生物浸出系统中Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans对雄黄表面改性研究

【目的】研究Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans BY-3对雄黄表面改性作用,为进一步研究雄黄的生物炮制技术提供实验基础与理论依据。【方法】在4组生物浸出体系中(每组包含100 mL无亚铁离子的9K培养基和0.500 g雄黄):第1组无添加;第2组添加4.469 g硫酸亚铁;第3组添加0.100 g硫粉;第4组加入4.469 g硫酸亚铁和0.100 g硫粉。在上述4组中使用A.ferrooxidans BY-3对雄黄进行生物浸出。浸出前后雄黄表面形貌及元素变化,使用扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱仪(EDS)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)进行分析。【结果】4组浸出体系均发现A.ferrooxidans BY-3粘附于雄黄表面以此来产生直接作用。含Fe2+的浸出体系中雄黄表面产生非常明显的变化,含硫的浸出体系中雄黄表面变化不明显;只有Fe2+存在的浸出体系中As/S比率增高,而其余3组浸出体系中As/S比率均明显下降;另外,改性雄黄的表面存在黄钾铁矾、硫、赤铁矿、针铁矿和磁铁矿等,但未检测到砷华(As2O3)与副雄黄(Pararealgar)。【结论】A.ferrooxidans对雄黄改性具有重要作用。Fe2+对雄黄的改性具有促进作用,而硫对雄黄的改性具有抑制作用。雄黄改性前后的物化分析结果证实了生物浸出技术可有效解决传统方法制备雄黄及贮存过程中氧化和光化问题。     

Cytochromes c of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The chemolithoautotrophic Gram-negative bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is versatile and can grow on a number of electron donors and acceptors. In the A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 genome, computer analysis identified 11 genes encoding putative cytochromes c. At least eight putative cytochromes c were differentiated on gels in ATCC 33020 cells grown on ferrous iron or sulfur. All these cytochromes were associated with the inner or the outer membranes. Lower levels of total cytochromes c were observed in sulfur- than in ferrous iron-grown cells. One cytochrome c was specific for sulfur conditions while three were specific for iron conditions, suggesting that cytochrome c synthesis is modulated depending on the electron donor.     

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and its potential application

The widely distributed Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) lives in extremely acidic conditions by fixing CO₂ and nitrogen, and by obtaining energy from Fe²⁺ oxidation with either downhill or uphill electron transfer pathway and from reduced sulfur oxidation. A. ferrooxidans exists as different genomovars and its genome size is 2.89–4.18 Mb. The chemotactic movement of A. ferrooxidans is regulated by quorum sensing. A. ferrooxidans shows weak magnetotaxis due to formation of 15–70 nm magnetite magnetosomes with surface functional groups. The room- and low-temperature magnetic features of A. ferrooxidans are different from other magnetotactic bacteria. A. ferrooxidans has potential for removing sulfur from solids and gases, metals recycling from metal-bearing ores, electric wastes and sludge, biochemical production synthesizing, and metal workpiece machining.

     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌基因组学研究进展

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidan,A.ferrooxidans)广泛存在于酸性矿物废水中,与生物冶金和环境净化紧密相关。不同来源嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌全基因组的测序,为我们利用比较基因组学和功能基因组学的方法去洞察嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌功能基因,提供了坚实的研究基础和丰富的科研信息。简述了嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌基因组学的基本特征;从比较基因组学和功能基因组学发现了嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株基因组水平的差异;通过生物信息学概述了该菌的铁和硫代谢机制,并从细菌的功能基因组学对其在生物冶金与环境治理等应用进行了展望。     

Reduction of vanadium(V) with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

Biotechnological leaching has been proposed as a suitable method for extraction of vanadium from spent catalysts and oil ash. In the biological leaching process, the vanadium(V) can be reduced to vanadium(IV), which is a less toxic and more soluble form of the vanadium. The present investigation showed that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans efficiently reduced vanadium(V) in the form of vanadium pentaoxide, to vanadyl(IV) ions, and tolerated high concentrations of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V). A. ferrooxidans was compared with Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, which has previously been utilized for vanadium leaching and reduction. Vanadium pentaoxide and sodium vanadate were used as model compounds. The results of this study indicate possibilities to develop an economical and technically feasible process for biotechnological vanadium recovery.     

Surface alteration of realgar (As4S4) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The chemical and physical characteristics of realgar (an arsenic sulfide mineral that occurs in several crystalline forms) in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans BY-3 were investigated in this work. Grains of the mineral were incubated for 10, 20, and 30 days with A. ferrooxidans cultured in 9K medium at 30 °C and at 150 rpm agitation. Abiotic control experiments were conducted in identical solutions. The effect of bioleaching on the surface properties of realgar was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscope (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. SEM and EDS analyses confirmed the ability of A. ferrooxidans to modify surfaces of realgar and to efficiently enhance its dissolution. ICP-AES showed the dissolution and precipitation of realgar during bioleaching. Based on the XRD pattern and the Raman spectra, the decrease in arsenic in the liquid phase was due to co-precipitation of the mineral with Fe(III) or Fe(III) compounds (e.g., jarosite or goethite). Thus, not only did Fe(III) alter the surface of realgar, but it also promoted its dissolution during bioleaching.     

Oxidative dissolution of bornite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The oxidation of finely ground (−200 μm) bornite (Cu₅FeS₄) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was evaluated in oxygen uptake and shake flasks experiments. The oxidation was a net acid-consuming reaction. Residual bornite was not detected by X-fray diffraction in solids after 2 days of contact in acid leach solution, indicating that the chemical and biological oxidation of bornite was relatively fast. Virtually 100% of copper solubilization was achieved in A. ferrooxidans cultures with or without ferrous iron, while in abiotic controls the copper extraction was around 30%. Bornite was not oxidized by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in respirometric or shake flasks experiments. Covellite (CuS) was detected as a secondary phase under all experimental conditions. Sulfur and jarosite were formed only in the presence of A. ferrooxidans.     

响应面法对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans发酵液脱除H2S的优化研究

目的:利用Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(A.f)发酵液对H2S的脱除条件进行优化.方法:在前期单因素影响脱硫率的基础上,利用Design expert软件中Box-Benhnker中心组合实验设计和响应面分析法对A.f发酵液脱除H2S的气体流量、温度和进行进一步优化.结果:获得了优化的A.f发酵液脱除H2S工艺,反应温度为31.02℃,气体流量为40.03 ml/min,H2S浓度为8.17g/m3.结论:在该条件下脱硫率达99.37％,表明响应面法可有效用于A.f发酵液脱除H2S工艺的优化.     

铜蓝精矿的生物浸出

采用两种嗜酸硫杆菌(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌和喜温硫杆菌)对铜蓝进行生物浸出,实验在有或没有4 g/L硫酸亚铁pH 2．0、150转/分、35℃的三角瓶中进行。实验结果表明:用两种菌混合浸出的铜几乎等于嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌单独浸出的铜;另外,亚铁的加入能提高铜的浸出。     

Weathering of phlogopite by Bacillus cereus and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The purpose of this study was to assess the weathering of finely ground phlogopite, a trioctahedral mica, by placing it in contact with heterotrophic (Bacillus cereus) and acidophilic (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) cultures. X-ray diffraction analyses of the phlogopite sample before and after 24 weeks of contact in B. cereus cultures revealed a decrease in the characteristic peak intensities of phlogopite, indicating destruction of individual structural planes of the mica. No new solid phase products or interlayer structures were detected in B. cereus cultures. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultures enhanced the chemical dissolution of the mineral and formed partially weathered interlayer structures, where interlayer K was expelled and coupled with the precipitation of K-jarosite [KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6].     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌ISC铁硫簇系统的合成

【目的】铁硫簇是最古老的一种氧化还原中心,它普遍存在于所有生命体内,在光合作用、呼吸作用和固氮作用这三个地球生命最基本的代谢途径中扮演着重要的角色。【方法】以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans ATCC 23270)基因组为模板,克隆表达其ISC铁硫簇组装的3个核心蛋白,IscS(半胱氨酸脱硫酶蛋白)、IscU(支架蛋白)和IscA(铁供体蛋白)。【结果】研究发现IscS能催化半胱氨酸脱硫,为铁硫簇的组装提供硫,支架蛋白IscU不具备结合铁的能力,IscA具有较强的铁结合能力。【结论】铁硫簇体外组装证明Fe-IscA在体外能将结合的铁传递给IscS,并在IscU上进行铁硫簇的组装。     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌doxDA操纵元的鉴定与分析

本文利用RT-PCR方法从转录水平上分别对A.ferrooxidans ATCC 23270基因组中可能编码硫酸盐-硫代硫酸盐结合蛋白基因sbp、膜结合硫代硫酸盐-辅酶Q氧化还原酶基因doxDA以及类硫氰酸酶基因p21等开放阅读框所在的基因座之间的联系进行了鉴定和分析,结果表明它们分别从属于预测的doxDA-1操纵元和doxDA-2操纵元.在此基础上,本文对doxDA操纵元的可能启动子序列也进行了预测和分析.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的高效培养及浸出黄铜矿初探

采用向硫化矿培养基中补加FeSO4的方式以维持Fe2+ 浓度为4～8 g/L,可使嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌浓在培养39 h时达到6.25×108 cells/mL,并在比生长速率几乎不降低的前提下提高了转化率和生产强度.然后对低氧化还原电位下低品位黄铜矿的浸出进行初步研究,结果表明经过30 d浸出,铜的浸出率可达28.5%...     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌启动子探针载体的构建

目的：为了研究嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans）启动子结构与功能。方法：以pSV-β-galactosidase质粒为骨架,通过定点突变的方法引入一个新的BstBⅠ单酶切位点,构建能在大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）中正常复制的启动子探针载体。利用PCR的方法将A.ferrooxidans菌cycA2基因上游5＇段上游DNA片段克隆到探针载体β-半乳糖苷酶基因上游以替代其原有启动子（gpt启动子）,并将重组的质粒转化E.coliDH5α菌株。通过检测宿主细胞的β-半乳糖苷酶活性,来鉴定启动子片段,并分析了启动子探针质粒载体的功能及启动子的强度。结果：pSV-β-galactosidase质粒被正确突变,成功构建了启动子探针载体pSVB。来源于A. ferrooxidans菌的启动子片段可驱动β-半乳糖苷酶基因在E.coli细胞中表达,转化子酶活性约为gpt 启动子驱动下活性的70 %。结论：启动子探针载体（pSVB）可用于A. ferrooxidans菌或者其它原核生物启动子的分离及进一步的分析研究。酶活性分析结果表明,来源于A. ferrooxidans菌cycA2基因上游5＇段上游DNA片段具有显著启动子活性。     

Reconstitution of Iron Oxidase from Sulfur-Grown Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The iron oxidation system from sulfur-grown Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 cells was reconstituted in vitro. Purified rusticyanin, cytochrome c, and aa₃-type cytochrome oxidase were essential for reconstitution. The iron-oxidizing activity of the reconstituted system was 3.3-fold higher than that of the cell extract from which these components were purified.     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长动力学

在确定二价铁离子为A.f生长过程中惟一限制性底物条件下,通过考察初始亚铁离子浓度、初始pH值两种影响亚铁离子氧化代谢的主要因素来研究细菌的生长特性,得到以限制性底物亚铁离子浓度为表征的细菌生长曲线。利用基于Monod方程建立的细菌生长动力学方程模型,采用Matlab软件中的Gauss-Newton算法确定了在不同条件下细菌生长动力学参数,包括最大比生长速率μm、Monod常数K及Ro,推导出了不同条件下A.f对数期以底物Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为表征的生长动力学方程。     

Sulfur Species Investigation in Extra- and Intracellular Sulfur Globules of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus

The sulfur chemical speciation in extracellular and intracellular sulfur globules of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus were investigated with an integrated approach including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES). The results indicated that both strains can accumulate extracellular sulfur globules when grown on thiosulfate, and the major sulfur chemical speciation of which were S₈ for A. ferrooxidans and mixture of ring sulfur and polythionate for A. caldus, respectively. In contrast, A. ferrooxidans can accumulate both linear sulfur and S₈ internally when grown with sulfur powder and thiosulfate, whereas A. caldus did not accumulate intracellular sulfur globules. In addition, the fitted results of sulfur K-edge XANES spectra indicated that the reduced glutathione (containing thiols groups) were involved in sulfur bio-oxidation of both strains and the tetrathionate were the intermediate products during thiosulfate metabolism by two strains.     

Biological oxidation of metallic copper by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

This is a report on the kinetic aspects and the analytical study of the bioproducts of the oxidation of zero-valence copper by immobilized Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Two different mechanisms of oxidation were considered: direct and indirect. A custom-built bioreactor was used to grow A. ferrooxidans in an iron-free media, which was required for the study of the direct mechanism. X-ray microdiffraction analysis of the copper after biooxidation in the sulfate-free medium revealed the presence of the copper sulfate, piypite, K(2)Cu(2)O(SO(4))(2), which indicates biooxidation of Cu metal has occurred. It was shown that the direct oxidation exists, but it is relatively slow, as compared to the indirect mechanism.