Protozoan predation of bacterial cells in soil aggregates

Abstract The development and survival of Aerobacter aerogenes IAM11022 in the inner and outer zones of soil aggregates (1–2 mm) was investigated in relation to a protozoan ( Colpoda sp.). With different dilutions of the bacterial cell suspension, a constant partition ratio of these cells was observed between outer and inner zones of the aggregates. Protozoa inoculated in the same manner were generally recovered only from the outer zone of the aggregates.
In the presence of protozoa, prey cell numbers of the outer zone were reduced from more than 10⁸ to approx. 10⁴ cells · g soil⁻¹ in 12 days. In contrast, 10⁸ cells · g soil⁻¹ remained in the inner zone of the aggregates, even after 12 days.
The increase in predator cell number was proportional to initial prey densities in the outer zone of the aggregates. At a constant initial prey density (1.8 × 10⁷ cells · g soil⁻¹), Colpoda sp. multiplied in proportion to the initial number of predators. When the initial density of the predator was low more prey cells survived in the outer zone.
Prey persistence was associated with 3 different types of protection: (1) small pore necks of the inner zone space of the aggregates; (2) the division of the outer zone space into compartments; and (3) the distribution of protozoan cells among soil aggregates. The latter two were closely related to the moisture condition of the soil.     

Estimating the growth potential of the soil protozoan community

We have developed a method for determining the potential abundance of free-living protozoa in soil. The method permits enumeration of four major functional groups (flagellates, naked amoebae, testate amoebae, and ciliates) and it overcomes some limitations and problems of the usual 'direct' and 'most probable number' methods. Potential abundance is determined using light microscopy, at specific time intervals, after quantitative re-wetting of air-dried soil with rain water. No exogenous carbon substrates or mineral nutrients are employed, so the protozoan community that develops is a function of the resources and inhibitors present in the original field sample. The method was applied to 100 soil samples (25 plots x 4 seasons) from an upland grassland (Sourhope, Southern Scotland) in the UK. Median abundances for all four functional groups lie close to those derived from the literature on protozoa living in diverse soil types. Flagellates are the most abundant group in soil, followed by the naked amoebae, then the testate amoebae and ciliates. This order is inversely related to typical organism size in each group. Moreover, preliminary evidence indicates that each functional group contains roughly the same number of species. All of these observations would be consistent with soil having fractal structure across the size-scale perceived by protozoa. The method described will be useful for comparing the effects on the soil protozoan community of different soil treatments (e.g. liming and biocides).     

不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤肥力的重要组成部分,土壤团聚体对土壤的物理、化学和生物特性均有重要影响。试验选取了雅安市名山区中峰乡生态茶园区12—15a、20—22a、30—33a和50a的茶园,研究其土壤团聚体及其有机碳总量、储量和活性组分的分布特征,探究植茶年限对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤以2 mm粒级团聚体为主,约为70%—80%,且在0—20 cm土层植茶20—22a土壤团聚体含量最高;(2)茶园土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级的减小而增加,最大值出现在0.25 mm粒级团聚体,且在植茶50a时达最高值,0—20 cm土层团聚体有机碳含量均高于20—40 cm,土壤团聚体水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳随植茶年限的延长呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,植茶30—33a时含量最高,且小粒级团聚体水溶性有机碳含量较高而微生物量碳较低;(3)土壤团聚体对有机碳的贡献率约有70%来自2 mm粒级团聚体,团聚体有机碳储量随植茶年限延长呈增加的趋势,不同植茶年限0—20 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳储量均高于20—40 cm土层,且以0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳储量最高。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征,可为改善区域土壤质量及实施退耕还茶工程提供理论指导。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地原生林土壤团聚体有机碳的剖面分布

以喀斯特峰丛洼地的伊桐、侧柏和菜豆树3个原生林植物群落为对象,分析了土壤团聚体的组成、有机碳及其剖面分布.结果表明:3个植物群落的土壤分布均以＞2 mm大粒径团聚体为主,约占土壤团聚体总量的76％.土壤总有机碳含量介于12.73 ～ 68.66 g·kg-1之间,群落类型显著影响土壤有机碳含量及其分布.＜1 mm小粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量比＞2 mm团聚体稍高,但大部分土壤有机碳储存在大粒径团聚体中,＞2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率约70％.2 ～5和5～8 mm团聚体含量与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关.提高土壤中2～8 mm团聚体的含量能有效增强喀斯特地区土壤固碳能力.伊桐群落2～8 mm土壤团聚体的含量及其全土有机碳含量分别达46％和37.62 g· kg-1,伊桐更适合作为喀斯特地区生态恢复树种.     

引入固氮树种对辽东落叶松人工林土壤团聚体氨基糖的影响

土壤微生物残留物是稳定性碳库的重要组分,然而固氮树种引入对落叶松人工林土壤团聚体微生物残留物分布的影响还不清楚.为了阐明固氮树种对不同团聚体粒级内微生物残留物分布的影响,本研究以氨基糖作为微生物残留物的生物标识物,比较了辽东日本落叶松人工纯林和落叶松与固氮树种赤杨混交林土壤团聚体氨基糖的分布特征.结果表明: 赤杨引入不影响团聚体氨基糖的分布,但显著提高了团聚体氨基糖含量.与纯林相比,混交林土壤不同团聚体各粒级总氨基糖含量增加1.3～1.7倍.其中,混交林土壤团聚体内总氨基糖增加量的66.5%～66.9%来自氨基葡萄糖,30.0%～30.6%来自氨基半乳糖,2.5%～3.2%来自胞壁酸.赤杨引入显著提高了>2000 μm和<250 μm团聚体中的氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸值,但不影响250～2000 μm粒级团聚体中真菌和细菌残留物的相对贡献.此外,赤杨引入增加了土壤不同团聚体内的氨基糖对土壤有机碳的贡献,但不影响团聚体粒级之间的微生物贡献,说明赤杨对微生物贡献的影响存在空间均一性.     

岷江上游不同植被下土壤团聚体特征分析

以岷江上游卧龙自然保护区内不同植被条件下土壤为对象,研究了暗针叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林林窗下箭竹林、高山栎4种植被土壤的团聚体数量特征.结果表明,湿筛法得到的4种植被类型土壤团聚体服从对数正态分布,其几何平均直径与标准差之间存在负相关关系.其中,针阔混交林和高山栎林土壤具有较大的团聚体直径.土壤的分维数范围在2.40～2.78之间,＜0.25mm团聚体含量越高,土壤团聚体分形维数越大,暗针叶林土壤的第2层和暗针叶林窗箭竹林土壤的第3层的分形维数最大.土壤团聚体的保存机率以3～1mm、1～0.5mm粒径级团聚体为大,遭到破坏的可能性小;＞10mm、0.5～0.25mm粒径级的团聚体的保存机率小,容易遭到破坏.对团聚体稳定性指数进行剖面加权平均发现,针阔混交林土壤的稳定性指数最高,其次为高山栎林土壤、暗针叶林林窗下箭竹林和暗针叶林土壤,说明针阔混交林和高山栎林有利于土壤团聚体的稳定.团聚体的3个数量特征之间具有密切联系,均可用于说明土壤团聚体稳定性的大小.     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体磷素分布特征

探究不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体各形态磷素的分布特征有利于提升杉木人工林土壤磷素有效性。本研究选取位于广西融水县的幼龄(9 a)、中龄(17 a)、成熟(26 a)杉木人工林和邻近撂荒地(CK),利用干筛法将采集到的表层(0～20 cm)原状土壤分为4个粒级团聚体(>2、1～2、0.25～1和<0.25 mm),测定各粒级团聚体中不同形态磷组分。结果表明: 1)不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体组成差异显著,CK和各林龄杉木人工林中>2 mm粒级团聚体含量显著较高,随林龄的增长先增后减,在17 a时最高;土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化趋势与>2 mm粒级团聚体一致。2)CK和各林龄杉木人工林中各粒级土壤团聚体全磷、无机磷和有机磷含量差异均不显著,而土壤有效磷含量在>2 mm粒级团聚体中显著较高,达1.23～7.33 mg·kg^-1;不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及全土全磷、有效磷和无机磷含量均显著高于CK,并随杉木林龄的增长先增后减,全土总磷和有效磷含量在9 a时最高,分别为322.40和7.33 mg·kg^-1,全土无机磷含量在17 a时最高,为114.05 mg·kg^-1;全土有机磷含量随杉木林龄的增长先增再减再增,在9 a时最高,为210.00 mg·kg^-1。3)不同粒级土壤团聚体磷储量与土壤团聚体组成比例显著相关。CK和各林龄杉木人工林中>2 mm粒级团聚体各形态磷储量较高。除有机磷外,各形态土壤磷储量均随杉木林龄的增长先增后减。综上,林龄17 a之前,杉木人工林的种植有利于提升土壤团聚体稳定性,促进土壤磷素水平的提升;林龄17 a后,>2 mm粒级团聚体的破碎导致土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤磷素供应水平逐渐下降。因此,在杉木人工林培育栽种17 a以后应重视土壤中>2 mm粒级团聚体的保护,以保障土壤质量,维持土壤供磷水平。     

土壤微生物生物量在团聚体中的分布以及耕作影响

了解土壤微生物在土壤结构体内部的分布对于预测相关的土壤生物化学过程具有重要意义。由于气候、土壤以及耕作的影响,该领域的研究结果存在很大的空间和时间变异,因此有待进行更多的在不同气候和土壤类型下的研究。首次报道亚热带紫色水稻土中微生物生物量在长期不同耕作方式的土壤中不同水稳性团聚体中的分布特征。结果表明微生物生物量在紫色水稻土水稳定性团聚体中的分布模式决定于土壤结构本身,而耕作方式的影响不显著;微生物生物量碳在不同粒级土壤团聚体中无显著性差异,微生物生物量氮与可溶性有机碳在0．25～0．053mm微团聚体中含量最高;垄作免耕显著提高土壤团聚体中的微生物生物量及可溶性有机碳含量,而对微生物生物量及可溶性有机碳在土壤团聚体中的分布模式无显著影响。     

Alpha-spectrin immunoanalog in Acanthamoeba cells

A monospecific, affinity purified antibody was prepared against chicken erythrocyte alpha-spectrin. The antibody cross-reacted with only one high molecular weight polypeptide (235 kDa) from whole Acanthamoeba cells. The localization of alpha-spectrin-related antigen in Acanthamoeba cells was examined using immunofluorescence and postembedding cytochemical techniques. Three patterns of distribution of alpha-spectrin immunoanalog were distinguished: as submembranous layer, cytoplasmic aggregates and uniform dispersion through the cytoplasm. Immunoelectron microscopic studies showed that the colloidal gold label was located in the cytoplasm in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. The gold particles were also aggregated around unidentified cytoplasmic filamentous structures. The presence of spectrin-related protein in protozoan cells of Acanthamoeba is in accordance with previous assumptions of the widespread occurrence of spectrin-related proteins. The heterogenous distribution of the immunoanalog of alpha-spectrin protein in Acanthamoeba cells is discussed.     

植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征

基于植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,研究植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征.结果表明： 与常规等高农作模式相比,植物篱-农作复合农业模式下土壤>0.25 mm机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量分别显著增加13.3%~16.1%和37.8%~55.6%,明显提高了各坡位粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,改善了粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体在下坡位的相对富集和上坡位相对贫乏的状况.植物篱显著提高了土壤团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径,降低了土壤团聚体分形维数和>0.25 mm土壤团聚体破坏率,进而增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性.坡度与植物篱类型对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和坡面变化无显著影响.     

马尾松人工林土壤各粒径团聚体湿筛后的有机碳分配

选取25a、45a和65a马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用湿筛法对各粒径土壤团聚体分别湿筛。探究了马尾松人工林各粒径团聚体湿筛后的团聚体有机碳分配,以探讨各粒径团聚体湿筛后分配到同一粒级团聚体有机碳含量及其对团聚体水稳性的贡献差异。结果表明：种植年限增加显著降低土壤团聚体水稳性（P<0.05）;各粒径团聚体湿筛后分配的有机碳随粒级减小含量呈先降后增趋势,以保持原粒级团聚体有机碳（12.96-32.01 g/kg）含量最高,其次是<0.25 mm粒级（8.08-23.53 g/kg）。各粒径团聚体湿筛分配到同一粒级的有机碳以保持原粒级的含量最高（P<0.05）;土壤团聚体水稳性与各粒径团聚体湿筛后保持原粒径的有机碳呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05或0.01）,分配到越小的粒级正相关性越不显著。此外,团聚体水稳性与各粒径团聚体湿筛分配到同一粒级的有机碳呈正相关,以保持原粒级相关性最高（P<0.01或0.05）;回归方程及相关性系数表明,有机碳与保持原粒径团聚体呈显著呈或极显著正相关（P<0.05或0.01）,与消散到其他粒级的团聚体呈负相关或极显著负相关（P>0.05或<0.01）。本研究得出有机碳含量增加促进更大粒径团聚体形成。反之,促使大粒径团聚体向较小粒径团聚体转化。同一粒级团聚体间,保持原粒级团聚体比易转化形成更大粒级团聚体有更高的有机碳含量和更强的水稳性,这对团聚体的固碳提供了新的认识。     

土地利用对石漠化地区土壤团聚体有机碳分布及保护的影响

对贵州省关岭县石漠化地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤团聚体的稳定性、有机碳分布以及大团聚体有机碳矿化进行了研究,探讨了大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用,以期为选择合理的石漠化治理措施提供科学依据。选取了当地主要的4种土地利用方式,分别为水田(水旱轮作)、旱地、花椒林和火龙果林;其中花椒林和火龙果林位于石漠化治理区内。采用湿筛法分离出各级土壤团聚体并结合室内恒温培养法测定原状和破碎大团聚体中有机碳的矿化动态变化,其中大团聚体保护性碳含量为破碎与原状大团聚体有机碳在42 d内累积矿化量的差值。结果表明:土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性具有显著影响。水田土壤团聚体稳定性要明显优于旱地、花椒林和火龙果林,且后3种土地利用方式间也存在显著差异。土壤有机碳也受到土地利用方式的影响,水田和旱地土壤有机碳含量要明显高于火龙果林和花椒林。各粒级团聚体有机碳含量在土地利用方式间具有较大差异,2 5 mm、0.25 2 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量按水田、火龙果林、旱地和花椒林依次下降,5 8 mm团聚体中有机碳含量则以花椒林最高,其次是水田和火龙果林,旱地最低。但是就各粒径团聚体的有机碳库而言,<0.25 mm团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体。花椒林、旱地、火龙果和水田的大团聚体保护性碳含量分别为83.37、78.86、73.81\,61.04 mg/kg,其差异表明花椒林土壤大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用最强,其次是旱地和火龙果林,水田最弱。因此,在该地区种植花椒林和火龙果林可以改善其土壤质量,其可能机理是通过增加土壤中大团聚体含量,同时增强大团聚体对有机碳的保护作用。     

植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征

基于植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,研究植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征.结果表明： 与常规等高农作模式相比,植物篱-农作复合农业模式下土壤>0.25 mm机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量分别显著增加13.3%~16.1%和37.8%~55.6%,明显提高了各坡位粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,改善了粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体在下坡位的相对富集和上坡位相对贫乏的状况.植物篱显著提高了土壤团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径,降低了土壤团聚体分形维数和>0.25 mm土壤团聚体破坏率,进而增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性.坡度与植物篱类型对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和坡面变化无显著影响.     

黄土高原不同土壤结构体有机碳库的分布

根据不同植被类型和土壤类型,分别从黄土高原不同地域分层（0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm）采集22个土壤剖面样品,研究土壤有机碳库在不同结构体中的分布特征.结果表明,所有结构体,从表层向下有机碳含量和贮量皆呈递减趋势;而各土层,从＞5 mm、2～5 mm、1～2 mm到0.25～1 mm结构体有机碳含量呈递增趋势,而从0.25～1 mm到＜0.25 mm呈下降趋势,以0.25～1 mm结构体中有机碳含量最高.由于不同大小结构体所占比例不同,因此不同结构体中的有机碳贮量与含量并不完全一致：从＞5 mm、2～5 mm到1～2 mm结构体中有机碳贮量呈递减趋势,而从1～2 mm、0.25～1 mm到＜0.25 mm呈递增趋势,以1～2 mm结构体有机碳贮量最低.有机碳含量除土垫旱耕人为土在＜0.25 mm结构体中最大外,干湿砂质新成土、黄土正常新成土和简育干润均腐土在0.25～1 mm结构体中最高;但有机碳贮量在干湿砂质新成土和黄土正常新成土中以＜0.25 mm结构体所占比例最大,在简育干润均腐土和土垫旱耕人为土中以＞5 mm结构体所占比例最大.在不同植被下有机碳含量、贮量不同,表现为自然林地＞裸地＞人工林地＞农地.     

The porosity of soil aggregates from bulk soil and from soil adhering to roots

Summary Total porosity and pore-size distribution (p.s.d.) were determined in soil aggregates taken in plots planted with maize and treated with farmyard manure and three rates of compost. Soil aggregates were collected from the soil adherent to the maize roots (root soil aggregates) and from bulk soil (bulk soil aggregates). Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to evaluate the total porosity and the p.s.d. Treatments did not affect the total porosity of the bulk soil aggregates. The same was observed for the root soil aggregates. However the total porosity of the root soil aggregates was always lower than that of the bulk soil aggregates. The loss of total porosity was found to be due to a decrease in the percentage of larger pores with respect to the total.     

长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量变化

阔叶红松林是我国东北重要的原生群落,其土壤团聚体在森林生态系统碳固定中具有重要作用.本研究采用空间代替时间的方法,选取白桦幼龄林、白桦中龄林、白桦成熟林、阔叶红松成熟林和阔叶红松过熟林5个不同演替序列,通过湿筛法研究长白山天然针阔混交林群落恢复演替中土壤团聚体粒径组成及有机碳含量的变化.结果表明: 土壤团聚体粒径组成受演替过程影响较大,不同演替阶段下土壤团聚体各粒级所占比例差异显著.团聚体平均质量直径随演替的进行表现为先升高再降低的单峰形式,且最高点出现在白桦成熟林阶段.土壤中不同粒级的团聚体内有机碳含量随着演替的进行呈先增加后略有下降的趋势,且团聚体内有机碳含量最大值出现在阔叶红松成熟林阶段.在同一演替阶段下,0～5和5～10 cm土层(除演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林外)中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而增加,而10～20 cm土层中的各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量都随着粒径的减小而减小.从演替初期的白桦幼龄林到演替末期的阔叶红松过熟林,每个样地内的同一粒径团聚体内有机碳含量均具有明显的垂直分布特性,均随着土层深度的增加而显著降低.     

Measurement of fresh and dry densities of suspended plant cells and estimation of their water content

A new method that considers the osmotic pressure of a culture broth for measurement of fresh cell density was developed. The water content of suspended plant cells was calculated using the value of the density obtained by the method. In the method, the optical density (O.D.) of cells and cell aggregates in a sedimentation equilibrium state in various solutions of known density and equal osmotic pressure to that of the culture broth was measured. The fresh cell density and density distribution of heterogeneous cell aggregates could be measured quantitatively. It was found that the fresh cell density of Catharanthus roseus (a dicotyledonous plant) had a relatively narrow distribution (1.010-1.028 g/cm³) with light cell aggregates; however, Oryza sativa (a monocotyledonous plant) had a wide distribution (1.030-1.064 g/cm³) with relatively heavy cell aggregates. In both cell lines, the distribution of fresh cell density at the logarithmic growth phase was more localized in the heavier density area compared with that at the stationary phase, and the small cell aggregates group had a heavier density distribution than the large cell aggregates group. The dry cell density was measured by a pycnometer method designed for plant cells using tridecane as immersion liquid. The water contents [% (v/v)] of C. roseus (92.2% at 7 d and 95.0% at 12 d) and O. sativa (82.6% at 7 d and 89.8% at 12 d) were calculated by using the values of both the fresh cell density and the dry cell density. The maximum cell concentration in suspension culture was calculated from the value of the solid content of cells on the assumption that the volume of water existing in the spaces among cells is half the total volume of the culture vessel. The result showed that the maximum cell concentration in a suspension culture of C. roseus was about half that of the O. sativa culture.     

Effect of soil aggregate size on methanogenesis and archaeal community structure in anoxic rice field soil

In anoxically incubated slurries of Italian rice field soil, CH(4) production is initiated after a lag phase during which ferric iron and sulfate are reduced. The production of CH(4) was affected by the size of soil aggregates used for the preparation of the soil slurry. Rates of CH(4) production were lowest with small aggregates (<50 and 50-100 μm), were highest with aggregates of 200-2000 μm size and were intermediate with aggregates of 2000-15000 μm size. The different amounts of CH(4) accumulated were positively correlated to the concentrations of acetate, propionate and caproate that transiently accumulated in the slurries prepared from different aggregate sizes and also to the organic carbon content. The addition of organic debris that was collected from large-size aggregates to the aggregate size fractions <200 and <50 μm resulted in an increase of CH(4) production to amounts that were comparable to those measured in unamended aggregates of 200-2000 μm size, indicating that CH(4) production in the different aggregate size fractions was limited by substrate. The distribution of archaeal small-subunit rRNA genes in the different soil aggregate fractions was analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism which allowed seven different archaeal ribotypes to be distinguished. Ribotype-182 (consisting of members of the Methanosarcinaceae and rice cluster VI), ribotype-389 (rice cluster I and II) and ribotype-820 (undigested DNA, rice cluster IV and members of the Methanosarcinaceae) accounted for >20, >30 and >10% of the total, respectively. The other ribotypes accounted for <10% of the total. The relative quantity of the individual ribotypes changed only slightly with incubation time and was almost the same among the different soil aggregate fractions. Ribotype-389, for example, slightly decreased with time, whereas ribotype-182 slightly increased. At the end of incubation, the relative quantity of ribotype-182 seemed to be slightly higher in soil fractions with larger than with smaller aggregates, whereas it was the opposite with ribotype-80 (Methanomicrobiaceae) and ribotype-88 (Methanobacteriaceae). Ribotype-280 (Methanosaetaceae and rice cluster V), ribotype-375 (rice cluster III), ribotype-389 and ribotype-820, on the other hand, were not much different among the different soil aggregate size fractions. However, the differences were not significant relative to the errors encountered during the extraction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplifiable DNA from soil. In conclusion, soil aggregate size and incubation time showed a strong effect on the function but only a small effect on the structure of the methanogenic microbial community.     

亚热带丘岗区经果林种植对红壤团聚体稳定性的影响

团聚体稳定性特征对评价经果林种植区内水土环境状况具有重要意义。为探究经果林类型对林下土壤团聚体结构及稳定性的影响,选取湖南北部丘岗区5年生黄桃、梨树、桔树、油茶和猕猴桃5种经果林下0～50 cm土层土壤为研究对象,采用沙维诺夫法量化分析各经果林下土壤团聚体含量、分布特征和稳定性指标的差异。结果表明: 土壤团聚体中大部分为机械稳定性团聚体,含量均在92.3%以上;经湿筛法处理后,油茶水稳性团聚体以>2 mm粒径为主,占总量的55.9%,0.25～2 mm粒径团聚体是黄桃、梨树、桔树和猕猴桃土壤的优势粒级,含量均在43.6%以上;5种经果林平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分布范围分别为1.10～3.19 mm和0.61～2.28 mm,团聚体结构破坏率(PAD)和分形维数(D)分布范围分别为2.9%～37.3%和2.30～2.68;随土层深度增加,黄桃、油茶、猕猴桃下土壤团聚体稳定性变差,MWD和GMD分别降低了1.7%～57.7%和4.5%～65.8%,PAD和D分别增加了0.4%～17.3%和1.6%～11.1%;经果林类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响随着土层深度的增加而减小。综合各稳定性指标,5种经果林下团聚体稳定性顺序为油茶>猕猴桃>梨树>桔树>黄桃;经果林类型主要通过影响大粒径团聚体含量来提高土壤结构稳定性。从改良土壤团聚体分布及稳定性方面考虑,建议在亚热带丘岗区经果林种植过程中优先考虑油茶,其次为猕猴桃;黄桃种植可能造成土壤团聚度降低,在种植中需考虑土壤流失的防护措施。本研究结果可为亚热带丘岗区经果林的开发利用及生态治理提供一定的理论依据和应用指导。     

Mating aggregates in Escherichia coli conjugation.

Mating mixtures of Escherichia coli cells were shown to contain mating aggregates of two to 20 cells each rather than only mating pairs of two cells each. The mating aggregate size distribution shows two broad peaks, at two to four cells and at eight to 13 cells. The quantitative mating aggregate size distribution and the proportion of male cells in mating aggregates are dependent on the input ratio of male to female cells. At an input ratio of one to one, the average mating aggregate contains equal proportions of male and female cells and most of the cells involved in mating are in large aggregates of seven or more cells each. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) transfer efficiency per mating aggregate cell was constant regardless of average aggregate size or of the ratio of male to female cells in the aggregate. Under optimal conditions essentially every male cell or every female cell in a mating aggregate can be involved in DNA transfer. A comparison of light microscopy, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and analysis with a modified Coulter counter indicated that the number of cells in mating aggregates is best equantitated using a modified Coulter counter.