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1.
Linda D. Wolfe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(1):95-101
This paper offers a comparison of the reproductive biology of the Japanese macaques of Arashiyama, Japan and the free-ranging
rhesus macaques of Silver Springs, Florida, U.S.A. The data indicate that rhesus macaques of Silver Springs have a higher
reproductive rate than the Japanese macaques of Arashiyama. The reproducive rate of the rhesus monkeys over three birth seasons
is 82% and that for the Japanese macaque is 53%. The higher reproductive rate of rhesus monkeys is accomplished through an
earlier onset of sexual maturation (4 and 5 years for the rhesus and 5 and 6 years for the Japanese monkeys) and a shorter
interbirth interval (14.27±5.54 months for rhesus and 18.00±6.57 months for Japanese monkeys). It is suggested that, because
of the relatively harsh winters experienced by Japanese macaques, the slower reproductive rate of the Japanese monkeys has
been selected for in order to enable females to lengthen the time in which maternal care is extended to their offspring. 相似文献
2.
Jack Fooden 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(4):573-596
Seven species of malaria naturally infect eight species of macaques in southwestern India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
Within malarious areas, the frequency of infections in infected species of macaques varies from 9 to 61%. Natural malarial
infections in macaques are relatively benign. The proved or probable vectors of macaque malaria are seven species of mosquitoes
that belong to the Leucosphyrus Group of the genus Anopheles. The geographic distribution of macaque malaria apparently is
determined by the distribution of the Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes, which in turn apparently is determined by the distribution
of tropical evergreen rain forest. Experimental infections with three species of macaque malaria frequently are lethal to
populations or species of macaques that inhabit areas outside the geographic ranges of the parasites. In populations or species
of macaques that are sympatric with experimentally virulent species of malaria, partial resistance probably evolved as a consequence
of natural selection acting on favorable mutations. 相似文献
3.
MHC class I characterization of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Pendley CJ Becker EA Karl JA Blasky AJ Wiseman RW Hughes AL O'Connor SL O'Connor DH 《Immunogenetics》2008,60(7):339-351
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are quickly becoming a useful model for infectious disease and transplantation research. Even though cynomolgus macaques from different geographic regions are used for these studies, there has been limited characterization of full-length major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I immunogenetics of distinct geographic populations. Here, we identified 48 MHC class I cDNA nucleotide sequences in eleven Indonesian cynomolgus macaques, including 41 novel Mafa-A and Mafa-B sequences. We found seven MHC class I sequences in Indonesian macaques that were identical to MHC class I sequences identified in Malaysian or Mauritian macaques. Sharing of nucleotide sequences between these geographically distinct populations is also consistent with the hypothesis that Indonesia was a source of the Mauritian macaque population. In addition, we found that the Indonesian cDNA sequence Mafa-B7601 is identical throughout its peptide binding domain to Mamu-B03, an allele that has been associated with control of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viremia in Indian rhesus macaques. Overall, a better understanding of the MHC class I alleles present in Indonesian cynomolgus macaques improves their value as a model for disease research, and it better defines the biogeography of cynomolgus macaques throughout Southeast Asia. 相似文献
4.
Kevin J. Campbell Ann M. Detmer Julie A. Karl Roger W. Wiseman Alex J. Blasky Austin L. Hughes Benjamin N. Bimber Shelby L. O’Connor David H. O’Connor 《Immunogenetics》2009,61(3):177-187
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) provide increasingly common models for infectious disease research. Several geographically distinct populations of these
macaques from Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius are available for pathogenesis studies. Though host
genetics may profoundly impact results of such studies, similarities and differences between populations are often overlooked.
In this study we identified 47 full-length MHC class I nucleotide sequences in 16 cynomolgus macaques of Filipino origin.
The majority of MHC class I sequences characterized (39 of 47) were unique to this regional population. However, we discovered
eight sequences with perfect identity and six sequences with close similarity to previously defined MHC class I sequences
from other macaque populations. We identified two ancestral MHC haplotypes that appear to be shared between Filipino and Mauritian
cynomolgus macaques, notably a Mafa-B haplotype that has previously been shown to protect Mauritian cynomolgus macaques against challenge with a simian/human immunodeficiency
virus, SHIV89.6P. We also identified a Filipino cynomolgus macaque MHC class I sequence for which the predicted protein sequence differs from
Mamu-B*17 by a single amino acid. This is important because Mamu-B*17 is strongly associated with protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge in Indian rhesus macaques. These
findings have implications for the evolutionary history of Filipino cynomolgus macaques as well as for the use of this model
in SIV/SHIV research protocols.
Kevin J. Campbell and Ann M. Detmer contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
5.
I compared the frequency of occurrence, contextual usage, and meaning of some of the most prominent gestural signals in stump-tailed
macaques. I recorded the occurrence of 15 visual and tactile behavior patterns in a multimale multifemale captive group of
stump-tailed macaques with the behavior sampling method in 100 hr of observation and analyzed the data via factor analysis
and analyis of variance. The hindquarter presentation was the most frequent gesture. It was displayed by subordinates to appease
dominants even in the absence of impending risk of aggression. Bared-teeth, lip-smack, teeth-chatter, and present-arm are
submissive signals as well, but they differ from the presentation and from one another in their contextual usage. Nonthrusting
mount, hip-touch, hip-clasp, and genital manipulation are directed down the hierarchy and appear to reflect dominance, reassurance,
protection, or bonding. Mock-bite is a ritualized aggressive behavior pattern, often used to resolve uncertain dominance relationships.
Ventroventral embrace occurs as a female bonding pattern. Overall, most gestural signals in stump-tailed macaques relate to
dominance and submission and, to a lesser extent, social bonding. 相似文献
6.
Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Fred B. Bercovitch 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(3):247-263
Reproductive strategies incorporate a multitude of mechanisms that have evolved to promote the reproductive success of individuals.
Evolutionary perspectives tend to emphasize the advantages of male-male competition and female choice as mediators of differential
reproduction. Male rhesus macaques have not been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females, although they
suffer more wounds during the mating season. An increased likelihood of attacks appears to coincide with male troop entry.
Males who spend more time in consort and mate with more females tend to sire more offspring. Genetic analysis of paternity
has pinpointed age and endurance rivalry, rather than agonistic competition, as key variables associated with variation in
progeny production. Female rhesus macaques often copulate with multiple males during their ovulatory period, and tend to conceive
on the first cycle of the mating season. Female reproductive success is more likely to be a function of offspring survivorship
than the identity of particular male partners. The role of female choice as a direct mediator of male reproductive success
is unresolved, but female mate selection seems to indirectly affect male reproductive success because female preference for
mating with novel males seems to foster male dispersal. Evaluating whether mating preferences for particular male phenotypes
affectsfemale reproductive success is a task for the future. A common denominator to the reproductive strategies of both female and male
rhesus macaques is that feeding patterns affect body condition which influences reproductive output and regulates relative
reproductive success. 相似文献
7.
Karl JA Wiseman RW Campbell KJ Blasky AJ Hughes AL Ferguson B Read DS O'Connor DH 《Immunogenetics》2008,60(1):37-46
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an excellent model for human disease and vaccine research. Two populations exhibiting distinctive morphological and physiological
characteristics, Indian- and Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, are commonly used in research. Genetic analysis has focused on
the Indian macaque population, but the accessibility of these animals for research is limited. Due to their greater availability,
Chinese rhesus macaques are now being used more frequently, particularly in vaccine and biodefense studies, although relatively
little is known about their immunogenetics. In this study, we discovered major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cDNAs
in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques and detected 41 distinct Mamu-A and Mamu-B sequences. Twenty-seven of these class I cDNAs were novel, while six and eight of these sequences were previously reported
in Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques, respectively. We then performed microsatellite analysis on DNA from these 12 animals,
as well as an additional 18 animals, and developed sequence specific primer PCR (PCR-SSP) assays for eight cDNAs found in
multiple animals. We also examined our cohort for potential admixture of Chinese and Indian origin animals using a recently
developed panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The discovery of 27 novel MHC class I sequences in this analysis
underscores the genetic diversity of Chinese rhesus macaques and contributes reagents that will be valuable for studying cellular
immunology in this population. 相似文献
8.
Augusto F. Vitale Elisabetta Visalberghi Carlo De Lillo 《International journal of primatology》1991,12(3):277-286
The responses to a model snake in captive crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)
were investigated. In both species the amount of fear behavior was higher in the presence of the model than during baseline
conditions. Unlike the macaques, in the capuchins the frequency of these behaviors decreased across trials. In the two species
the amount of explorative and manipulative behaviors and the use of space were also different. Unlike macaques, all capuchins
manipulated the objects available in the testing room, and three subjects contacted the apparatus by using objects. Macaques
did not show significant preferences for any particular part of the testing room. In both conditions, capuchins used the floor
more than macaques did. Further, capuchins increased the use of the floor across experimental trials. Latency to reach the
floor was higher in macaques than in capuchins. When on the floor, capuchins spent most of the time close to the snake apparatus.
It is proposed that the behavioral differences between capuchins and macaques in the responses to a potential predator indicate
that capuchins have a greater propensity to explore and to contact the novel stimulus directly, or by means of objects, than
macaques do. These tendencies may lead to the exploitation of novel features in the environment. 相似文献
9.
David Glenn Smith 《International journal of primatology》1995,16(5):855-870
The limited availability of rhesus macaques through importation and the need for large numbers of them for use in biomedical
research in this country have led to large- scale efforts to breed them domestically in captive groups. Since gene flow into
the groups is usually restricted, consanguineous inbreeding can lead to inbreeding depression, which is characterized by increases
in mortality, declines in fertility, and reductions in traits associated with physiological efficiency. For this reason, it
is desirable to determine the level of inbreeding at which inbreeding depression occurs in rhesus macaques. I compared fertility,
mortality, and the rate of weight gain in inbred and noninbred rhesus monkeys in three captive groups. There is no evidence
of inbreeding depression in rhesus macaques whose inbreeding coefficients are ≤ 0.125, a level at which inbreeding depression
is known to occur in some species. 相似文献
10.
Reconciliation in three groups of lion-tailed macaques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We studied postconflict behavior in three captive groups of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). After a conflict, we monitored the aggressee as the focal individual during a 10-min postconflict period and made control
observations the following day on the same individual. Selective attraction between former opponents occurred in the first
minutes of the postconflict period. The conciliatory tendency was relatively high, about 40%. Although no specific behavior
was used to reconcile, postconflict contacts were especially intense and a rich repertoire of affiliative patterns was exihibited.
With regard to the rate and form of reconciliation, lion-tailed macaques resemble Sulawesi macaques, which belong to the same
phyletic lineage. We also discuss the possible interrelations between conciliatory patterns and other characteristics of social
organization. 相似文献
11.
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant of these differences is the complement of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I sequences expressed by each animal. Although previous studies have reported strong associations between MHC expression and disease outcome, a rapid, cost-effective method for high-resolution MHC genotyping in macaques is lacking. In this study, we adapted a modified heteroduplex assay, reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer for macaque MHC class I genotyping. For validation, we investigated the concordance of RSCA genotyping for 14 MHC class I sequences in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques whose genotypes were established through complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of MHC class I sequences. We observed a concordance greater than 98% between RSCA and the cloning and sequencing data. Furthermore, RSCA confirmed the presence of MHC haplotype sharing between three macaques as predicted previously by microsatellite analysis. RSCA genotyping of an additional 25 Chinese rhesus macaques demonstrated that the frequency of these 14 MHC class I sequences ranged from 5% to 32%, with the Mamu-A1*2601 sequence being most common in this cohort. Capillary RSCA genotyping has the potential to enable researchers to rapidly evaluate MHC class I genotypes in rhesus macaques and associate specific MHC sequences with disease susceptibility. 相似文献
12.
A case of food-washing tradition is reported in a captive group of Japanese macaques. Two techniques are employed, with one
or both hands being used to wash food under water flowing from watering spouts. Processes of diffusion of the behaviour in
the group follow the patterns previously described by Japanese scientists observing this species. It is suggested that development
of such a behaviour could be related to particular environmental conditions. 相似文献
13.
S. C. Antón 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(3):401-427
Primates with diets that require greater occlusal forces to process exhibit anteroposteriorly shorter, vertically deeper faces,
more anteriorly placed masseter attachment areas, and broader, taller mandibular corpora compared to closely related species/populations.
Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)eat different, perhaps mechanically tougher to process, foods than other macaques do. Accordingly, they should exhibit structural
features of the skull related to dissipating great occlusal loads. To test this hypothesis I compared cranial variables amongst
wild-caught, adult female skulls (n = 85) of M. fuscataand three other macaque species (M. mulatta, M. fascicularis,and M. nemestrina)and applied least-squares and reduced-major-axis regression analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) to 17 cranial
variables reflecting facial, vault, and mandibular dimensions. When scaled for size, the Japanese macaque has a vertically
deeper and anteroposteriorly shorter face,a broader but not taller mandibular corpus, and a more anteriorly placed masseter muscle than the other three macaques do.
The first PCA axis isolates variation due to a suite of characters related to mechanical efficiency in dissipating occlusal
loads (vertically deep face and broad corpus) and differentiates the Japanese macaques from the other species. This, coupled
with reported dietary differences among species, suggests that Japanese macaques are selected for dissipating greater occlusal
loads than other macaques are. The presence of a narrow mandible relative to cranial breadth and a hyperrobust mandibular
corpus width suggests that axial torsion is a significant influence in the masticatory regime of M. fuscata.The lack of an increase in corpus height indicates that parasagittal bending is not as significant an influence. Geographic
and climatic influences cannot account for the patterns of variation between M. fuscataand the other macaques. 相似文献
14.
Kazuo Fujita Kunio Watanabe Tri Heru Widarto Bambang Suryobroto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(3):233-245
A series of work by the first author have demonstrated that many macaque species show a visual preference for the pictures
of their own species when the monkeys actively press a lever to see the pictures. We expanded this study to Sulawesi macaques
kept as a pet by local people with slight modification. All seven species of Sulawesi macaques were passively exposed to a
variety of colored slides of Sulawesi macaques. The experimenter recorded the duration of visual fixation onto the pictures.
Male monkeys of all the seven species clearly watched the pictures of their own species for longer duration than those of
the other species. Such visual preference suggested that the seven Sulawesi macaques discriminate each other species and,
thus, they may not be integrated into fewer number of species. This visual preference may work to prevent overall intergradation
of the Sulawesi macaques who sometimes have hybrid zones only in limited areas. This preference was in general weaker in female
monkeys. In one species,Macaca ochreata, females actively avoided to see the pictures of conspecifics. These results may be related to how female monkeys interact
with other individuals. 相似文献
15.
William C. Mahaney Anna Stambolic Mary Knezevich R. G. V. Hancock Susan Aufreiter Kandiah Sanmugadas M. J. Kessler M. D. Grynpas 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(3):323-333
Soil mining and eating (geophagy) behavior of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, is described and assessed with respect to the chemical, geochemical, and mineralogical composition
of the ingested materials. The samples forming the uneaten (control) and eaten (matrix and blocky) groups of soils come from
the top and flanks of a marine terrace underlain with volcanic tuff on Cayo Santiago, off the east shore of Puerto Rico. Both
the uneaten and geophagy samples were analyzed to determine particle size distributions, clay and primary mineralogy, and
soil chemical and geochemical compositions. Primary minerals such as orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar in the clay fraction
is higher in the control group than in the ingested samples. Both the control and matrix plus blocky samples have moderate
to abundant amounts of kaolinite and halloysite (both silicon:aluminum = 1:1 type clay minerals) that may be important as
a stimulus to geophagy behavior. The pH, total salts, and phosphorus levels in both the control and geophagy samples show
considerable overlap with little clear indication of causal factors. Analysis of the geochemical data showed no clear cut
elemental differences to suggest elemental supplementation as a possible explanation for mining and eating of tropical soil.
It is possible that rhesus macaques ingest clay to obtain kaolinite/halloysite minerals which may alter the taste of their
provided food, and may act as pharmaceutical agents to alleviate intestinal ailments such as diarrhea. 相似文献
16.
Yuzuru Hamada Tsuyoshi Watanabe Osamu Takenaka Bambang Suryobroto Yoshi Kawamoto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):65-80
The body color of Sulawesi macaques was measured quantitatively and compared among the different monkeys. As a result, divergence
models for extant Sulawesi macaques, withtonkeana as the starting point and fading as the sole direction of color change, were inferred as follows: (1) fading slightly on
the upper half of the body—nigra, fading more on the proximal part of the body—nigrescens; (2) fading over the whole body—maura; (3) fading greatly on the legs—hecki; and (4) fading on the distal part of the body—ochreata, fading more over the whole body, including the proximal part of the body—brunnescens. The color changed progressively in the order of (1) through (4). The divergence model, excluding the position ofhecki (3), supports the speciation model ofFooden (1969). If the proto-Sulawesi macaques had a body color pattern similar to the livingnemestrina, darkening would have been necessary for the evolution of the Sulawesi macaques after their immigration, and it may have
been acquired as an adaptation to the ground (forest floor) living nature of the Sulawesi macaques, together with influences
deriving from the insularity and/or from the absence of predators. 相似文献
17.
Shuichi Matsumura 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(1):1-10
The social interactions between young male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and members of two adjacent groups were studied. Young males usually associated with members of a single group. Although
some young males occasionally interacted with members of the neighboring group, the frequency of their intergroup affiliative
interactions was much lower than that of their intragroup interactions. The intergroup affiliative interactions were less
symmetrical than the intragroup interactions. Three- or four-year-old males who remained in their natal group interacted with
males of the neighboring group, whereas males over 5 years old did not. Young males revealed a dramatic change in their association
partners from males in one group to those in another during the course of their intergroup transfer. Males who remained in
their natal group did not attempt to interact with females of the neighboring group. In contrast, males who had transferred
to a non-natal group interacted with females in their natal group. It is suggested that intergroup affiliative interactions
and intergroup transfer of young male macaques are influenced by close associations between males. The immediate motivation
for transfer of young natal macaques may be some attraction to males outside their group rather than sexual attraction to
unfamiliar females. 相似文献
18.
J. Voros W. C. Mahaney M. W. Milner R. Krishnamani S. Aufreiter R. G. V. Hancock 《Primates; journal of primatology》2001,42(4):327-344
Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) in the Marakkanam Reserved Forest of southern India consume termitaria soils. Samples from the ingested termite mounds are
compared with samples taken from the surrounding uneaten soils in an attempt to determine why the termitaria soils are eaten.
Particle size, clay and primary mineral composition, geochemistry, and scanning electron microscopic analyses are used to
search for a possible explanation for geophagy among the bonnet macaques. Kaolin minerals abound throughout the Marakkanam
soil sample suite. But the termitaria soils are distinguished by the presence of small amounts of smectite. An abundance of
kaolin minerals in combination with small amounts of smectite strongly resembles the mineralogy ofeko, a traditional African remedy for stomach ailments, and Kaopectate™, a western anti-diarrhoeal preparation. The percentage
of mature leaves and fruits ofAzadirachta indica consumed by the bonnet macaques is relatively high. Plant feeding deterrents, such as, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and the
inherent nature of the fruits ofAzadirachta indica, when consumed in large quantities to act as a purgative, could cause gastrointestinal upsets and diarrhoea. At Marakkanam,
bonnet macaques ingest termitaria earth that would act as a pharmaceutical agent to alleviate gastrointestinal upsets and
control diarrhoea. 相似文献
19.
L. D. Wolfe 《Human Evolution》1986,1(3):267-275
Evidence is reviewed that female Japanese macaques have multiple male mating partners when they are available and show a preference
for mating with sexually unfamiliar males. Several lines of evidence suggest that this aspect of female sexual behavior results
in the offspring of an individual female being sired by more than one male thereby maintaining the genetic diversity of the
troop. Evidence is presented in this paper that a decrease in the number of adult troop males and a lack of extra-troop migrant
males in the Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques following transplantation to a ranch in south Texas had consequences
for the sexual behavior of the females. 相似文献
20.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(1):187-198
Long-term studies have shown remarkable similarity in the social behaviour and relationships of Japanese and rhesus macaques
living in free-ranging groups. The vast majority of these studies have been of provisioned groups and many key principles
have been derived from them. Provisioning is known to influence various aspects of life history and demography, as well as
quantitative aspects of social behaviour, such as the frequencies of grooming and aggression. It has been widely assumed,
however, that the fundamental characteristics of social behaviour and relationships observed in provisioned populations are
representative of those that would occur under natural conditions. This paper reviews findings from fieldwork on Japanese
macaques living under natural conditions, and compares them with patterns of social behaviour reported by multiple studies
of provisioned groups of both species. Differences are apparent in the nature of social relationships between adult females,
between adult males, and between adult males and females. Some of these differences can be attributed to the increased levels
of aggression associated with provisioning. Others appear to be related to demographic peculiarities of provisioned groups,
such as large size and skewed sex ratio. These differences can be used to generate predictions concerning the influence of
ecological variables on the dynamics of social relationships and social structure. Ways in which these predictions could be
tested by further fieldwork on provisioned and natural populations are discussed. 相似文献