine,l-aspartic acid,l-cystine,l-isoleucine,l-leucine,l-proline,l-threonine, andl-valine.Nine of the eleven strains grew satisfactorily in this medium without being provided supplemental CO₂ during incubation, and a tenth strain grew in the medium supplemented with glutamine. No single B-vitamin or purine or pyrimidine base was essential for growth of any of the strains, but some combinations of them were stimulatory. Riboflavin, however, was inhibitory. The strains showed variations in requirements for amino acids. The amino acids which were either essential or stimulatory for one or more of the strains were included in the medium. Those to which the strains responded differently were used at concentrations intermediate between those optimal for growth of one strain and inhibitory for another. Conventional agar was inhibitory, but a purified agar, having a gel strength twice that of conventional agar, was satisfactory. An aqueous solution of 0.1% cysteine and 0.86% NaCl was satisfactory for preparation of inocula.This investigation was supported by a Public Health Service Predoctoral Fellowship (F-FI-GM-24-755-01A1) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the United States Public Health Service to the senior author.     

A genetic analysis of linkage group I of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Summary Crossing over in linkage group I ofChlamydomonas reinhardi was studied by means of the analysis of 1721 unordered tetrads. The data indicate that chiasma interference is positive, that chromatid interference is absent and that crossing over occurs at the 4-strand stage.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Analyse von 1721 ungeordneten Tetraden wurde das crossing-over in der Koppelungsgruppe I vonChlamydomonas reinhardi untersucht. Aus der Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Tetraden-Typen wird geschlossen, daß crossingover im Vierstrang-Stadium geschieht, und daß eine positive Chiasma-Interferenz existiert, während eine Chromatiden-Interferenz nicht vorkommt.

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This work was supported by the United States Public Health Service (Grant No. E 1421) and the National Science Foundation (Grant No. G 2812).

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A portion of this work was conducted while a Public Health Service Research Fellow of the National Cancer Institute.     

The effect of newer tubercle bacillus digestion and decontamination procedures on fungi causing pulmonary diseases

The paper concerns the effect of the newer tubercle bacillus digestion and decontamination procedures on the principal pulmonary mycotic disease agents in sputum The digestion-decontamination procedures used were: 1) N-acetyl-L-cysteine - sodium hydroxide, 2) dithiothreitol - sodium hydroxide, and 3) trisodium phosphate - Zephiran.A portion of a Dissertation submitted by the senior author to the University of North Carolina in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Health in the School of Public Health. Training was provided by the Laboratory Director's Program which is supported by Training Grant 5 T1 GM 567 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. The laboratory research was performed at the Laboratory Division, Center for Disease Control, under the supervision of the junior author.     

Interspecies dyadic attachment before and after group experience

Social behavior between representative members of different taxa has been observed in the field and studied in the laboratory. In the study described here, two female rhesus monkeys were paired with female baboons during infancy. Preference tests were conducted after interspecies pair-living, followed by one month of group experience and a subsequent preference test. The results indicated that each animal formed social attachments to the alien partner. Further studies of interspecies interactions should contribute to our understanding of behavioral isolation and the process of speciation. This research has been supported by grants from the United States Public Health Service: HD04335 to L.Chapman, and RR00169 to the California Primate Research Center. Additional funds were supplied by an intramural grant to G.Mitchell from the University of California.     

Presence of retrovirus in the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus-producing cell line from different sources

Summary The B95-8 cell line, a widely used source of highly transforming Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), obtained from the laboratory of origin, harbored an infectious retrovirus. This retrovirus generally resembled the Type D retroviruses structurally and developmentally and like the Type D retroviruses preferred Mg²⁺ to Mn²⁺ in its RNA-directed DNA polymerase reaction. Evidence for the presence of retrovirus was found in B95-8 cultures from two other sources within the United States, either by assay for polymerase or by electron microscopy. Comparison of two B95-8 cell lines showed cytogenetic differences as well as differences in retroviral activities. The results suggest that any B95-8 culture should be tested for the presence of retrovirus before its use as a source of EBV. This research was supported through the National Research and Demonstration Center (HL-17269-07) awarded to Baylor College of Medicine by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, by RD-125 from the American Cancer Society, by K06 CA14219, CA16781, CA25465, and CA16672 from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, and by G-429 from the Robert A. Welch Foundation. G. E. G. was supported by Public Health Service training Grant CA-09299.     

Maple syrup urine disease: Branched-chain amino acid concentrations and metabolism in cultured human lymphoblasts

The intracellular concentration of free leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their metabolism were studied in lymphoblast cultures established from peripheral blood of an individual with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and a control subject. Branched-chain -keto acid decarboxylase activity in the MSUD cells was 10% or less of the control value as measured by the ability of the cells to release ¹⁴CO₂ from the corresponding [1-¹⁴C]labeled branched-chain amino acid. The intracellular concentrations of free leucine and isoleucine were increased three-fold in MSUD lymphoblasts as compared to control cells. Free valine was present in only trace amounts of less than 0.1 mMin both cell lines. Exposure of normal and mutant cells to a 10 mMload of leucine, isoleucine, and valine resulted in a comparable concentration within cells after 24 hr. Concentrations returned to base values in normal cells 12 hr after removal of load, but leucine remained elevated in MSUD cells after 3 days. Leucine and its keto acid, -ketoisocaproic acid, added to the culture medium gave significant growth inhibition of MSUD lymphoblasts but not of normal cells, in the millimolar range. Isoleucine, valine, and their keto acids had no effect.This investigation was supported in part by Grants AM-13622, AM-05646, and GM-17702 from the United States Public Health Service, Veterans Administration Grant M.R.I.S. No. 3181 to Dr. Nathan Gochman, and grants from the National Foundation and the Kroc Foundation. S. D. S. is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow supported by United States Public Health Service Training Grant AM-05646.     

A method for the demonstration of adrenergic nerve fibres in peripheral nerves

Summary The adrenergic nerve fibres running from the ganglia to the innervated tissues usually have too low a content of noradrenaline to be clearly visualized with the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. They can easily be demonstrated, however, as early as 24 hours after axotomy (crushing or constriction of the nerves) due to the rapid accumulation of what is probably noradrenaline taking place proximally to the lesion. The fibres can be visualized even more clearly if axotomy is combined with the administration of l-dopa and with monoamine oxidase inhibition. In this way the presence, distribution and direction of adrenergic fibres can be directly studied in peripheral nerves.For generous supplies of drugs we are indepted to Swedish Ciba, Stockholm (reserpine) and Swedish Pfizer, Stockholm (nialamide). The investigation has been supported by research grants from the United States Public Health Service (NB 02854-04), the Swedish Medical Research Council, and Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Foundation.     

Osmium tetroxide versus glutaraldehyde fixation in adrenomedullary tissue

Summary Osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde fixation of adrenomedullary tissue presents evidence that these two fixatives preserve the tissue in quite different manners. Not only is the type of fixative of importance, but also the osmolarity of the fixatives is a prime factor in producing an accurate pictorial account of catecholamines.Supported by United States Public Health Service Grants 5-Tl-GM-459, NB 05093-02, FR 0505-01, NB 00690-11 and National Science Foundation Grant GB 25 96.— With the technical assistance of John Yates, Earl Pitsinger and Brenda Ryker.     

Induction of bone,cartilage and hemopoietic tissue by subcutaneously implanted tissue diaphragms

Summary The subcutaneous implantation of appropriate tissue diaphragms (short, broad glass cylinders) rather regularly induces the formation of bones provided with marrow cavities and junction cartilage plates, in the rat.Bone formation, unlike the development of hemopoietic tissue, can be prevented, under these circumstances, by topical blockade of the phagocyte system with carbon particles.The role of nonspecific topical stress factors, in the induction of such highly specific structural transformations, has been discussed.These investigations were supported by Grant No. A-1641 (R1) from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, U.S. Public Health Service, by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Department of the Army, Contract No. DA-49-007-MD-2039, and by a grant from theGustavus andLouise Pfeifer Research Foundation.     

Sequence of the high-activity equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase: N-terminal polymorphism (acetyl-ser/acetyl-thr) and homologies to similar mammalian isozymes

The amino acid sequence of the high-activity equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA-II) has been determined. Two different N-termini are noted, the C₁ form having an N-acetyl-serine and the C₂ form an N-acetyl-threonine. The sequence of the equine enzyme is most homologous to the human CA-II isozyme, with 224 of the 259 residues being identical.This investigation was supported in part by United States Public Health Service Grant CA-1786 from the National Cancer Institute.