海南木棉植物资源调查与分类初步研究

对海南木棉的分布特点进行了调查和分析,并初步确立了分类标准。调查结果发现,海南木棉观赏性状具有多样性特点和较大的选育潜力。主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,可将花朵大小作为一级分类标准,花色作为二级分类标准,雄蕊分叉高度作为三级分类标准。     

紫外分光光度法测定木棉叶中总黄酮的含量

目的:测定木棉叶中总黄酮的含量.方法:采用紫外分光光度法在258 nm处测定吸光度.结果:对照品溶液在1.32～13.2 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r =0.9996),平均加样回收率为100.83％,RSD =3.13％.结论:该方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于木棉叶的质量控制.     

顶空进样气相色谱-质谱联用法分析木棉花挥发性成分

为研究木棉Bombax ceiba 鲜花的挥发性成分,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)进行鉴定分析。通过GC-MS,采用面积归一法从木棉花中鉴定了56 个主要组分及其相对含量。结果表明,主要组分为模菲(13.74%)、(1R,3aS,5aS,8aR)-1,3a,4,5a 四甲基-1,2,3,3a,5a,6,7,8-八氢环戊二烯并[c]环戊二烯(10.95%)、2-亚甲基-4,8,8-三甲基-4-乙烯基-双环[5.2.0]壬烷(10.36%)等。其中萜烯类化合物占55.24%,烷类化合物占29.72%,还有少量的醛类、酮类和酯类化合物。     

西双版纳石灰岩山森林植被

石灰岩山森林是组成西双版纳地区植被的主要类型之一,由于石灰岩山的特殊生境,绝大部分石灰岩山森林与非石灰岩山森林有着显著的区别。本文通过样方调查,将本区现存的石灰岩山原生植被分为３个主要的植被类型：即热带季节性雨林,热带季节性湿润林和热带山地矮树林。石灰岩山的季节性雨林是热带雨林的一个类型,仅分布于潮湿的沟谷和阴坡,森林高达３０ｍ以上,乔木层具有３层结构。根据生境和乔木层落叶树种的多寡,可将其分为湿性季节性雨林和干性季节性雨林２种类型。湿性季节性雨林以番龙眼为标志,落叶树在乔木种类和重要值上均低于１０％。干性季节性雨林以毛麻楝,轮叶戟为标志,落叶树在种类和重要值上均占１０％～３０％。本文认为,本区石灰岩山的季节性雨林在性质上与非石灰岩季节性雨林相同,尽管二者在群落的区系组成上有所差异。热带季节性湿润林主要分布于山坡中部,森林高度通常为２０～２５ｍ,乔木层具有２层结构。根据落叶树种的多寡可将其分为热带季节性常绿湿润林和热带季节性半常绿湿润林等２个类型。季节性常绿湿润林高约２０ｍ,森林常绿或有少量落叶树种,以多脉桂花,易武栎及尖叶闭花木为标志和优势。季节性半常绿湿润林高２０～２５ｍ,落叶树在乔木种类上占３０％～６?     

西藏森林植被乔木层碳储量与碳密度估算

利用第八次森林资源连续清查数据和不同树种的树干密度、含碳率等参数,运用生物量清单法,估算了西藏自治区森林乔木层植被碳储量和碳密度.结果表明: 西藏森林生态系统乔木层植被总碳储量为1.067×10⁹ t,平均碳密度为72.49 t·hm^-2.不同林分乔木层碳储量依次为:乔木林>散生木>疏林>四旁树.不同林种乔木层碳储量大小依次为:防护林>特殊用途林>用材林>薪炭林,其中前两者所占比例为88.5%;不同林种乔木层平均碳密度为88.09 t·hm^-2.不同林组乔木层碳储量与其分布面积排序一致,依次为:成熟林>过熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林.其中,成熟林乔木层碳储量占不同林组乔木层总碳储量的50%,并且不同林组乔木层碳储量随着林龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势.     

Epidermal structure and stomatal development in Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae)

The structure of the leaf epidermis of Bombax ceiba L. is described. Leaves of this plant have been generally reported to be hypostomatic. The present paper reports that on the upper epidermis up to eight rows of stomata are present along either side of the midrib. Development of the stomata is typically of the mesogenous anisocytic trilabrate type, but tetralabrate initials are also reported.     

Winners and losers: tropical forest tree seedling survival across a West African forest–savanna transition

Forest encroachment into savanna is occurring at an unprecedented rate across tropical Africa, leading to a loss of valuable savanna habitat. One of the first stages of forest encroachment is the establishment of tree seedlings at the forest–savanna transition. This study examines the demographic bottleneck in the seedlings of five species of tropical forest pioneer trees in a forest–savanna transition zone in West Africa. Five species of tropical pioneer forest tree seedlings were planted in savanna, mixed/transition, and forest vegetation types and grown for 12 months, during which time fire occurred in the area. We examined seedling survival rates, height, and stem diameter before and after fire; and seedling biomass and starch allocation patterns after fire. Seedling survival rates were significantly affected by fire, drought, and vegetation type. Seedlings that preferentially allocated more resources to increasing root and leaf starch (starch storage helps recovery from fire) survived better in savanna environments (frequently burnt), while seedlings that allocated more resources to growth and resource‐capture traits (height, the number of leaves, stem diameter, specific leaf area, specific root length, root‐to‐shoot ratio) survived better in mixed/transition and forest environments. Larger (taller with a greater stem diameter) seedlings survived burning better than smaller seedlings. However, larger seedlings survived better than smaller ones even in the absence of fire. Bombax buonopozense was the forest species that survived best in the savanna environment, likely as a result of increased access to light allowing greater investment in belowground starch storage capacity and therefore a greater ability to cope with fire. Synthesis: Forest pioneer tree species survived best through fire and drought in the savanna compared to the other two vegetation types. This was likely a result of the open‐canopied savanna providing greater access to light, thereby releasing seedlings from light limitation and enabling them to make and store more starch. Fire can be used as a management tool for controlling forest encroachment into savanna as it significantly affects seedling survival. However, if rainfall increases as a result of global change factors, encroachment may be more difficult to control as seedling survival ostensibly increases when the pressure of drought is lifted. We propose B. buonopozense as an indicator species for forest encroachment into savanna in West African forest–savanna transitions.     

Floristic variation across 600 km of inundation forests (Igapó) along the Negro River,Central Amazonia

We inventoried 10 ha of late-successional and seasonally inundated black-water floodplain (igapó) forest along four river sections of the Negro River, Central Amazonia, Brazil. The aim of the study was to test if tree species composition and diversity changes along the river course, and whether these changes reflect the different geological formations of the Negro River. On a continental-wide scale, we assessed alpha-diversity patterns of black-water flooded forests across the Amazon and Orinoco basins. Phytosociological analyses include family and species importance, species similarity, and Fisher’s alpha-diversity, as well as Detrended Correspondence Analysis. A total of 6.126 individuals were recorded, belonging to 243 tree species. Only few tree species occurred in more than one river section, and floristic composition changed abruptly from one section to the other. Tree species richness ranged from 57 to 79 species ha^?1, and alpha-diversity was highest (27.24) in the lower river section upon sediments of Pliocene–Pleistocene origin. We found a gradual decrease in species diversity with increasing age of the geological formations. The igapó forest is relatively species-poor, which we interpret to be the result of general low nutrient availability in alluvial substrates of the Negro River.     

Nutrient fluxes via litterfall and leaf litter decomposition vary across a gradient of soil nutrient supply in a lowland tropical rain forest

The extent to which plant communities are determined by resource availability is a central theme in ecosystem science, but patterns of small-scale variation in resource availability are poorly known. Studies of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling provide insights into factors limiting tree growth and forest productivity. To investigate rates of tropical forest litter production and decomposition in relation to nutrient availability and topography in the absence of confounding large-scale variation in climate and altitude we quantified nutrient fluxes via litterfall and leaf litter decomposition within three distinct floristic associations of tropical rain forest growing along a soil fertility gradient at the Sepilok Forest Reserve (SFR), Sabah, Malaysia. The quantity and nutrient content of small litter decreased along a gradient of soil nutrient availability from alluvial forest (most fertile) through sandstone forest to heath forest (least fertile). Temporal variation in litterfall was greatest in the sandstone forest, where the amount of litter was correlated negatively with rainfall in the previous month. Mass loss and N and P release were fastest from alluvial forest litter, and slowest from heath forest litter. All litter types decomposed most rapidly in the alluvial forest. Stand-level N and P use efficiencies (ratios of litter dry mass to nutrient content) were greatest for the heath forest followed by the sandstone ridge, sandstone valley and alluvial forests, respectively. We conclude that nutrient supply limits productivity most in the heath forest and least in the alluvial forest. Nutrient supply limited productivity in sandstone forest, especially on ridge and hill top sites where nutrient limitation may be exacerbated by reduced rates of litter decomposition during dry periods. The fluxes of N and P varied significantly between the different floristic communities at SFR and these differences may contribute to small-scale variation in species composition.     

Effects of age and distance on the composition of mixed deciduous forest fragments in an agricultural landscape

Abstract. Forest patches in central Belgium were inventoried twice for the presence or absence of forest plant species to study the effects of age and distance on species composition. All forests in the study area were subdivided based on their land use history. To avoid effects of autocorrelated environmental characteristics on species composition, habitat homogeneity was indirectly investigated using a TWINSPAN classification of the vegetation data. Two major habitats (alluvial and non‐alluvial forests) were distinguished and analysed separately. Patterns of species composition were investigated at the landscape level using Mantel tests. Species composition similarity measures were calculated between all pairs of fragments based on the floristic data. A highly significant correlation was found between species composition similarity and inter‐patch distance. Difference in age, which we used as a measure for habitat quality, was less important in explaining species composition patterns. The effects of spatial configuration became significant when difference in age was accounted for, and a partial correlation was calculated between inter‐patch distance and species composition similarity. Different results were found for alluvial and non‐alluvial forest types. Alluvial forests were more influenced by the spatial configuration than the non‐alluvial. For the non‐alluvial forest type effects measured with the difference in age between forest fragments obscured the effects of inter‐patch distance. Based on our findings we suggest that species composition is not only internally generated, but external processes such as differential colonization caused by varying degrees of isolation may be of overriding importance.