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1.
Field evaluation of 26 selected cowpea cultivars showed that several of them had good levels of resistance to Cydia ptychora; TVu 946, Adzuki, ‘Vita 5’ and Igbirra were the most resistant. Percentage seed damaged by the larvae was positively correlated with days to 50% flowering (r= 0.39*), days to 50% pod ripening (r= 0.48*) and weight of 100 seeds (r= 0.56**). All four cultivars were early maturing, had semi-determinate or determinate plant types and carried their pods above the leaf canopy. No single morphological character could be related to the degree of seed damage but some association with phenological characteristics was indicated. Earliness, determinacy and uniform pod maturity were important plant characters associated with the expression of field resistance. Even if these characters are not causative, they provide a rational basis for screening of a large germplasm to identify or synthesise materials with greater resistance to this moth.  相似文献   

2.
Intensive greenhouse screening using potted plants demonstrated a high level of resistance in the wild cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (ssp. mensensis), to the cowpea moth, Cydia ptychora. Two closely related cvs (TVu 946 and TVu 2994) also showed some resistance. Further investigations in the laboratory and in the greenhouse indicated that resistance was due mainly to oviposition preference and to antibiosis. Pods of the wild cowpea, and those of cvs TVu 946 and TVu 2994, were not attractive to egg-laying females whereas no oviposition preference was seen among the genetically improved cultivars. Pronounced antibiosis was detected in the wild cowpea, and to a lesser extent in the closely related cvs, when pods were infested with first-instar larvae. Fecundity of females was also significantly reduced. These effects were thought to be partly due to nutritional deficiencies in the resistant cvs but there may also be an antibiotic factor in the wild cowpea progenitor. Apparently, pod-wall thickness was not related to resistance although differences in successful penetration of pods by larvae were observed.  相似文献   

3.
Three indeterminate cowpea cultivars with different growth habits were each planted at four inter-row spacings in two different seasons at Ile-Ife, Nigeria, and at harvest assessed for Cydia ptychora damage. Damage by the moth increased with decreasing inter-row spacing much more in the erect and semi-erect cultivars, than in the semi-prostrate cultivar.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract:  The spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella (L.), is a serious and widely distributed pest of spruce seed orchards in North America and Europe. Current pest management activities in seed orchards rely mainly on chemical pesticides for insect control. Mating disruption with sex pheromone is a potential alternative pest management tool for C. strobilella . In 2002, field tests confirmed that sticky traps baited with 3  μ g of (E) -8-dodencenyl acetate ( E 8-12:Ac), the sex pheromone of C. strobilella , could capture males in Quebec, a region of Canada not previously monitored for this insect. In the following years (2003–2005), grey rubber septa loaded with 0.75, 1.5, or 2.0 mg of E 8-12:Ac were deployed separately in two white spruce seed orchards at a density of 40 and 60 dispensers/ha to test the potential for mating disruption. The results showed that the captures of male C. strobilella in the pheromone-treated plots were reduced by up to 98%. Furthermore, at the end of the experiment in 2005, 17.3% of cones were damaged by C. strobilella in the treated plot, compared with a significantly (P < 0.0001) higher 56.4% in the control plot. The results suggest that mating disruption has potential for controlling C. strobilella to protect seed cones in white spruce seed orchards.  相似文献   

5.
The sex pheromone of the pear moth, Cydia pyrivora, is (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-yl acetate. A 5%-addition of the geometric isomers E,Z and Z,Z decreased male attraction in the field, the Z,E isomer had no significant effect. Traps baited with 10 µg E,E on grey rubber septa were attractive throughout the flight period of C. pyrivora. These traps allow specific detection of pear moth, and they are not attractive to its sibling species, codling moth C. pomonella.  相似文献   

6.
7.
Abstract.  Recent studies have shown that root-feeding insects can be of considerable importance in terms of agricultural damage, their indirect impacts on above-ground herbivores and their efficacy as biocontrol agents of weeds. To date, isolated studies have made it difficult to identify the mechanisms by which soil-dwelling insects locate and select host-plant roots. This review synthesizes 78 studies describing root location and selection. Soil insect herbivores do not rely on encountering roots at random, but orientate towards them using semiochemicals that enable specialist insects to distinguish host-plants from unsuitable plants. Secondary plant metabolites released into the rhizosphere (alcohols, esters and aldehydes representing 37% of reported examples) underpin host-plant location and recognition, with 80% having 'attractant' properties. Insects feeding on a limited range of plants tend to exploit host-specific secondary metabolites, whereas nonspecialist feeders appear to use more general semiochemicals. When insects reach the roots, contact chemosensory cues act as either 'phagostimulants' (48% of the compounds being sugars) or feeding 'deterrents' (notably phenolic compounds). Twenty studies conclude that CO2 is the major primary plant metabolite that allows insects to locate to roots. However, several features of CO2 emissions from roots mitigate against it as a precise location cue. In addition to its lack of specificity, gradients of root emitted CO2 do not persist for long periods and vertical gradients of CO2 in the soil tend to be stronger than horizontal gradients. A conceptual model is presented, emphasizing the importance of soil properties (e.g. porosity, moisture) on chemical diffusion and insect motility.  相似文献   

8.
Plant volatiles are signals used by herbivorous insects to locate host plants and select oviposition sites. Whether such volatiles are used as indicators of plant quality by adult insects in search of host plants has been rarely tested. We tested whether volatiles indicate plant quality by studying the oviposition of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana on the grapevine plant Vitis vinifera. Host plants were infected with a variety of microorganisms, and larval fitness was correlated to the infected state of the substrate. Our results show an oviposition preference for volatiles that is significantly correlated with the fitness of the substrate. The chemical profiles of the bouquets from each V. vinifera–microorganism system are clearly differentiated in a PCA analysis. Both the volatile signal and the quality of the plant as larval food were affected by the introduction of microorganisms. Our study represents a broad approach to the study of plant–insect interactions by considering not only the direct effect of the plant but also the effect of plant–microorganism interactions on insect population dynamics.  相似文献   

9.
10.
Adaptive changes in populations encountering a new environment are often constrained by deleterious pleiotropic interactions with ancestral physiological functions. Evolutionary responses of populations can thus be limited by natural selection under fluctuating environmental conditions, if the adaptive mutations are associated with pleiotropic fitness costs. In this context, we have followed the evolution of the frequencies of insecticide-resistant mutants of Cydia pomonella when reintroduced into an untreated environment. The novel set of selective forces after removal of insecticide pressure led to the decline of the frequencies of resistant phenotypes over time, suggesting that the insecticide-adapted genetic variants were selected against the absence of insecticide (with a selective coefficient estimated at 0.11). The selective coefficients were also estimated for both the major cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (MFO) and the minor glutathione S-transferase (GST) systems (0.17 and negligible, respectively), which have been previously shown to be involved in resistance. The involvement of metabolic systems acting both through xenobiotic detoxification and biosynthetic pathways of endogenous compounds may be central to explaining the deleterious physiological consequences resulting from pleiotropy of adaptive changes. The estimation of the magnitude of the fitness cost associated with insecticide resistance in C. pomonella suggests that resistance management strategies exclusively based on insecticide alternations would be unlikely to delay such a selection process.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract. 1. Several slightly different models of traps of triangular cross-section, each containing (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate as a lure, were compared for effectiveness for trapping male pea moths.
2. Catches did not increase when the sticky surface was greater than 180 cm2.
3. Sticky surfaces placed in a basal position were the most effective.
4. Traps that were self-aligning in the wind were no more effective than static traps.
5. Dispensers of different sizes but containing the same amount of attractant had no effect on the numbers caught. The patterns of smoke plumes dispensed from the traps suggested an explanation for this.  相似文献   

12.
13.
Field experiments have shown that the activity of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate, the sex pheromone of the pea moth, Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), is significantly affected by the type of rubber substrate used for the preparation of dispensers. Rubber substrates cured with elemental sulphur or accelerators based on organic sulphur compounds isomerized pea moth pheromone faster than rubber substrates cured by organic peroxides. The degree of isomerization increased during field use and/or storage. Average catches of males were further dependent on the release rate of pheromone from the dispenser. In a 2×3 factorial experiment arranged in 6×6 Latin square design a statistically highly significant dispenser x dose interaction was demonstrated (P<0.01).
Résumé Dans la nature, l'action de (E,E)-8,10-dodécadien-1-yl-acétate, phéromone sexuelle de C. nigricana F., est significativement modifiée par le type de caoutchouc utilisé poùr la réalisation du diffuseur. Le caoutchouc vulcanisé du soufre ou avec des accélérateurs à base de composés soufrés isomérise la phéromone sexuelle de C. nigricana plus rapidement que le caoutchouc vulcanisé avec des péroxydes organiques. Le taux d'isomérisation augmente pendant l'utilisation dans la nature et/ou pendant le stockage. Les captures moyennes de mâles dépendent avant tout de la libération de la phéromone par le diffuseur. Une étude de 2×3 facteurs organisée en carré latin (6×6) a mis en évidence une interaction hautement significative entre diffuseur et dose (P<0,01).
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14.
15.
The effect of four prediapause temperatures (18, 22, 26 and 30°C) on the photoperiodic response of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was studied under controlled conditions. The highest rates of diapause were recorded, for all day-lengths, at temperatures of 22 and 26°C while relatively lower rates of diapause were elicited at 18 and 30°C. The same trend was demonstrated by projecting the values of the critical photoperiod which induces 50% diapause (=CPhP50) over the prediapause temperature. The change in diapause incidence as a function of photoperiod, at all prediapause temperatures, exhibited a response characteristic of long-day insects, i.e. high rates of diapause at short days (12–13.5 h) and a decrease in diapause incidence at long days (14–15 h). The results for temperatures 22, 26 and 30°C support the view that lower prediapause temperatures enhance diapause induction, at a give photoperiod, while higher temperatures tend to avert or diminish the process. On the other hand, the low rates of diapause obtained at 18°C contradict this view. Nevertheless, high correlation was found between the laboratory evidence and field data, indicating the adaptability of the Israeli codling moth to subtropical climate.  相似文献   

16.
A model was developed based on an initial ingestion phase, followed by a period of virus multiplication and host death, to describe the effects of codling moth granulosis virus (CpGV) concentration and time from initial infection on the percentage of codling moth larvae (Cydia pornonella) dying from virus infection in the laboratory. With modification, this model also described the effect of CpGV concentration on the reduction of damage to fruit by C. pomonella larvae in the field. In both cases, the effect of CpGV increased with the l/10th power of virus concentration. LT50 (time to death of 50% of larvae) was inversely related to virus concentration in the laboratory. The model predicts the threshold concentration for death of larvae, as well as LD50(C50 and LD90(C 90,) for all ages of larvae. The model also predicts that if the majority of larvae entered through the sides of apple fruits, rather than through the calyx or near the stalk (as they probably did in the field), then the efficacy of CpGV in reducing fruit damage would be lowered. This effect of site of entry is especially marked at low virus concentrations.  相似文献   

17.
Interactions between pheromone traps were investigated in a series of trap spacing experiments involving the pea moth, Cydia nigricana. Central traps in circles or lines of traps, always caught fewer moths than isolated traps. This effect was significant even when the radius of the circle or the spacing in the line was 100 m, indicating a range of attraction of at least this distance. In lines of three traps across the wind, the central trap caught fewer moths than the outer traps. In similar lines along the wind, the upwind trap caught more moths than either the central or downwind traps, whose catches were equal. An explanation for these results is proposed, based on overlapping trapping zones, and supported by independent field observations. The implications of these results for pheromone trapping in general are discussed.
Zusammenfassung Wechselwirkungen zwischen Pheromonfallen für den Erbsenwickler, Cydia nigricana (F.), wurden in einer Versuchsreihe mit verschiedenen Fallenabständen untersucht. Fallen, die je 100 g (E,E)-8-10-Dodecadienylacetat auf Gummistopfen enthielten, wurden jeweils an einem Ort in mehreren räumlichen Anordnungen plaziert.An der zentralen Falle innerhalb eines Kreises oder einer Linie wurden immer weniger Falter gefangen als an isolierten Fallen. Dieses Resultat war sogar dann signifikant, wenn der Kreisradius oder der Fallenabstand in der Linie 100 m betrug. Demnach beträgt die Anlockungsdistanz mindestens diesen Wert. Wenn drei Fallen quer zur Windrichtung angeordnet waren, fing die zentrale Falle weniger als die peripheren Fallen. Wenn drei Fallen in der Windrichtung angeordnet waren, fing die windaufwärts plazierte Falle mehr als die zentrale und die windabwärts plazierte Falle; bei den zwei letzteren war der Fang gleich gross.Eine Erklärung dieser Ergebnisse wird vorgeschlagen und zwar aufgrund sich überdeckender Fangzonen und von Direktbeobachtungen im Feld. Folgerungen daraus werden diskutiert inbezug auf den Fang mit Pheromonfallen im Allgemeinen.
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18.
The effect of larval diet on diapause induction in the Israeli strain of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was studied in a field trial using intact apple fruits of two varieties: Ana (early-ripening, in the end of June) and Granny Smith (late-ripening, in October). Diapause incidence increased as fruit age (determined as days from fruit-set) progressed. These results corroborate former studies on other strains of the codling moth, where excised fruits were used.The combination of 80-day-old, fully ripe, Ana fruit treatment with the longest days of the year, yielded 38% diapause. This result demonstrates that mature fruit (inducing diapause) cannot completely override the effect of long day (averting diapause), but does confirm that larval diet modifies the photoperiodic induction of diapause in the codling moth.Deceased, October 1988  相似文献   

19.
The effects of different doses of two attractants on the interactions between pheromone traps for the pea moth, Cydia nigricana (F.) were investigated. In lines of three traps along the wind, each containing 103 g (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate (E10-12: Ac), interactions were evident at spacings of 15 m and 50 m; the centre trap catch was suppressed (cf. an isolated trap) but, unlike interacting traps containing 102 g (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E, E8, 10–12: Ac), the upwind trap did not catch more moths than the other traps.Changing the dose of E10-12: Ac in lines of traps with a spacing of 50 m did not affect the profile of catches, but reducing the dose of E, E8, 10–12: Ac to 1 g per trap resulted in a profile similar to that obtained with all doses of E10-12: Ac.The efficiency with which traps caught moths approaching within 1 m was affected by the attractant rather than the dose. Traps containing E, E8, 10–12: Ac were almost twice as efficient as those containing E10-12: Ac, suggesting that the former is a better close-range attractant.
Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung verschiedener Mengen zweier Attraktivstoffe auf die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Pheromonfallen für den Erbsenwickler, Cydia nigricana F., wurde untersucht. Drei Fallen mit je 103 g des Pheromonanalogs (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl Acetat (E10-12: Ac), wurden in einer Reihe in der Hauptwindrichtung aufgehängt. Bei Fallenabständen von 15 m und 50 m war die gegenseitige Beeinflussung offensichtlich. Im vergleich mit isolierten Fallen wurde der Fang der zentralen Falle reduziert. Die Aufwindfalle fing nicht mehr als die andern Fallen und zwar im Gegensatz zu Versuchen, in denen die Fallen je 102 g des natürlichen Pheromons (E,E) 8, 10-dodecadien-1-yl Acetat (E, E8, 10–12: Ac) enthielten.Wenn die Menge von E10-12: Ac in Fallenreihen mit 50 m Abstand geändert wurde (z.B. 104 g), wurde das Fangprofil nicht geändert. Wurde die Menge von E, E8, 10–12: Ac auf 1 g pro Falle vermindert, ergab sich ein Profil, das allen Kombinationen von E10-12: Ac entsprach.Die Fängigkeit der Fallen im Nahbereich von 1 m wurde mehr durch den Lockstoff als durch die Menge beeinflusst. Fallen mit E, E8, 10–12: Ac waren fast zweimal fängiger als Fallen mit E10-12: Ac (37% und 22%). Demnach scheint die erste Substanz der bessere Nahdistanzlockstoff zu sein.
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20.
The suppressive effects of undersown clover on Thrips tabaci Lindeman infestation in leek is known but not the stages in thrips population dynamics that are affected by intercropping and the mechanisms involved. Colonization or settling of adult onion thrips (T. tabaci) in monocropped leek (Allium porrum L.) and in leek intercropped with strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) was studied in two potted plant experiments. Potted leek plants with and without undersown clover were placed for a short period (2 and 5 days) in monocropped or intercropped field plots when high thrips infestation was expected. Thrips adults were counted on all leaves and in the shaft during this observation period. Thrips populations were monitored weekly in the field plots throughout the entire growing season.In both potted plant experiments, there were consistently fewer thrips adults on intercropped leek plants than on monocropped plants. The plant growth parameters – number of leaves and stem diameter – were similar in all treatments and thus did not explain differences in thrips adults. Natural enemies were absent on both leek and clover, and thus cannot explain the differences in adult thrips numbers. Furthermore, no adults of T. tabaci were found on the clover in the potted plant experiment and only very few in the field experiment. Thus it was concluded that strawberry clover was not an effective trap crop for thrips.In the second potted plant experiment, clover was removed just before the leek plants were introduced to the field, thus eliminating direct physical, visual and olfactory interference by clover. After the undersown clover was removed, the leek plants harboured only one-third of the number of thrips adults, as compared to the monocropped plants. This study supports the notion that there are subtle links between intercropping and plant quality, and indicates that host-plant quality is an underlying cause of the reduction in adult thrips numbers in leek/clover intercropping.  相似文献   

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