中国外来入侵物种的分布与传入路径分析

外来物种入侵已成为全球性的环境问题,本文采用文献调研,实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,调查了全国陆生,淡水水生生态系统中外来入侵微生物,无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,鸟类,哺乳类,杂草,树木和海洋生态系统中外来入侵物种的种类及分类地位,起源,引入路径和环境影响等内容。查明我国共有283种外来入侵物种,其中外来入侵微生物,水生植物,陆生植物,水生无脊椎动物,陆生无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,哺乳类分别为19种,18种,170种,25种,33种,3种,10种和5种,来源于美洲,欧洲,亚洲,非洲,大洋洲的外来入侵物种分别占55.1%,21.7%,9.9%.8.1%和0.6%。我国对外来物种的引进存在一定程度的盲目性;50.%的外来入侵植物是作为牧草或饲料,观赏植物,纤维植物,药用植物,蔬菜,草坪模特而引进的;25%的外来入侵动物是用于养殖,观赏,生物防治的引种,对外来物种只重引进,疏于管理,也可能导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中,造成潜在的环境意传入的;76.3%的外来入侵动物是由于检查不严,随贸易物品或运输工具传入我国的。因此,我国既要加强检疫工作,又要对外来物种的有意引进进行严格管理,实行外来物种引进的风险评估制度。     

四川唐家河羚牛、鬣羚、斑羚春冬季生境选择比较研究

1998年3月－1999年2月,在四川省青川县唐家河自然保护区,运用逐步判别分析的方法,对羚牛,鬣羚,斑羚春冬季对生境的利用进行了对比研究,研究结果表明,虽然它们在生境选择上有部分重叠,但是其对生境的利用方式均有显著的差异,在春季,羚牛主要利用海拔较高,食物丰富度高,灌木较大,离灌木较远的生境,鬣羚和斑羚主要利用海拔较低,食物丰富度中等,灌木较小,离灌木较近的生境,在冬季,羚牛主要利用坡度适中,海拔适中,乔木较大,乔木较稀,离乔木较远的生境,鬣羚主要利用坡度较陡,海拔较高,乔木较小,乔木较稀,离乔木适蝇的生境;斑羚主要利用坡度较缓,海拔较低,乔木较小,乔木较密,离乔木较近的生境。     

粘细菌生态多样性的初步研究

通过对河北,云南,青藏高原不同地区的粘细菌进行生态多样的研究,从42个样品中分离得到了10个属（Archangium,Myxococcus,Cystobacter,Corallococcus,Melittangium,Sorangium,Polyangium,Chondromyces,Angiococccus,Stigmatella)的150余株粘细菌,其中包括一些尚未有描述的菌株,有待鉴定,根据这些菌株的子实体结构,菌落形态,营养细胞,粘孢子形态等特征将它们初步鉴定到属,对这些特有自然生态环境的粘细菌按不同地点,植被,营养基质进行统计比较,结果表明,粘细菌生态分布极为广泛,具有丰富的生态多样性,以上结果为粘细菌生物资源的有效开发利用奠定了基础。     

生物教学中幻灯片的绘制

我们正跨入一个教育大跃进的时代,今后要发展普通中学,各级师范学校,大办农业中学,及各种专门的农校,为蚕桑中学,林业中学,渔业中学,茶业中学,果树中学,工生学校,体育学校……等,这对我们生物教师来讲,怎样进一步来改进生物教育学去适应即将到来的文化革命是一个迫切需要的问题。有关生物各科的教学是需要多种多样的形式和教具的,但这里电化教育是很重要的,可是其中如厂播,电影在国内现有的条件下受器材和电源的限制,尚难推行,而幻灯价格较便宜,也易自已制造,有许多地方自已制造出“土幻灯”,器材简单,而且用汽灯代替电灯,不受电源的限制,现在上海电影机械厂制造的5503式幻灯机,即可用汽灯放映,价格仅二十三元,各地均可函购,这是农村或边区中学也可以办到的。可是现     

磁疗法治疗颈椎病的应用进展

颈椎病是一种常见疾病,尤其中老年人的发病率较高,是一种骨质的退行性变化,颈椎骨质增生,形成骨赘或骨刺,颈椎的椎间隙缩小变窄,椎间孔变小,压迫神经根,如颈后部疼痛,上肢发生放射性疼痛,麻木,增生的骨赘或骨刺,压迫与刺激其周围软组织,引起软组织发生渗出与肿胀,又加重其压迫症状,增加患的疾病痛苦,目前对颈椎病的治疗,尚无特殊效果的治疗方法。     

有机酸对Pd 、Cd的土壤化学行为和植株效应的影响

有机酸对Pd,Cd的络合作用将其对土壤吸附Pd,Cd的影响和植株效应差异的研究表明,柠檬酸,草酸与Pd,Cd络合能力的大小与重金属本身的性质有关,络合作用影响土壤对Pd,Cd的吸附量,柠檬酸降低土壤对Pd,Cd的吸附,草酸则增加土壤对Pd,Cd的吸附,水培试验表明,柠檬酸可减轻Pb对小麦,水稻幼苗的毒害,柠檬酸对Cd的植株外观毒性效应影响不显著,但能促使植株茎叶,根中Cd含量下降,Pd和Cd复合处理条件下,Cd存在促使水稻植株对Pd吸收量增加,Pd存在抑制水稻植株对Cd的吸收。     

TNF-α 在肿瘤中的作用

肿瘤坏死因子是一个特别的,并具有多重功能的细胞因子,它在免疫调节,炎症反应,机体防御当中起着关键的作用。根据不同的细胞微环境,肿瘤坏死因子可以诱导多种反应,例如凋亡,坏死,血管生成,免疫细胞激活,细胞分化,细胞迁移。TNF在肿瘤当中是一把双刃剑。一方面,TNF是一个内源性的肿瘤促进因素,因为TNF可以刺激肿瘤细胞生长,增殖,侵袭,转移,血管生成。另一方面,TNF具有杀肿瘤细胞的作用。因此,如果可以调控肿瘤坏死因子的功能,将为癌症的治疗提供可能。     

热带植物园里的神奇生物

<正>绿之韵彩云之南,谷深山高,一片神奇的土地,孕育着绿色王国,物种繁多,林草昌茂,那是自然馈赠人类的瑰宝！睡美人伴,罗梭江绕,一座科学的殿堂,为绿色生命筑巢,满园春色,群星闪耀,那是中国走向世界的骄傲！秉恒致知,和实生物,一群睿智的人们,为大爱逐梦问道,孜孜以求,暮暮朝朝,探索缤纷世界绿色的奥妙！     

南岭行

深秋的赣南。起伏的峰峦,竹翠桔丹,斑斓如染;丰收的田野,稻浪滚滚,一片金黄;过冬的候鸟,穿梭不停,陪伴着送公粮的队伍,轻快歌唱。深秋的赣南。这红色的革命摇篮,毛主席居住和战斗过的地方,到处是一派欣欣向荣,蒸蒸日上的繁荣景象,令人神怡心旷! 1973年秋,一支由工人、科研工作者组成的红层考察分队,为了探索科学的奥秘,深入研究古新世地层和哺乳动物化石,又跋山涉水,来到红层广布的赣南。     

宝天曼人

中原大地,藏龙卧虎,南阳古城,英才辈出。从博学的张衡,到睿智的诸葛先生,从妙手回春的张仲景,到豪迈大气的岑参,无数英雄才俊,代代墨客骚人,指点历史苍穹,吟罢江山如画,在南阳这片热土上,尽放炫目光彩,“江山代有才人出,各领风骚数百年”。而今,不再是英雄,不再是豪杰,有的只是普通的劳动者,洒着艰辛的汗水,怀着对未来的希望,在平凡中耕耘,秀美青山,快乐人生正是从这汗水和辛劳中孕育出来的。真可谓“水钟灵秀,山毓雄浑,南阳具荆秦特色;民尚忠诚,士崇道义,北楚存汉魏遗风”。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor