藏北地区生态与环境敏感性评价

藏北地区自然条件极为严酷,生态与环境非常脆弱和敏感。采用地理信息系统手段与综合评价方法,对藏北地区主要生态与环境敏感性问题进行评估,分析了土壤侵蚀、沙漠化和草地退化等方面的敏感性空间分异规律,指出了今后生态与环境建设的优先区域。结果表明:藏北地区土壤侵蚀敏感区占土地总面积的42.5%,主要分布于东中部区域;藏北地区沙漠化敏感区面积较大(占土地总面积的78.8%),主要分布在人类活动强度相对较低的西北部;藏北中东部和北部地区草地退化较为严重,尤其是藏北地区冰川与雪山及其周围等气候变化较为敏感区域和交通要道沿线等人类活动较为频繁区域的草地退化相对严重,对草地退化也比较敏感,是今后草地退化治理和恢复的优先区。     

Can We Accurately Characterize Wildlife Resource Use When Telemetry Data Are Imprecise?

ABSTRACT Telemetry data have been widely used to quantify wildlife habitat relationships despite the fact that these data are inherently imprecise. All telemetry data have positional error, and failure to account for that error can lead to incorrect predictions of wildlife resource use. Several techniques have been used to account for positional error in wildlife studies. These techniques have been described in the literature, but their ability to accurately characterize wildlife resource use has never been tested. We evaluated the performance of techniques commonly used for incorporating telemetry error into studies of wildlife resource use. Our evaluation was based on imprecise telemetry data (mean telemetry error = 174 m, SD = 130 m) typical of field-based studies. We tested 5 techniques in 10 virtual environments and in one real-world environment for categorical (i.e., habitat types) and continuous (i.e., distances or elevations) rasters. Technique accuracy varied by patch size for the categorical rasters, with higher accuracy as patch size increased. At the smallest patch size (1 ha), the technique that ignores error performed best on categorical data (0.31 and 0.30 accuracy for virtual and real data, respectively); however, as patch size increased the bivariate-weighted technique performed better (0.56 accuracy at patch sizes >31 ha) and achieved complete accuracy (i.e., 1.00 accuracy) at smaller patch sizes (472 ha and 1,522 ha for virtual and real data, respectively) than any other technique. We quantified the accuracy of the continuous covariates using the mean absolute difference (MAD) in covariate value between true and estimated locations. We found that average MAD varied between 104 m (ignore telemetry error) and 140 m (rescale the covariate data) for our continuous covariate surfaces across virtual and real data sets. Techniques that rescale continuous covariate data or use a zonal mean on values within a telemetry error polygon were significantly less accurate than other techniques. Although the technique that ignored telemetry error performed best on categorical rasters with smaller average patch sizes (i.e., ≤31 ha) and on continuous rasters in our study, accuracy was so low that the utility of using point-based approaches for quantifying resource use is questionable when telemetry data are imprecise, particularly for small-patch habitat relationships.     

基于GIS长春市郊农地土壤肥力综合评价

以长春市郊区农地为例,应用ArcInfo进行空间数据采集、处理与分析,以土地利用类型作为评价单元,采用层次分析法确定评价因素的权重,引入模糊数学方法,建立各评价因素对肥力的隶属函数,计算各个肥力评价因素的评分,最后用指数和法求出各评价单元的综合评价值,根据综合评价值的大小划分土壤肥力等级,并分级统计其面积.应用ArcView GIS绘制了评价结果图.     

西藏鹅膏菌属的分类研究

本文报告了西藏地区鹅膏菌属(Amanita)的真菌26种。其中灰鳞鹅膏菌(Amanita griseofarinosa Hongo),红鹅膏菌[A.parcivolvata(Peck)Glib.],浅杏黄鹅膏菌[A.Crocca(Quél.)Kühn.＆ Romagn.],黄赭毒鹅膏菌(A.flavorubescens Atk.),黄毒蝇鹅膏菌(A.flavoconia Atk.),史米斯鹅膏菌(A.smithiana Bas),褐黄鹅膏菌:(A.umbrinoluteaSeer.)等是我国新纪录种。西藏地区的首次新纪录13种。该属真菌均是树木的外生菌根真菌,有毒种多,具有重要的经济价值。     

横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫

横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪海相沉积分布非常广泛,在早石炭世杜内期至晚二叠世各沉积中均含有大量有孔虫化石,其中尤以维宪期和长兴期沉积中的有孔虫化石最为丰富和保存极佳。本文描述了较为常见和特征的分子共11科30属65种,其中8个为新种,根据分析和比较,横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫动物群的组合面貌和特征与我国华南地区同期地层中所见有孔虫动物基本一致,同属“南方型”生物群,同时也与特提斯海域同期地层中有孔虫动物群非常近似,因此可以说明横断山地区当时的海水不仅与我国华南海域及特提斯海域都是相通的,同时都繁衍着大致相同的有孔虫动物群,它们均生活在温暖和盐度较为正常的浅海水域中。     

西藏珍珠茅属(莎草科)植物增补

发现了分布于西藏的2个珍珠茅属新记录种:小型珍珠茅和毛果珍珠茅,并补充记载了2个新记录种的文献和标本引证。     

西藏列当科一新记录属--野菰属

列当科野菰属主要分布于南亚和东南亚,在西藏的分布为新记录。     

西藏新生代秋乌组孢粉化石的发现及其初步研究

本文首次报道西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带附近秋乌组含煤沉积中的孢粉化石。孢粉植物群主要由Quercoidifes,具孔类及三孔沟类花粉组成,包括12科26属及一些未定类群。组合中产有少量的Graminidites及Tsugaepollenites。植物群的总体特征显示其时代可能为渐新世至早中新世。秋乌组沉积早期的环境比较温暖。     

中国102个人群的身高与地理环境相关性研究

本文对分布在中国16个不同行政区域的102个人群(汉族23个,少数民族79个)的人体发育指标—身高,应用地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能和制图表达方法,对身高受地理环境因素影响的程度进行了综合分析。研究结果显示:随着地理纬度的升高,身高呈现逐渐增高的趋势。随着地区太阳总辐射量的增大,该地区的群体身高水平呈现增高的趋势;随着降雨量和湿度的增大,群体的身高水平呈现降低的趋势;随着地区平均风速指数的增加,身高亦呈现增高趋势。此外,研究还表明区域海拔和气压等因素对身高无明显影响。地理信息系统的技术与方法为分析人体身高发育受地理环境因素的差异性影响提供了新的技术手段和解决方案。     

A collaborative GIS method for integrating local and technical knowledge in establishing biodiversity conservation priorities

Methods for establishing biodiversity conservation priorities are urgently required, as the number of species and habitats that are threatened increases relative to the material resources available for their conservation. The identification of priority areas demands the integration of biophysical data on ecosystems together with social data on human pressures and planning opportunities. But comprehensive and reliable data are rarely available to demarcate where the need for action is most urgent and where the benefits of conservation strategies can be maximized. Strategic conservation initiatives cannot wait for the creation of comprehensive databases. In order to fill the missing data gaps, the combined knowledge of local and technical experts can be used. This study presents a collaborative geographic information system (GIS) method for integrating the knowledge of local and technical experts with existing spatial environmental data to establish priority areas for biodiversity conservation. Procedures for structuring and framing the discussions, establishing assessment criteria, integrating knowledge with data, and building consensus are incorporated into the method. The method provides a novel cooperative mechanism to aid spatial knowledge management and inclusive biodiversity planning.     

全国城市生态科学讨论会在上海召开

由中国生态学会、中国生态经济学会、中国城市科学研究会联合召开的“全国城市生态科学讨论会”于1984年12月2—6日在上海复旦大学举行。到会的有来自19个省、自治区和市的从事生态、环保、地理、社会、经济和城市规划等24个专业的代表共80人,共收到学术论文43篇。中国生态学会理事长马世骏同志,中国生态经济学会副理事长兼秘书长王耕今同志,中国城市科学研究会秘书长李梦白同志主持了会议。首届全国城市生态科学讨论会的中心议题是:探讨城市生态学研究的目的、任务、对象和方法等基本理论问题,用城市生态学的观点分析我国不同类型城市在规划建设和管理中存在的重大问题;并就解决这些问题提出可行建议。     

梅花山生物多样性信息系统简介

以梅花山国家级自然保护区生物多样性管理信息系统的建立和应用为例,论述了在自然保护区中建立生物多样性信息系统的意义、目的及实现的功能,提出了自然保护区生物多样性信息系统的组成和具体结构。