Effect of CaSO4 and NaCl on mineral content ofLeucaena leucocephala

The effects of varying CaSO₄ and NaCl levels on the nutrient content ofLeucaena leucocephala were established by examining the concentrations of Na, Ca, Cl, K and Mg in leucaena roots, stems and leaves. Leucaena was grown in nutrient solution at four levels of CaSO₄ (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mM) and NaCl (1, 25, 50 and 100 mM), in randomized blocks with five replications. Leucaena excluded sodium from stems and leaves when NaCl concentration was 50 mM or less. Sodium uptake decreased as CaSO₄ concentration increased. Calcium uptake was affected by NaCl concentration when substrate CaSO₄ concentration was 0.5 mM. At this level, 100 mM NaCl caused a marked decrease in leaf calcium and a marked increase in leaf Cl. In all other treatments, Cl uptake was not affected by CaSO₄ concentration. Potassium uptake was strongly depressed as NaCl concentration increased at low Ca concentration, but this effect was offset at high Ca. Magnesium uptake decreased as CaSO₄ levels increased.     

Nodulation and growth ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit as affected by inoculation and N fertilizer

Leonard jar, pot and field experiments examined the effects of inoculation and the influence of nitrogen fertilizer on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Leucaena responded to both inoculation and/or nitrogen application. Shoot growth and total N and P of inoculated plants were comparable to those of the highest N treatment, and the values were about 55% greater than those of uninoculated ones. Field data indicated that toal N yields of inoculated leucaena were increased by 50% with 40 or 80 kg ha^–1 of N fertilizer. However, N fertilizer depressed N fixation by 56% as was expected from nodule mass data. N-fixation was delayed for about 8 weeks in the plots without N. Application of small amounts of N starter (20 ppm) proved to be beneficial to satisfy the plant need during the early stage of leucaena growth. The rhizobial strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050 were effective, competitive and survived well in the field one year after their establishment.     

Effect of Rhizobium inoculation methodologies on nodulation and growth of Leucaena leucocephala

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of five methods of Rhizobium inoculum application on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in Leucaena leucocephala seedlings cultivated for 6 months in the greenhouse. Plants inoculated with alginate beads were significantly more developed and more nodulated than plants inoculated with the other methodologies used.     

Nitrogen fixation of field-inoculatedLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit estimated by the15N and the difference methods

The amount of nitrogen fixed byLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was assessed on an Alfisol at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture located in southwestern Nigeria. Estimated by the difference method, nitrogen fixation of leucaena inoculated with Rhizobium strain IRc 1045 was 133 kg ha^–1 in six months. Inoculation with Rhizobium strain IRc 1050 gave a lower nitrogen fixation of 76 kg ha^–1. Fertilization with 40 and 80 kg N ha^–1 inhibited nitrogen fixation by 43–76% and 49–71%, respectively. Estimates with the¹⁵N dilution method gave nitrogen fixation of 134 kg ha^–1 in six months when leucaena was inoculated with Rhizobium strain IRc 1045 and 98 kg ha^–1 for leucaena inoculated with Rhizobium strain IRc 1050. This nitrogen fixation represented 34–39% of the plant nitrogen. Inoculated leucaena derived 5–6% of its nitrogen from applied fertilizer and 56–54% from soil.     

Nitrogen fixation by the woody legumeLeucaena leucocephala in Tanzania

Summary The nitrogen fixation rate in a 4-year-old stand of the woody legumeLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. was estimated in the field at a rather dry site in Tanzania by use of an acetylene reduction technique. The diurnal mean value during April–May was 35 nmol C₂H₄ mg^–1 (dry weight) nodules h^–1, with a variation between 22±8 and 48±12 nmol C₂H₄ mg^–1 (dry weight) nodules h^–1 in early morning and at midday, respectively. The nodule biomass was determined by auger sampling to be 51±16 kg (dry weight) ha^–1. Most of the nodules were found at the 10–30 cm soil depth level. A rough calculation of the amount of nitrogen fixed annually arrived at 110±30 kg ha^–1. The results give strong support for the use ofL. leucocephala for soil enrichment in less humid areas of tropical Africa.     

Persistence and recovery of introduced Rhizobium ten years after inoculation on Leucaena leucocephala grown on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria

Establishment of Leucaena leucocephala was poor at Ibadan (Transition forest-savanna zone) and Fashola (savanna zone, 70 km north of Ibadan) in southwestern Nigeria as a result of low soil fertility and the presence of only a few native rhizobia capable of nodulating it. Inoculation with L. leucocephala at these two locations in 1982 resulted in striking responses with Rhizobium strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050 isolated from L. leucocephala grown in Nigeria. The persistence of inoculated effective Rhizobium strains after inoculation is desirable since it removes the need for reinoculation. Because of the perennial nature of L. leucocephala and its use in long-term alley farming experiments, we examined the persistence of inoculated rhizobial strains after inoculation, and their ability to sustain N₂-fixation and biomass production at Ibadan. In 1992, ten years after Rhizobium introduction, uninoculated, L. leucocephala fixed about 150 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 or about 41% of total plant N compared to 180 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 or 43% measured in 1982. Serological typing of the nodules using the Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and intrinsic resistance to the streptomycin test revealed that most of the nodules (96%) formed on L. leucocephala in 1992 were by Rhizobium strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050, which were inoculated in 1982. Nodules were absent on uninoculated L. leucocephala grown on the adjacent field with no history of L. leucocephala cultivation. We conclude that the N₂ fixed by Rhizobium strains IRc 1045 and IRc 1050 persisted for many years in the absence of L. leucocephala and sustained effectively fixed N₂ which growth and yield of L. leucocephala after several years, thus encouraging a possible low-input alley farming system by smallholder farmers in Nigeria.     

Assessment of genetic variability for N2 fixation between and within provenances of Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia albida estimated by 15N labelling techniques

Nitrogen fixed in 13 provenances of Acacia albida and 11 isolines of Leucaena leucocephala inoculated with effective Rhizobium strains was measured by ¹⁵N techniques and the total N difference method. In the test soil, on the average, L. leucocephala derived about 65% of its total N from atmospheric N₂ fixation compared to about 20% by A. albida. Significant differences in the percentage of N derived from atmospheric N₂ (% Ndfa) occurred, between provenances or isolines within species. The % Ndfa ranged from 37 to 74% within L. leucocephala and from 6 to 37 within A. albida; (equivalent to 20–50 mg N plant^–1 and 4–37 mg N plant^–1 for the two species over three months, respectively) and was correlated with the nodule mass (r=0.91). The time course of N₂ fixation of three selected provenances (low, intermediate and good fixers) was followed at 12 weekly intervals over a 36 week period. The % Ndfa of all provenances and isolines increased with time; and except for one of the L. leucocephala provenances, % Ndfa was similar within species at the 36 weeks harvest. There was a significant correlation between % Ndfa and the amount of N₂ fixed (r=0.96). Significant interactions occurred between provenances and N treatments and often growth of uninoculated but N fertilized plants was less variable than for inoculated unfertilized plants.     

In vitro nodulation of micropropagated plants ofLeucaena leucocephala byRhizobium

Micropropagated plants ofLeucaena leucocephala nodulated with Rhizobium during thein vitro hardening stage, grew well on N-free-substrate. This is the first report ofin vitro nodulation of micropropagated plants by Rhizobium.     

In vitro plantlet regeneration from cotyledons of the tree-legume Leucaena leucocephala

Two plant regeneration methods applicable to Leucaenaleucocephala were developed. In the first method, involvingorganogenesis via callus formation, cotyledon, hypocotyl and root segments wereinitiated on MS medium containing different concentrations ofN⁶-benzyladenine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), andnaphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Both compact (type I) and friable (type II) calliwere obtained from the cotyledon and hypocotyl explants treated with differentconcentrations of the growth regulators. Shoots were generated only from thefriable calli formed from the cotyledon explants. The calli formed from thehypocotyl explants did not generate shoots and the root explants died withoutforming callus. Cotyledon explants from 3–4 day old seedlings showedmaximum callus induction compared to those from older seedlings. In a secondmethod involving direct organogenesis, excised cotyledons were cultured on 1/2MS medium containing 10–35 mg l^–1N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) for 7–14 days. Transfer of thecotyledonsto regeneration medium containing low BA resulted in callus formation andsubsequent shoot regeneration from the base of the excised cotyledon explants,with up to 100% frequency. Regenerated shoots rooted best on a basal mediumcontaining no growth regulators.     

Photosynthetic and leaf morphological characteristics in Leucaena leucocephala as affected by growth under different neutral shade levels

Morphological and physiological measurements on individual leaves of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings were used to study acclimation to neutral shading. The light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P_{n max}) ranged from 19.6 to 6.5 mol CO₂ m^–2 s^–1 as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during growth decreased from 27 to 1.6 mol m^–2 s^–1. Stomatal density varied from 144 mm^–2 in plants grown in high PPFD to 84 mm^–2 in plants grown in low PPFD. Average maximal stomatal conductance for H₂O was 1.1 in plants grown in high PPFD and 0.3 for plants grown in low PPFD. Plants grown in low PPFD had a greater total chlorophyll content than plants grown in high PPFD (7.2 vs 2.9 mg g^–1 on a unit fresh weight basis, and 4.3 vs 3.7 mg dm^–2 on a unit leaf area basis). Leaf area was largest when plants were grown under the intermediate PPFDs. Leaf density thickness was largest when plants were grown under the largest PPFDs. It is concluded that L. leucocephala shows extensive ability to acclimate to neutral shade, and could be considered a facultative shade plant.Abbreviations the initial slope of the photosynthesis vs PPFD curve - P_{n max} the light-saturated photosynthetic rate - PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density     

The use of a double isotope (15N and 34S) labelling technique to assess the suitability of various reference crops for estimating nitrogen fixation in Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala

In this study, an approach involving a double isotope (¹⁵N and ³⁴S) labelling technique was used to examine which of five reference crops (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Cassia siamea, Cassia spectabilis, Lolium perenne and Eucalyptus grandis) would be suitable for measuring N fixed by Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala. The rationale is that the ratio of fertilizer-derived S to soil-derived S in a suitable reference crop is similar to that measured in the nitrogen fixing tree (NFT) since the N ratios in the two crop types cannot be measured directly. E. camaldulensis and E. grandis were found to be suitable reference crops because they absorbed fertilizer and soil S in the same ratio as G. sepium and L. leucocephala.     

Root exudation from Leucaena leucocephala in relation to mycorrhizal colonization

Lower amounts of root eduxates (13 mg/g dry root) emerged from leucaena plants inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus fasciculatum, than uninoculated plants (21 mg/g dry root). Mycorrhizal plants exuded less K⁺, P_i and sugars (mainly glucose) but more protein, nitrogen, phenolics and gibberellins than uninoculated plants. Glycine, alanine, cysteine, arginine, tryptophan and valine occurred only in the root exudates of the former. Uninoculated plants exuded more of a root-elongation inhibitory substance than the uninoculated ones.R.J. Mada and D.J. Bagyaraj are with the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India.     

Effect of CaCl2 on growth performance, photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation of Cichorium intybus L. grown under NaCl stress

Pot culture experiments were conducted to assess the extent of growth, photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) as affected by NaCl and CaCl₂ alone as well as in combination. Six treatments, i.e., 80 mM and 160 mM NaCl, 5 mM and 10 mM CaCl₂ and 80 mM + 10 mM and 160 mM + 10 mM of NaCl + CaCl₂ were given to the growing plants separately at three developmental stages, viz., the pre-flowering (30 DAS), flowering (120 DAS) and post-flowering (150 DAS) stages. Each NaCl treatment caused a significant reduction in total plant biomass, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, NR activity and nitrogen content, although nitrate content increased. On the contrary CaCl₂ treatment gave a favorable effect, compared to the control. The effect of combined treatments was similar to that of NaCl but less in magnitude. Thus, the application of CaCl₂ may mitigate the adverse effect caused by NaCl.     

The effects of salinity on growth,nodulation and nitrogen fixation ofCasuarina equisetifolia

The growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation ofCasuarina equisetifolia were compared at six levels (0–500mM NaCl) of salinity in sand culture. Dry weight of nodules, shoots and roots and N content of shoots increased at intermediate levels of salinity (50–100 mM) but decreased at 500 mM NaCl. Nodulation occurred at all NaCl levels, but at 500mM NaCl level, the nodule dry weight declined by 50% from the control. Increasing NaCl concentration of up to 200mM had little effect on the N₂-fixation rate, but at 500mM NaCl level the rate decreased to 40% of the control value.     

Effect of salinity and inoculation on growth,nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake ofVigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

This study reports the effect of salinity and inoculation on growth, ion uptake and nitrogen fixation byVigna radiata. A soil EC_e level of 7.5 dS m⁻¹ was quite detrimental causing about 60% decline in dry matter and grain yield of mungbean plants whereas a soil EC_e level of 10.0 dS m⁻¹ was almost toxic. In contrast most of the studied strains of Rhizobium were salt tolerant. Nevertheless, nodulation, nitrogen fixation and total nitrogen concentration in the plant was drastically affected at high salt concentration. A noticeable decline in acetylene reduction activity occurred when salinity level increased to 7.5 dS m⁻¹.     

The effect of VA mycorrhizal fungi,phosphorus and drought stress on the growth of Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings

The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on growth and drought resistance of Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings was studied in a glasshouse experiment. The experimental design was a 2·2·2 factorial: ± mycorrhizal inoculation, ± application of phosphorus fertilizer and ± repeated drought treatment. The growth promoting effect of VAM fungi equalled the effect of phosphorus fertilization after 12 weeks. The drought treatment reduced seedling biomass and nodulation. Differences between the plant species were found with respect to growth improvements due to VAM inoculation and/or phosphorus fertilization under drought stress conditions. The results are discussed in relation to plant drought resistance and reforestation in the subhumid to arid tropics.     

Effects of tall fescue turf on growth and nitrogen fixation potential of the woody legume Lupinus albifrons

The effect of tall fescue turf on growth, flowering, nodulation, and nitrogen fixing potential of Lupinus albifrons Benth. was examined for greenhouse and field grown plants. No allelopathic effect was observed for lupine plants treated with tall fescue leachates. The nitrogen-fixing potential measured by nodule dry weight and acetylene reduction rates was not significantly affected by tall fescue turf.Both the greenhouse and field studies showed that the growth, sexual reproductive allocation and number of inflorescences were significantly reduced when lupine plants were grown with tall fescue. The root-length densities of tall fescue turf and lupine monoculture were measured. The tall fescue turf had 20 times higher root-length density (20 cm cm^-3 soil) than the lupine plant monoculture. This suggests that intense competition at the root zone may be a dominant factor which limits the growth of the lupine plants.The flowering characters of the lupine plants were improved by phosphorus fertilization. Transplanting of older lupine plants into the turf substantially alleviated the tall fescue turf competitive effect.     

The cloned 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase gene from Sinorhizobium sp. strain BL3 in Rhizobium sp. strain TAL1145 promotes nodulation and growth of Leucaena leucocephala

The objective of this study was to determine the role of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase of symbionts in nodulation and growth of Leucaena leucocephala. The acdS genes encoding ACC deaminase were cloned from Rhizobium sp. strain TAL1145 and Sinorhizobium sp. BL3 in multicopy plasmids, and transferred to TAL1145. The BL3-acdS gene greatly enhanced ACC deaminase activity in TAL1145 compared to the native acdS gene. The transconjugants of TAL1145 containing the native or BL3 acdS gene could grow in minimal media containing 1.5mM ACC, whereas BL3 could tolerate up to 3mM ACC. The TAL1145 acdS gene was inducible by mimosine and not by ACC, while the BL3 acdS gene was highly inducible by ACC and not by mimosine. The transconjugants of TAL1145 containing the native- and BL3-acdS genes formed nodules with greater number and sizes, and produced higher root mass on L. leucocephala than by TAL1145. This study shows that the introduction of multiple copies of the acdS gene increased ACC deaminase activities of TAL1145 and enhanced its symbiotic efficiency on L. leucocephala.     

Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala

The effects of lime and P on the chemical composition of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were studied in a controlled climate laboratory experiment using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid soils from Fiji. For all soils, changes in the concentration of P in the Leucaena tops followed trends similar to the yield response curve, i.e., the concentration of P was highest at the soil pH at which maximum growth occurred. The concentration of Al in plant tops increased on either side of the pH of maximum growth, but Al uptake by the whole plant (tops plus roots) declined steadily with increasing pH. Although complete major (except P) and minor nutrients were added regularly, there was variation in the uptake of nutrients with pH. Poor growth at low pH values was attributed to an Al-induced P deficiency within the plant and at high pH to a soil P deficiency and, to a smaller extent, to the increased concentration of Al in the plant tops.     

Residual toxicity of soil-applied chlorothalonil on mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala

The residual effect of the fungicide chlorothalonil on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. The soil used was an oxisol (Tropeptic Eutrustox) treated with P to obtain target levels near-optimal for VAM activity or sufficient for nonmycorrhizal host growth. In the uninoculated soil treated with the former P level, the fungicide reduced VAM colonization of roots and completely suppressed symbiotic effectiveness measured in terms of pinnule P content. When this soil was inoculated with Glomus aggregatum, symbiotic effectiveness was significantly reduced but not eliminated by 50 mg of the fungicide kg⁻¹. At higher chlorothalonil levels, VAM effectiveness but not VAM colonization was completely suppressed in the inoculated soil. The pattern with which chlorothalonil influenced tissue P content and dry matter yield at the time of harvest closely paralleled its effect on VAM effectiveness. In the soil treated with P level sufficient for nonmycorrhizal host growth, the adverse effect of the fungicide on the above variables was appreciably milder than when the host relied on VAM fungi for its P supply. The toxic effect of the fungicide, therefore, was partly offset by P fertilization, suggesting that VAM fungi were more sensitive to chlorothalonil than the host. Our results demonstrate that although the toxic effect of chlorothalonil declined as a function of time, a significant level of toxicity persisted 12.5 weeks after the chemical was applied to soil. Contribution from Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal Series No. 3625. Contribution from Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal Series No. 3625.