昆虫化学感受蛋白(CSPs)的功能研究概述

昆虫的嗅觉系统与其各项生命活动息息相关,化学感受蛋白(CSPs)是嗅觉系统中的重要组成部分,可以结合气味或信息素分子,并传递给嗅觉受体,完成嗅觉相关功能。随着分子生物学技术和测序手段的不断发展,越来越多的昆虫CSPs得到鉴定。CSPs在昆虫体内广泛分布于触角、跗节、下颚须等化学感受器官,同时也在表皮、腹部、体躯等非感受器官大量表达,具有感知化学分子的功能并且与昆虫生长、发育、繁殖等生理功能及昆虫对杀虫剂的抗性相关。本文通过从CSPs的发现和命名、分子特性、结构及分布等方面展开综述,着重介绍CSPs的气味分子识别作用机制、抗药性机制及功能分类,以期为今后利用CSPs作为靶标防治害虫提供参考。     

荧光竞争结合技术在昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白结合能力检测上的应用

昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白在其觅食、交配、防御、产卵、信息交流、栖息地选择等行为及生理活动方面起着十分重要的作用。荧光竞争结合试验是目前用于检测昆虫气味结合蛋白(OBPs)和化学感受蛋白(CSPs)与外界环境气味分子结合特性的典型方法。本文对荧光竞争结合试验在昆虫OBPs和CSPs上的相关研究及应用进行综述,为深入了解昆虫嗅觉识别机制、制定害虫防治和经济昆虫保护策略提供理论参考。     

CSP介导的害虫抗药性新机制研究进展

CSPs(Chemosensory proteins)即化学感受蛋白,其在昆虫体内各个阶段均有表达,参与昆虫的多种生理过程,具有十分复杂的化学功能。CSPs基因介导昆虫抗药性是最新发现的害虫抗药性新机制,且近几年在几种昆虫中被报道。CSPs可以通过螯合作用大量结合农药,进而导致昆虫产生抗药性,但CSPs与杀虫剂的结合机理及其表达调控机制尚未被阐明。基于目前现状,本文系统综述了CSPs在昆虫抗药性中的功能以及抗药性相关酶的表达调控机制等方面的研究进展,分析其表达调控的可能机制,旨在为害虫抗药性机制研究提供新思路。     

中华蜜蜂化学感受蛋白基因Acer-CSP1克隆与表达特征分析

化学感受蛋白(chemosensory proteins, CSPs)是昆虫化学感受系统中重要的组成部分之一。本研究克隆了中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana化学感受蛋白基因Acer-CSP1, 其核苷酸全长351 bp （GenBank登录号为FJ157352）, 编码116个氨基酸残基, 预测蛋白分子量为13.85 kD, 等电点为4.89, 且含有4个保守的半胱氨酸残基, 均符合昆虫CSPs的一般特征, 且与意蜂CSP1基因具有99.1%的相似性, 与其他昆虫也有45.3%~68.0%的相似性。利用2^-ΔΔCt法及绝对定量法的real-time PCR技术对Acer-CSP1在中蜂不同器官表达特征进行了研究, 得出的一致结论为Acer-CSP1显著水平地高丰度表达于中华蜜蜂触角, 其次大量表达于头部。由于触角为中华蜜蜂最主要的嗅觉器官, 而头部则具有发达的感觉神经系统和味觉系统, 这也提示Acer-CSP1极有可能参与中华蜜蜂的嗅觉以及其他化学感受功能。     

棉花粉蚧化学感受蛋白基因PsCSP10的克隆及表达谱分析

本研究克隆出了棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley化学感受蛋白(CSPs)基因Ps CSP10的全长c DNA(Gen Bank登录号:KT958555),其核苷酸序列长640 bp,编码128个氨基酸,预测其成熟蛋白分子量14.99 k D,等电点6.61,且含有4个保守的半胱氨酸,符合昆虫CSPs的典型特征。该基因编码的氨基酸序列和其他昆虫化学感受蛋白基因编码的氨基酸序列相似性为50%-56%。应用Real-time PCR测定的结果表明棉花粉蚧各发育阶段中Ps CSP10均有表达,但在雄成虫中的相对表达量显著高于其他发育阶段。在分别用扶桑Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.、棉花Gossypium hirsutum L.、马缨丹Lantana camara L.饲养获得的雄成虫中Ps CSP10相对表达量不存在差异。研究结果为进一步明确棉花粉蚧中Ps CSP10的功能奠定了基础。     

沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白基因的鉴定及表达谱分析（英文）

【目的】沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica是一种在内蒙古草原上爆发成灾的新害虫。昆虫的化学感受蛋白(CSPs)是一类水溶性小分子蛋白,其主要功能是识别和传导环境中的化学刺激至受体,参与众多昆虫行为。本研究旨在鉴定沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白基因,并对其表达谱进行分析。【方法】通过筛选本实验室组装的沙葱萤叶甲转录组鉴定沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白基因;采用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析其在沙葱萤叶甲不同发育阶段(卵、1-3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)和成虫组织[触角、头(去触角)、胸、腹、足和翅]中的表达水平。【结果】鉴定出10个化学感受蛋白基因,将其命名为Gdau CSP1-10(Gen Bank登录号:KY885471-KY885480)。10条编码蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性范围为17.27%~62.79%,彼此间分化程度较高。通过NCBI的Blast比对结果显示,Gdau CSPs与榆黄毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta maculicollis的Pmac CSP氨基酸序列一致性最高,为90%。系统发育分析表明,4种Gdau CSPs首先与榆黄毛萤叶甲的Pmac CSPs聚为一支。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,Gd CSPs在不同发育阶段中的表达量有显著差异,Gdau CSP4-5,Gdau CSP7-8和Gdau CSP10 5个Gd CSPs在成虫中的表达量显著高于其他发育阶段,而Gd CSP2在卵中的表达量显著高于其他发育阶段;Gd CSPs不仅表达于成虫触角中,在头(去触角)、胸、腹、足、翅等其他部位也有表达,且10个Gd CSPs在沙葱萤叶甲成虫各组织中有着不同的表达谱,其中Gdau CSP2,Gdau CSP4,Gdau CSP5,Gdau CSP8和Gdau CSP9 5个Gd CSPs在雌成虫触角中的表达量显著高于其他组织。【结论】结果提示化学感受蛋白在沙葱萤叶甲的生长发育和化学感受过程中可能起着不同的作用。本研究为进一步研究沙葱萤叶甲化学感受蛋白的生理功能及化学通讯的分子机理奠定了必要的基础。     

角倍蚜气味结合蛋白和化学感受蛋白基因的鉴定及表达谱

【目的】通过对角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis气味结合蛋白(odorant-binding proteins, OBPs)和化学感受蛋白(chemosensory proteins, CSPs)基因进行鉴定和表达谱分析,为研究OBPs和CSPs在角倍蚜嗅觉感知中的功能提供理论依据。【方法】基于角倍蚜基因组和不同发育阶段转录组数据,通过生物信息学方法鉴定和筛选角倍蚜OBPs和CSPs的基因序列;利用邻接法对角倍蚜与其他半翅目昆虫OBPs和CSPs的氨基酸序列进行系统发育分析;根据角倍蚜OBP和CSP基因在不同发育阶段(干雌、干母、春迁蚜、秋迁蚜、越冬若蚜、雌性蚜和雄性蚜)转录组数据中的TPM(tags per million)值进行表达丰度分析,结合qRT-PCR方法检测角倍蚜OBP和CSP基因在不同发育阶段的相对表达量。【结果】从角倍蚜基因组和转录组数据中鉴定出12个OBP基因(SchiOBP2-10,SchiOBP13-15)和9个CSP基因(SchiCSP1-2,SchiCSP4-10);系统发育分析发现,角倍蚜OBPs和CSPs与其他蚜虫OBPs和CSPs...     

昆虫信息素结合蛋白及其分子运输机制和生理功能研究进展

昆虫信息素结合蛋白是气味结合蛋白多基因家族的一个分支,在昆虫识别性信息素过程中起重要作用。该文从信息素结合蛋白的分子特征、与信息素分子的结合及释放机制、生理功能和进化基因组学等方面进行了综述,针对鳞翅目昆虫进行了重点阐述。     

亚洲小车蝗触角转录组及化学感受蛋白基因表达谱分析(英文)

【目的】化学感受蛋白(chemosensory proteins, CSPs)是一类小分子的可溶性蛋白,在昆虫中发挥多种作用。本研究旨在组装中国北方主要草原害虫之一——亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的触角转录组,鉴定出化学感受蛋白基因以及分析其在成虫不同组织中的表达水平。【方法】利用RNA-s eq 亚洲小车蝗成虫触角进行转录组测序和组装;通过筛选转录组数据库、克隆及测序,鉴定出化学感受蛋白基因;应用qPCR分析CSP基因在成虫不同组织(触角、去除触角和口器的头、上唇、去掉下唇须的下唇、下唇须、下颚须、胸部、跗节、翅和腹部)中的表达模式。【结果】成功构建了亚洲小车蝗成虫触角转录组,共获得61 629个unigenes,平均长度为733 nt,总长度和N50分别为45 175 449和1 130 nt。其中26 064个unigenes(42.29％)注释到6个数据库(NR, NT, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG和GO)。通过Blast验证、克隆和测序鉴定出17个CSP基因;BlastP和系统发育分析表明亚洲小车蝗CSPs(OasiCSPs)与东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria CSPs(LmigCSPs)和沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria CSPs(SgreCSPs)关系最密切。qPCR分析表明,8个CSP基因在成虫不同组织中的表达水平存在显着差异,特别是,OasiCSP8在下唇须和下颚须中高表达,而OasiCSP11和OasiCSP13在触角中表达量最高。OasiCSP15在化学感受器官(触角、上唇、去掉下唇须的下唇、下唇须、下颚须和跗节)中的表达量远高于非化学感受器官(去掉触角和口器的头部、胸部、翅和腹部)中的表达量,而OasiCSP12在几乎所有测定的组织中具有相似的表达分布。【结论】OasiCSPs在亚洲小车蝗化学感受和发育过程中可能起着多种作用,这些结果为进一步研究这些化学感受蛋白在亚洲小车蝗中的功能奠定了基础。     

化学感受蛋白Amel-CSP3和Amel-CSP4在意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂中的时空表达水平研究

[目的]化学感受蛋白(Chemosensory proteins,CSPs)广泛存在于昆虫的触角等化学感受器中,在昆虫的化学感受系统中发挥着重要的作用,为探究Amel-CSP3和Amel-CSP4在意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica成年工蜂中的时空表达水平及功能。[方法]首先通过荧光定量PCR技术检测了Amel-CSP3和Amel-CSP4在哺育蜂和采集蜂的触角、头部、胸部、腹部和腿的表达水平;然后对不同日龄工蜂(1,6,12,18,28日龄)触角中Amel-CSP3和Amel-CSP4的表达情况进行检测。[结果]Amel-CSP3在哺育蜂和采集蜂触角均具有较高的表达水平,其在28日龄触角中的表达水平最高,显著的高于其他日龄(P0.05);Amel-CSP4仅在工蜂触角表达,其在触角中表达水平随着工蜂日龄的增加而逐渐降低。[结论]Amel-CSP3和Amel-CSP4在意大利蜜蜂工蜂中的表达水平具有显著地时空特异性,这对探究Amel-CSP3和Amel-CSP4以及整个CSPs家族的功能具有一定的生物学意义。     

Purification and molecular cloning of chemosensory proteins from Bombyx mori

Soluble low molecular weight acidic proteins are suspected to transport stimulus molecules to the sensory neurons within insect sensilla. From the antennae of Bombyx mori, we have purified and sequenced a protein (BmorCSP1) bearing sequence similarity to a class of soluble chemosensory proteins recently discovered in several orders of insects. Based on its N-terminal sequence, the cDNA encoding this protein has been amplified and cloned. Differential screening of a B. mori antennal cDNA library led to the identification of a second gene encoding a related protein (BmorCSP2), sharing 35-40% identity to BmorCSP1 and chemosensory proteins from other species. The predicted secondary structures of moth's, chemosensory proteins comprise alpha-helical foldings at conserved positions and a reduced hydrophobicity with respect to this novel family of chemosensory proteins.     

昆虫化学感受蛋白研究进展

昆虫化学感受蛋白(chemosensory proteins)是在长期进化过程中形成的一类低分子量酸性可溶性蛋白,广泛分布于昆虫触角、跗节等各种化学感受器中,蛋白质序列具有较高的保守性,种内种间同源性一般为30%～90％。其主要功能是感受、识别、转运、传导环境化学因子刺激信息,参与调节生理节律和生长发育。该文从昆虫化学感受蛋白的生态进化意义、分布表达部位、生化特性、分子结构、生理功能和研究方法等角度,较详细地综述了近年来国内外昆虫化学感受蛋白的研究进展,指出昆虫化学感受蛋白的深入研究,对于阐明昆虫与环境化学信息联系规律、昆虫行为反应本质原因,探索害虫综合治理和益虫利用效率新途径,开辟创制昆虫行为控制剂新领域等具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Solution structure of a chemosensory protein from the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

Chemical stimuli, generally constituted by small volatile organic molecules, are extremely important for the survival of different insect species. In the course of evolution, insects have developed very sophisticated biochemical systems for the binding and the delivery of specific semiochemicals to their cognate membrane-bound receptors. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of small soluble proteins present at high concentration in insect chemosensory organs; they are supposed to be involved in carrying the chemical messages from the environment to the chemosensory receptors. In this paper, we report on the solution structure of CSPsg4, a chemosensory protein from the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria, which is expressed in the antennae and other chemosensory organs. The 3D NMR structure revealed an overall fold consisting of six alpha-helices, spanning residues 13-18, 20-31, 40-54, 62-78, 80-90, and 97-103, connected by loops which in some cases show dihedral angles typical of beta-turns. As in the only other chemosensory protein whose structure has been solved so far, namely, CSP from the moth Mamestra brassicae, four helices are arranged to form a V-shaped motif; another helix runs across the two V's, and the last one is packed against the external face. Analysis of the tertiary structure evidenced multiple hydrophobic cavities which could be involved in ligand binding. In fact, incubation of the protein with a natural ligand, namely, oleamide, produced substantial changes to the NMR spectra, suggesting extensive conformational transitions upon ligand binding.     

昆虫信息素结合蛋白的研究概况

在昆虫感受信息素的嗅觉反应中,信息素结合蛋白发挥了重要的作用。它作为脂溶性信息素的溶剂和载体,在亲水性淋巴液中起着运载信息素和使之失活的双重作用。由于它在昆虫识别信息素物质中起着重要的作用,近1 0年来,国内外对其进行了广泛、深入的研究。文章从信息素结合蛋白的生化特点、表达情况、代谢以及生理功能等方面的概况进行综述。     

昆虫触角气味结合蛋白的研究进展

昆虫触角气味结合蛋白是一类亲水性的酸性蛋白,在触角感器淋巴液中浓度很高,主要分为4种,即性外激素结合蛋白、普通气味结合蛋白1、普通气味结合蛋白2和气味结合蛋白类似蛋白。由于它们在昆虫识别外界气味物质中起着重要的作用,近10年来,国外对其进行了广泛、深入的研究。该文从气味结合蛋白的研究方法、生化特性、分子结构和生理功能等方面进行综述。     

Molecular and cellular organization of insect chemosensory neurons

Animals use their chemosensory systems to detect and discriminate among chemical cues in the environment. Remarkable progress has recently been made in our knowledge of the molecular and cellular basis of chemosensory perception in insects, based largely on studies in Drosophila. This progress has been possible due to the identification of gene families for olfactory and gustatory receptors, the use of electro-physiological recording techniques on sensory neurons, the multitude of genetic manipulations that are available in this species, and insights from several insect model systems. Recent studies show that the superfamily of chemoreceptor proteins represent the essential elements in chemosensory coding, endowing chemosensory neurons with their abilities to respond to specific sets of odorants, tastants or pheromones. Investigating how insects detect chemicals in their environment can show us how receptor protein structures relate to ligand binding, how nervous systems process complex information, and how chemosensory systems and genes evolve.     

Chemical sensing in Drosophila

Chemical sensing begins when peripheral receptor proteins recognise specific environmental stimuli and translate them into spatial and temporal patterns of sensory neuron activity. The chemosensory system of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has become a dominant model to understand this process, through its accessibility to a powerful combination of molecular, genetic and electrophysiological analysis. Recent results have revealed many surprises in the biology of peripheral chemosensation in Drosophila, including novel structural and signalling properties of the insect odorant receptors (ORs), combinatorial mechanisms of chemical recognition by the gustatory receptors (GRs), and the implication of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels as a novel class of chemosensory receptors.     

Functional and expression pattern analysis of chemosensory proteins expressed in antennae and pheromonal gland of Mamestra brassicae

Sequences coding for chemosensory proteins (CSP) CSPMbraA and CSPMbraB, soluble proteins of low mol. wt, have been amplified using polymerase chain reaction on antennal and pheromonal gland complementary DNAs. On the basis of their sequences, these proteins could be classed in the 'OS-D like' protein family whose first member was described in Drosophila, and that includes proteins characterized in chemosensory organs of many insect phylla, including our recent identification in Mamestra brassicae proboscis. Binding assays have shown that these proteins bind the pheromonal component (Z)-11-hexadecenyl-1-acetate (Z11-16:Ac) as well as (Z)-11-octadecenyl-1-acetate (Z11-18:Ac), an other putative component of the M. brassicae pheromonal blend. Furthermore, binding with fatty acids, but not with progesterone that is a structurally unrelated compound, leads to the hypothesis that the odorant-binding capability of the MbraCSPs may be restricted to fatty acids and/or to 16-18 carbon backbone skeletons. Thus, these proteins do not show the same highly binding specificity as the pheromone-binding proteins do. The CSP-related proteins appear homologous based on sequence identity, conserved cysteine residues and general patterns of expression. However, phylogenetic analyses suggest the presence of multiple classes of CSP within a given species and possible diversification of CSPs within different orders. This diversity perhaps contributes to the many CSP functions proposed in the literature. In M. brassicae, we localized the CSPMbraA expression to the sensilla trichodea, devoted to pheromone reception, suggesting a role in the chemosensory pathway. However, we also localized such proteins in the pheromonal gland, devoid of any chemosensory structure. This suggests that the M. brassicae CSP could be involved in transport of hydrophobic molecules through different aqueous media, such as the sensillar lymph, as well as the pheromonal gland cytosol.