Novel heterobifunctionalized polystyrene-polyethylene glycol resin for simultaneous preparation of free and immobilized peptides and biological activity detected by confocal microscopy

Summary Fast and convenient binding assays using synthetic peptides are of utmost and increasing importance, especially in the search for lead structures or in the field of diagnostics. A polymeric support suitable for solid-phase peptide synthesis was functionalized with two different anchor groups. The interior part of the aminomethylated polystyrene-1%-divinylbenzene resin beads, comprising about 98% of the total loading capacity, was modified by the acid-labile ADPV anchor whereas the 2% outer surface of the polymer was covalently coated with a PEG 10 000 derivative which renders the resin surface hydrophilic and biocompatible. The novel resin was characterized by introducing marker amino acids and by infrared spectroscopy. Employing this bifunctionalized resin for peptide synthesis, free as well as polymer-bound peptides were obtained which were tested for recognition by antibody. The resin-bound peptides proved to be suitable for ELISA and fluorescence assays, as shown by confocal laser microscopic investigations. Peptides from the interior part were obtained in high yield and purity as analyzed by HPLC, electrospray mass spectrometry and Edman degradation.     

Sequence analysis of rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor with the o-phthalaldehyde strategy

Sequence analysis was performed on a 41-residue polypeptide that has been identified as the predominant form of high intrinsic corticotropin-releasing activity of rat hypothalamus. The sequence of residues 1-39 of this corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was determined by Edman degradation of a partially purified peptide in a highly sensitive spinning cup sequencer after selective blocking of CRF or its main contaminant with o-phthalaldehyde. This approach was validated by peptide mapping of CRF of a highly purified preparation. Peptide mapping was accomplished with reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of CRF fragments obtained by digestion with clostripain. The identities of the fragments cleaved from CRF were established by chromatographic comparison with synthetic peptides, amino acid analysis, and Edman degradation. On the basis of these experiments, the primary structure of rat hypothalamic CRF was established to be H-Ser-Glu-Glu-Pro-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu- Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Met-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Gln-Ala-His-Ser-Asn - Arg-Lys-Leu-Met-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2. It is expected that the o-phthalaldehyde strategy will facilitate the sequence analysis of partially purified peptides containing proline residues.     

Solid-phase synthesis of bombesin by continuous flow procedure using Fmoc-amino acids

Bombesin has been synthesized by the continuous flow solid-phase procedure on the derivatized Kieselguhr-supported polydimethylacrylamide resin. Preformed Fmoc-amino acid symmetrical anhydrides (Met, Leu, and Arg) and Fmoc-amino acid active esters were used for amine acylation. The Mtr and the Pmc groups have been alternatively used for masking the side chain function of Arg-3. The progress of the synthesis was monitored by different analytical methods including quantitative solid-phase Edman degradation. Cleavage from the resin and simultaneous formation of the C-terminal amide function were achieved with a methanolic ammonia solution yielding indistinguishable crude peptides which have been purified by HPLC and fully characterized. Preliminary pharmacological experiments indicated that the activity of the synthetic peptides is similar to that previously measured for other synthetic bombesins. For comparison bombesin has also been prepared by solid-phase synthesis on 4-methyl benhydrylamine resin using the Boc chemistry. The results of the two strategies are discussed and compared.     

Solid-phase synthesis of the native sequence of horse heart cytochrome c-(66-104)-nonatriacontapeptide and of a C-terminal carboxyamide analog selectively modified at Met-80

The peptide corresponding to the (66-104) sequence of horse heart cytochrome c and its carboxyamide analog, selectively modified at the critical Met80 residue, have been synthesized by stepwise solid-phase methods on PAM and BHA resins respectively. The correctness of the growing peptide chain as well as the homogeneity of the final products have been monitored by several analytical methods including quantitative Edman degradation. After HF cleavage both peptides were purified by semipreparative HPLC. The overall yields were 24% for the native (66-104) and 10% for the carboxyamide analog. The homogeneity of the purified synthetic peptides have been determined by different criteria including HPLC, amino acid composition, Edman degradation, electrophoresis, and tryptic peptide mapping. The synthetic fragments have been utilized for preliminary semisynthesis experiments with the native [Hse greater than 65] (1-65)H heme-sequence.     

High-performance liquid chromatography of side-chain-protected amino acid phenylthiohydantoins

Eighteen side-chain-protected amino acids, routinely employed in solid-phase peptide synthesis, were derivatized to their phenylthiohydantoins (PTH) by one cycle of the Edman degradation. All of these side-chain-protected PTH amino acids elute, with almost-baseline resolution, in less than 18 min by high-performance liquid chromatography, utilizing a biphasic gradient of acetonitrile in 0.01 n sodium acetate, pH 4.5, or a linear gradient of 0 to 100% acetonitrile with the exception of the coelution of a O-benzyl-threonine and carbobenzoxy-lysine phenylthiohydantoin amino acids. The derivatized amino acids were subjected to reverse-phase chromatography on a Zorbax ODS column and monitored at 254 nm. None of the PTH amino acids coelute with side-chain-protected PTH amino acid counterparts, although PTH-tosyl-histidine undergoes deprotection to PTH-histidine in the Edman degradation. A protected decapeptide attached to a chloromethylated polystyrene resin was degraded on a solid-phase sequencer in 16 h. The PTH amino acids resulting from the automated Edman degradation on the decapeptide were fully resolved and quantified in less than 3 h demonstrating that automated high-performance liquid chromatography can keep pace with both the automated sequencer and synthesizer which requires minimally 2–3 h for attachment of each residue to the growing peptide chain.     

The primary sequence of chicken myoglobin (Gallus gallus).

After enzymatic digestion of chicken myoglobin by trypsin, chymotrypsin or thermolysin, the separation of peptides was performed by column chromatography on various ion exchange resins. Each peptide was purified by high-voltage paper electrophoresis or by chromatography either on paper or on ion-exchange resin, and its complete amino acid sequence was then determined by the combined dansyl-Edman procedure and by endopeptidase digestions. The whole globin was submitted to automatic Edman degradation using the Beckman sequencer. Residues have been positioned from overlaps of sequence data between tryptic (T), chymotryptic (C) and thermolysin (Th) peptides. The stepwise degradation of the whole globin confirmed the alignment of the N-terminal third of the molecule. The combination of these different approaches has led to the complete determination of the 153 residues sequence forming the polypeptide chain of chicken myoglobin. Comparison of the established chicken myoglobin structure with those from other species shows a conservation of structure, although the avian protein exhibits more variations in its amino acid sequence than has been found between other known myoglobins which all belong to mammalian species.     

多肽固相序列分析载体的合成及应用

用合成的聚合物作载体,与模型15肽(纯品)偶联,使用Edman降解法进行多肽序列分析。比较了各种类型载体对肽的偶联效果。实验结果表明合成的大孔型四次乙基五胺类树脂载体已经达到国外同类产品水平。     

Identification of phosphorylation sites in peptides using a gas-phase sequencer

A simple procedure is described for determining the location of phosphorylation sites in phosphopeptides. The method employs measurement of 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate release during Edman degradation cycles using a gas-phase sequencer. The procedure is based on extracting peptides and inorganic phosphate from portions of the sample filter at strategic cycles in the sequence analysis followed by determination of the relative amounts of phosphate and phosphopeptide. One advantage of this technique is the very high recovery of the phosphate associated with the peptide, 80-97% in this study. In the course of this work, it was also found that phosphoserine residues themselves caused reduced efficiency of the Edman degradation as compared with unesterified serine residues. The present procedure has the merit of being simple and easy to apply.     

The amino acid sequence of plastocyanin from Vicia faba L. (broad bean)

The amino acid sequence of plastocyanin from broad bean was determined. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of 99 residues. The sequence was determined by using a Beckman 890C sequencer and by dansyl-phenyl isothiocyanate analysis of peptides obtained by the enzymic cleavage of purified cyanogen bromide fragments. Some parts of the sequence depend on the results of Edman degradation of peptides for which amino acid analyses were not obtained. The evidence for one overlap is not strong.     

Structural comparison of bovine erythrocyte, brain, and liver NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase by HPLC mapping

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases purified from bovine erythrocytes and from bovine brain and liver microsomes solubilized with lysosomal protease were subjected to structural analysis by using HPLC mapping, amino acid analysis of the resulting peptides, and NH2-terminal sequence analysis of apoproteins. HPLC maps of the tryptic peptides derived from these enzymes were very similar to each other, and amino acid analysis of the HPLC-separated peptides indicated that the structures of these enzymes are identical except for the NH2-terminal region. The NH2-terminal sequence of the brain enzyme determined by automated Edman degradation was as follows: NH2-Phe-Gln-Arg-Ser-Thr-Pro-Ala-Ile-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asn-Pro-Asp- Ile-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Leu-Arg-Leu-Ile-Asp-Lys-Glu-Val-Ile- This sequence is identical to that of liver enzyme except that the liver enzyme started at the 3rd Arg or 4th Ser. The NH2-terminal amino acid residue of the soluble erythrocyte enzyme was not detected by automated Edman degradation. The sequence analysis of a tryptic peptide from the erythrocyte enzyme indicated that Leu is present before the NH2-terminal Phe of the brain enzyme. The recently reported sequence of the apparently identical protein (Ozols et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 11953-11961) differs in two amino acid assignments from our sequence.     

Isolation and amino acid sequence of the TRH-potentiating peptide from bovine hypothalamus.

A neuropeptide termed TRH-potentiating peptide, which potentiates TRH-evoked thyrotropin secretion by antehypophysis in vitro, was isolated from an acetonic powder of bovine hypothalamus. The peptide was purified to homogeneity by a 3-step protocol involving molecular sieve filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The complete amino acid sequence of the decapeptide was determined as Ser-Phe-Pro-Trp-Met-Glu-Ser-Asp-Val-Thr by automated Edman degradation with a solid-phase sequencer. Bovine TRH-potentiating peptide is structurally identical to Ps4, a decapeptide which was deduced from the cDNA encoding the rat TRH precursor. This study provides for the first time a direct chemical evidence for the existence of non-TRH peptides originating from posttranslational processing of the TRH precursor in vivo.     

Peptide synthesis on a phenolic resin support

Protected peptides assembled on a phenolic resin support were cleared by peroxide-catalysed hydrolysis. In genenal peptide phenyl ester resins were more labile to nucleophiles than were corresponding Merrifield resin derivatives; transesterification with dimethylaminoethanol providing on alternative cleavage method for peroxide-sensitive peptides. Losses of radiolabelled peptide from both Merrifield and phenolic resins were determined during acid deprotection, base wash and coupling steps in the synthesis of a tetrapeptide. Using 40% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane for Boc-deprotection the phenolic resin gave improved results compared to the Merrifield resin. The merits of the procedure for the preparation of protected peptide acids suitable for subsequent condensation reactions were exemplified by the synthesis of an octapeptide sequence of a modified lysozyme.     

Covalent attachment of peptides to cytochrome C for automated sequence determination.

Because small peptides are lost into the organic solvents used, it is virtually impossible to obtain the complete amino acid sequence of a small peptide using only an automated peptide sequencer of the spinning cup type. To overcome this problem we have extended peptides at the carboxy terminus by attachment to equine cytochrome c by a water soluble carbodiimide, relying on the acetylated N-terminus of the cytochrome to minimize its direct contribution to recovery of PTH-amino acids. The Model Peptide H-Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-phe-Ala-OH was used for most experiments. After reaction of 3H-peptide with cytochrome c, about one-third of the tritium counts migrated with cytochrome c during gel filtration. After attachment, the amino acid sequence of the hexapeptide was readily determined with a single cleavage Quadrol program in a Beckman 890B sequencer, whereas only the N-terminal residue was recovered without attachment. The repetitive yield after attachment was 95-96%, with 21-27+ overlap and an initial yield of 18-20%. Sequence data with other peptides illustrate applications and present limitations of our approach.     

The application of 0.1 M quadrol to the microsequence of proteins and the sequence of tryptic peptides.

In an effort to extend automated Edman degradation to nanomole quantities of protein, the method of sequenator analysis described by Edman and Begg (Edman, P., and Begg, G. (1967), Eur. J. Biochem. 1, 80) was modified to permit long degradations in the absence of carrier proteins. By using an aqueous 0.1 M Quadrol program with limited, combined benezene-ethyl acetate solvent extractions, as well as a change in the delivery system for heptafluorobutyric acid, it was possible to recover and identify the first 30 amino acid residues from a sequenator run on 7 nmol of myoglobin. For 3 nmol of myoglobin, 20 steps could be identified. PTH-amino acids were identified by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets. Without using a carrier protein the cup to prevent mechanical losses (Niall, H. D., Jacobs, J. W., Van Rietshoten, J., and Tregear, G. W. (1974), FEBS Lett. 41, 62), the repetitive yield using this program was 93-96%. The same program has been applied successfully to peptides of 14 or more residues with or without modification by Braunitzer's reagent and to a number of larger peptides and proteins including a 216 residue segment of rabbit antibody heavy chain in which a sequence of 35 steps was accomplished on 25 nmol.     

Amino-acid sequence of toxin III of Naja haje.

The complete amino acid sequence of toxin III of Naja haje (72 residues) has been established mainly by use of a protein sequenator (identification of 70 residues). The two C-terminal residues have been determined by digestion with carboxypeptidases A and B. Addition of succinylated protein or peptide greatly improved the performance of the sequenator for the Edman degradation of peptides: on one peptide (39 residues) degradation went to step 34 with a protein program and on two peptides (10 and 13 residues) degradation reached the last amino acid with a peptide program (use of dimethylbenzylamine). Amino acid analysis of tryptic peptides obtained by digestion of the C-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide are in full agreement with the sequence established by automatic degradation. The sequence of toxin III of Naja haje is unique and is very similar to that of Naja nivea alpha (although there are 9 differences), of Naja melanoleuca b (11 differences) and also to that of Naja naja A (18 differences).     

Posttranslational modification of tubulin by palmitoylation: II. Identification of sites of palmitoylation.

As shown in the companion article, tubulin is posttranslationally modified in vivo by palmitoylation. Our goal in this study was to identify the palmitoylation sites by protein structure analysis. To obtain quantities of palmitoylated tubulin required for this analysis, a cell-free system for enzymatic [3H]palmitoylation was developed and characterized in our companion article. We then developed a methodology to examine directly the palmitoylation of all 451 amino acids of alpha-tubulin. 3H-labeled palmitoylated alpha-tubulin was cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CNBr). The CNBr digest was resolved according to peptide size by gel filtration on Sephadex LH60 in formic acid:ethanol. The position of 3H-labeled palmitoylated amino acids in peptides could not be identified by analysis of the Edman degradation sequencer product because the palmitoylated sequencer products were lost during the final derivatization step to phenylthiohydantoin derivatives. Modification of the gas/liquid-phase sequencer to deliver the intermediate anilinothiozolinone derivative, rather than the phenylthiohydantoin derivative, identified the cycle containing the 3H-labeled palmitoylated residue. Therefore, structure analysis of peptides obtained from gel filtration necessitated dual sequencer runs of radioactive peptides, one for sequence analysis and one to identify 3H-labeled palmitoylated amino acids. Further cleavage of the CNBr peptides by trypsin and Lys-C protease, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex LH60 and dual sequencer runs, positioned the 3H-labeled palmitoylated amino acid residues in peptides. Integration of all the available structural information led to the assignment of the palmitoyl moiety to specific residues in alpha-tubulin. The palmitoylated residues in alpha-tubulin were confined to cysteine residues only. The major site for palmitoylation was cysteine residue 376.     

Covalent immobilization of proteins and peptides for solid-phase sequencing using prepacked capillary columns

The use of prepacked capillary columns for immobilizing proteins and peptides for solid-phase Edman degradation is described. Capillary tubes with an internal volume of about 30 microliters are filled with glass beads bearing isothiocyanato groups (DITC-glass), aminophenyl groups (AP-glass), or aminoethylaminopropyl groups (AEAP-glass) and are sealed with porous plugs. Proteins or peptides in appropriate buffers are introduced into the columns by capillary action and are covalently coupled to the glass beads, either by reaction of lysine side-chain amino groups with DITC-glass, by carbodi-imide-mediated reaction of carboxyl groups with AP-glass, or by reaction of homoserine lactone groups with AEAP-glass. Optimization of attachment conditions is described. The capillary columns are loaded into the sequencer and, when sequencing has been completed, are discarded. This technique greatly simplifies polypeptide immobilization and is suitable for microsequencing (less than 50-1000 pmol) or macrosequencing (1-50 nmol).     

Covalent Attachment of Peptides to Cytochrome C for Automated Sequence Determination

Because small peptides are lost into the organic solvents used, it is virtually impossible to obtain the complete amino acid sequence of a small peptide using only an automated peptide sequencer of the spinning cup type. To overcome this problem we have extended peptides at the carboxy terminus by attachment to equine cytochrome c by a water soluble carbodiimide, relying on the acetylated N-terminus of the cytochrome to minimize its direct contribution to recovery of PTH-amino acids. The Model Peptide H-Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala-OH was used for most experiments. After reac-tion of³H-peptide with cytochrome c, about one-third of the tritium counts migrated with cytochrome c during gel filtration. After attachment, the amino acid sequence of the hexapeptide was readily determined with a single cleavage Quadrol program in a Beckman 890B sequencer, whereas only the N-terminal residue was recovered without attachment. The repetitive yield after attachment was 95–96%, with 21–27% overlap and an initial yield of 18-20%. Sequence data with other peptides illustrate applications and present limitations of our approach.     

Synthesis of side chain-protected amino acid phenylthiohydantoins and their use in quantitative solid-phase Edman degradation

Solid-phase Edman degradation of synthetic peptidyl-resins has been used advantageously to detect errors of deletion which might occur during Merrifield peptide synthesis. To facilitate complete quantitation of the resulting phenylthiohydantoin(PTH)-amino acids, the PTH derivatives of the following side chain-protected amino acid residues have been synthesized: Arg(Tos), Asp(OBzl), Cys(3,4-(CH3)2-Bzl), Glu(OBzl), Lys(2-ClZ), Ser(Bzl), Thr(Bzl), Tyr(2-BrZ), and Tyr(2,6-Cl2Bzl). For each derivative, a melting point, elemental analysis, and extinction coefficient were obtained. With these new compounds as HPLC standards, an unequivocal assignment and quantification of each side chain protected amino acid was possible. A quantitative analysis was performed for six model peptides with the general formula Ala-X-Leu-Y-Ala-Gly-NHCH2-resin (where X and Y represented different side chain-protected amino acyl residues). We have found solid-phase Edman degradation to be a useful aid for the characterization of peptides when they are used unpurified as synthetic antigens.     

Removal of N-acetyl groups from blocked peptides with acylpeptide hydrolase. Stabilization of the enzyme and its application to protein sequencing

Acylpeptide hydrolase, an enzyme that removes the modified residue from N-terminally acetylated peptides, has been purified from ovine liver and developed as a tool in sequencing blocked peptides and proteins. Its instability imposes a major limitation on the use of the mammalian enzyme in protein chemistry. Coupling to Sepharose followed by intramolecular cross-linking with dimethyl-suberimidate increased its thermostability and rendered it more resistant to inactivation by either SDS or N,N-dimethylformamide. The resulting enzyme preparation is reusable and more effective at cleaving longer acetylated peptides. It is therefore useful for unblocking acetylated proteins prior to protein sequence analysis. Intact proteins and many isolated peptides are still too large to be cleaved directly, but in this paper we describe a procedure for overcoming this difficulty. The protein is fragmented and non-acetylated peptides are then absorbed out with isothiocyanato-glass. The N-terminal peptide remains in solution and is unblocked with stabilised acylpeptide hydrolase. No chromatographic separation are required. The N-terminal sequence can then be obtained by automated Edman degradation. This procedure has been successfully demonstrated on a large synthetic peptide.