聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)生物降解的研究进展

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(poly(butylene succinate),PBS)是一种人工合成的脂肪族聚酯化合物。PBS的生产成本低、热稳定性好,具有良好加工性能、机械性能以及力学性能等优点。本文就近年来PBS在生物降解方面的研究进展进行了综述,具体包括PBS的生物堆肥降解、PBS的微生物降解以及PBS降解酶的相关研究。最后对PBS生物降解研究进展做出了总结。     

铜绿假单胞菌生物降解特性的研究进展

近年来在环境污染物的生物降解研究方面有了很大进展。铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomon asaeruginosa,PA)作为重要的降解菌株之一,具有较强的降解能力,可降解物质种类广泛,在环境污染物的生物降解中具有重要作用并占据重要地位。本文综述了PA的降解特性、代谢途径、遗传基础与酶系及促降解物质在生物降解方面的研究进展。     

聚乳酸的生物降解

聚乳酸(polylactic acid, PLA)因其良好的理化性能、生物相容性和生物降解性而备受关注，已被认为是石油基塑料最具潜力的替代者，但在实际应用中仍然存在降解缓慢循环周期长的问题，因此对PLA的生物降解深入研究对于解决塑料垃圾污染和缓解能源危机至关重要。近年来，有关微生物(放线菌、细菌和真菌)和酶(蛋白酶、脂肪酶、酯酶和角质酶)降解PLA的研究已经取得了一定的进展。本文从降解微生物、降解酶和降解机制等方面综述了PLA生物降解的研究进展，并展望了PLA生物降解研究未来的发展趋势。     

真菌降解木质素研究进展及在好氧堆肥中的研究展望

综述了近十年来真菌降解木质素的研究进展,包括木质素的存在与结构,真菌降解木质素生物学、酶系及作用机理、生理学以及在环境工程中应用方面的研究进展,并对好氧堆肥处理城市垃圾中木质素生物降解的研究作了展望 。     

直链烷基苯磺酸盐(LAS)的生物降解性*

阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸盐 (LAS)在工业生产和人们生活中得到广泛应用 ,但大量产生的含有LAS的污水在环境中造成的污染也日益严重 ,因而引起了人们的高度重视。本文从LAS的好氧和厌氧生物降解以及LAS降解菌等诸多方面阐述了LAS生物降解性的研究进展。     

含氧杂环及其衍生物的生物降解研究进展

含氧杂环化合物（Oxygen heterocycles）是污染环境中常见的一类难降解有机污染物,具有毒性和致癌特性,其所引发的环境问题受到人们广泛关注。本文综述了典型含氧单杂环化合物四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环以及含氧稠杂环化合物二苯并呋喃、二苯并对二噁英的生物降解研究进展,主要包括降解菌降解性能、降解途径和降解相关基因。此外,本文还对二噁英类衍生物的研究现状进行了讨论,并展望了含氧杂环及二噁英类衍生物生物降解的未来研究方向。     

堆肥化中木质素的生物降解

木质素是堆肥化原料中一种重要的限速高聚物,其有效降解对堆肥化速度、堆肥质量有重要作用.综述了堆肥化中木质素生物降解的研究进展,包括堆肥化中降解木质素的微生物种类及其降解过程和机理,以及木质素的降解与堆肥化中腐殖质形成的关系.     

多环芳烃微生物降解基因的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,微生物的降解是PAHs去除的主要途径。近年来,有关PAHs微生物降解途径和代谢产物的研究已有很多报道。小分子PAHs一般可以直接被微生物降解,而大分子PAHs则需要微生物以共代谢的方式降解。在过去20年中,微生物降解PAHs的基因相继被发现,各种基因在调控PAHs降解过程中的功能也越来越清晰。本文概述了PAHs微生物降解基因方面的研究进展,详细介绍了微生物对萘、菲的降解基因,最后对PAHs微生物降解基因的应用前景进行了展望。     

聚乙烯醇的生物降解

聚乙烯醇(PVA)是较少的可溶于水并被生物降解的乙烯聚合物之一。研究表明,在受PVA污染的自然环境中存在着能降解PVA的微生物,并从中提取出了PVA降解酶。介绍了国内外研究聚乙烯醇生物降解的情况。分别讨论了聚乙烯醇被单一菌种、共生细菌和真菌降解过程中的生物化学和生理学特性,以及结构因素对聚乙烯醇生物降解的影响。这些研究促进了可有效生物降解的PVA类材料产品项目的发展。     

地膜降解途径及机理研究进展

我国地膜使用量已占农业塑料薄膜使用量的半数以上,其大规模使用在带来巨大经济价值的同时也造成了“白色污染”,残膜难回收、难降解,直接影响土壤的再生能力。本文综述了我国地膜使用现状及其降解方面的研究进展,分别对地膜降解的生物与非生物途径和机理进行了概括,重点分析了非生物降解途径中光催化、金属离子掺杂等对聚烯烃降解的协同效应,以及生物降解途径中不同来源的菌和酶对聚烯烃降解效率的影响,并展望未来发展出更为高效的地膜降解方式,为后续地膜降解及环境中微塑料的降解研究提供参考。     

Poly(butylene succinate) and its copolymers: research, development and industrialization

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its copolymers are a family of biodegradable polymers with excellent biodegradability, thermoplastic processability and balanced mechanical properties. In this article, production of the monomers succinic acid and butanediol, synthesis, processing and properties of PBS and its copolymers are reviewed. The physical properties and biodegradation rate of PBS materials can be varied in a wide range through copolymerization with different types and various contents of monomers. PBS has a wide temperature window for thermoplastic processing, which makes the resin suitable for extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming and film blowing. Finally, we summarized industrialization and applications of PBS.     

Structure and properties of soy protein/poly(butylene succinate) blends with improved compatibility

A novel environmentally friendly thermoplastic soy protein/polyester blend was successfully prepared by blending soy protein isolate (SPI) with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). To improve the compatibility between SPI and PBS, the polyester was pretreated by introducing different amounts of urethane and isocyanate groups before blending. The blends containing pretreated PBS showed much finer phase structures because of good dispersion of polyester in protein. Consequently, the tensile strength and modulus of blends increased obviously. A lower glass transition temperature of protein in the blends than that of the pure SPI, which was caused by the improvement of the compatibility between two phases, was observed by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The hydrophobicity, water resistance, and moisture absorption at different humidities of the blends were modified significantly due to the incorporation of PBS.     

Enhanced dimethyl phthalate biodegradation by accelerating phthalic acid di-oxygenation

The aerobic biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is initiated with two hydrolysis reactions that generate an intermediate, phthalic acid (PA), that is further biodegraded through a two-step di-oxygenation reaction. DMP biodegradation is inhibited when PA accumulates, but DMP’s biodegradation can be enhanced by adding an exogenous electron donor. We evaluated the effect of adding succinate, acetate, or formate as an exogenous electron donor. PA removal rates were increased by 15 and 30% for initial PA concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6 mM when 0.15 and 0.30 mM succinate, respectively, were added as exogenous electron donor. The same electron-equivalent additions of acetate and formate had the same acceleration impacts on PA removal. Consequently, the DMP-removal rate, even PA coexisting with DMP simultaneously, was accelerated by 37% by simultaneous addition of 0.3 mM succinate. Thus, lowering the accumulation of PA by addition of an electron increased the rate of DMP biodegradation.     

Synthesis, characterization, and biodegradation of novel poly(ether ester amide)s based on L-phenylalanine and oligoethylene glycol

A new family of novel biodegradable poly(ether ester amide)s (PEEAs) consisting of three building blocks (L-phenylalanine, oligoethylene glycol, and aliphatic acid dichloride) were synthesized by solution polycondensation. Using N,N-dimethylacetamide as the solvent, these PEEA polymers were obtained with fairly good yields with reduced viscosity (eta(red)) ranging from 0.13 to 0.61 dL/g. The chemical structures of the PEEAs were confirmed by IR, NMR spectra, and elemental analysis. The PEEAs had Tg values lower than that of the saturated poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) of similar structures due to the incorporation of ether bonds in the backbones. An increase in the number of ether bonds in PEEA resulted in a lower Tg value. The solubility of the PEEA polymers in a wide range of common organic solvents was significantly improved when compared with unsaturated PEAs. The preliminary in vitro biodegradation behaviors of PEEA polymers were investigated in both pure PBS buffer and alpha-chymotrypsin solution of different concentrations. The polymers showed a significantly faster weight loss in an enzyme solution (alpha-chymotrypsin) but a very slow biodegradation rate in pure PBS buffer. The enzymatic hydrolysis rates of PEEAs (in terms of weight loss) were found to be much faster than those of saturated and unsaturated polyesteramides reported in previous studies. The zero-order-like biodegradation kinetics and molecular weight data also suggested surface erosion biodegradation mechanisms for these PEEAs.     

Microbial degradation of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters

Biodegradable plastics (BPs) have attracted much attention since more than a decade because they can easily be degraded by microorganisms in the environment. The development of aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters has combined excellent mechanical properties with biodegradability and an ideal replacement for the conventional nondegradable thermoplastics. The microorganisms degrading these polyesters are widely distributed in various environments. Although various aliphatic, aromatic, and aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester-degrading microorganisms and their enzymes have been studied and characterized, there are still many groups of microorganisms and enzymes with varying properties awaiting various applications. In this review, we have reported some new microorganisms and their enzymes which could degrade various aliphatic, aromatic, as well as aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters like poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) (PBSA), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydoxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalterate) (PHB/PHBV), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), poly(butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (PBST), and poly(butylene succinate/terephthalate/isophthalate)-co-(lactate) (PBSTIL). The mechanism of degradation of aliphatic as well as aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters has also been discussed. The degradation ability of microorganisms against various polyesters might be useful for the treatment and recycling of biodegradable wastes or bioremediation of the polyester-contaminated environments.     

中国“生物基材料”研究和产业化进展

本文回顾了我国在生物基材料包括聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)、聚乳酸(PLA)、丁二酸丁二醇共聚物(PBS)及其单体丁二酸、二氧化碳共聚物(PPC)等产业化领域取得的进展。     

A lesson from polybutylene succinate plastisphere to the discovery of novel plastic degrading enzyme genes in marine vibrios

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is an eco-friendly green plastic. However, PBS was shown as being non-biodegradable in marine environments, and up until now, only a limited number of PBS-degrading marine microbes have been discovered. We first set up in vitro PBS- and PBSA (polybutylene succinate adipate)-plastispheres to characterize novel PBS-degrading marine microbes. Microbial growth and oxygen consumption were observed in both PBS- and PBSA-plastispheres enriched with natural seawater collected from Usujiri, Hokkaido, Japan, and Vibrionaceae and Pseudoalteromonadaceae were significantly enriched on these films. Further gene identification indicated that vibrios belonging to the Gazogenes clade possess genes related to a PBS degrading enzyme (PBSase). The PBS degradation assay for six Gazogenes clade vibrios identified Vibrio ruber, Vibrio rhizosphaerae, and Vibrio spartinae as being capable of degrading PBS. We further identified the gene responsible for PBSase from the type strain of V. ruber, and the purified recombinant vibrio PBSase was found to have low-temperature adaptation and was active under high NaCl concentrations. We also provided docking models between the vibrio PBSase and PBS and PBSA units to show how vibrio PBSase interacts with each substrate compared to the Acidovorax PBSase. These results could contribute to a more sustainable society through further utilization of PBS in marine environments and plastic recycling.     

Biotechnological production of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid monomer

The escalating problems regarding the treatment of plastic waste materials have led to development of biodegradable plastics. At present, a number of aliphatic polyesters; such as poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB), poly(l-lactide), polycaplolactone, poly(ethylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate) have been developed. Among these aliphatic polyesters, PHB is one of the most attractive since it can undergo biodegradation at various environmental conditions and has properties similar to polypropylene. Although much effort has been made to produce PHB and its copolyesters from renewable resources or through microbial processes, their commercialization and widespread application are still not economically attractive compared to conventional non-biodegradable plastic. Moreover, wide application of PHB and its copolyesters as biodegradable plastic have not only been limited by the cost of production but also by their stinky smell during industrial processing. However, (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid, a monomer of PHB has wide industrial and medical applications. (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid can also serve as chiral precursor for synthesis of pure biodegradable PHB and its copolyesters. A number of options are available for production of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. This review discusses each of these options to assess the alternatives that exist for production of pure biodegradable PHB and its copolyesters with good properties.     

Cross-linked poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-L-lactide) as a biodegradable, elastomeric scaffold for vascular engineering applications

A series of copolymers of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and L-lactide (LLA) were synthesized and evaluated as scaffolds for the production of artificial blood vessels. The polymers were end-functionalized with acrylate, cast into films, and cross-linked using UV light. The mechanical, degradation, and biocompatibility properties were evaluated. High TMC polymers showed mechanical properties comparable to human arteries (Young's moduli of 1.2-1.8 MPa and high elasticity with repeated cycling at 10% strain). Over 84 days degradation in PBS, the modulus and material strength decreased gradually. The polymers were nontoxic and showed good cell adhesion and proliferation over 7 days using human mesenchymal stem cells. When implanted into the rat peritoneal cavity, the polymers elicited formation of tissue capsules composed of myofibroblasts, resembling immature vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, these polymers showed properties which were tunable and favorable for vascular tissue engineering, specifically, the growth of artificial blood vessels in vivo.     

Study on the enzymatic degradation of PBS and its alcohol acid modified copolymer

Enzymatic hydrolytic degradation of polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(polybutylenesuccinate-co-1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol) (PBS/CHDM) and poly(polybutylene succinate-co-diglycolic acid) (PBS/DGA) in mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene was examined. Lipase was used as catalyst to degrade polymers with molecular weight of more than 100,000, and the molecular weight of products ranged from hundreds to thousands. Thermal decomposition temperatures of all products were below 250°C. The degradation products of both PBS/CHDM and PBS/DGA showed two melting points at about 85 and 99°C. Mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to obtain the molecular weight of oligomers extracted from the products, which proved to be low-polyesters with the molecular weight of less 1,000. The butanediol (BDO) monomer was found in PBS/CHDM degradation product for the first time.