昆明水源水和自来水水质致突变性及化学背景值1．Ames试验和水源水及自来水微量有机、无机污染物化学背景值

本文报道：用ＸＡＤ－２离子树脂吸附富集法制备自来水和滇池及松华坝水库源水提取物,以Ａｍｅｓ鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变系统诱发致突变性。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果如下：来自滇池源水经氯化的自来水提取物,用ＴＡ９８菌株加Ｓ９或不加Ｓ９混合物,突变率＞２,结果为阳性。滇池源水提取物致突变性为可疑。使用化学分析法结合生物分析法评价昆明自来水和滇池及松华坝水库水中的化学微量污染物,估价在水中的微量污染物对人体健康的潜在致癌效应是有意义的。     

水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用效率的效应

采用目前生产上广泛种植的小麦品种小偃６号,在一种特制木盒中土培,研究了水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根系和幼苗生长及水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）的效应。小麦根系生长在双层尼龙网之间,土壤中的水分和养分可以被正常吸收,但主根和侧根不能穿过。结果表明：在土壤含水量为田间持水量的４０％－７０％范围内,随着土壤干旱程度的增加,小麦根长（ＲＬ）、根干重（ＲＤＷ）、叶面积（ＬＡ）和ＷＵＥ显著降低。氮肥的效应更为复杂。随着     

作物水分代谢及其调节

简要评述了作物水分吸收、散失过程及其影响因素,对气孔的调节机制、量化控制研究现状进行了分析。对根系水分倒流、气孔最优化调节、气孔不均匀关闭进行了介绍。     

ELECTRIFICATION OF WATER AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE

1. Amphoteric electrolytes form salts with both acids and alkalies. It is shown for two amphoteric electrolytes, Al(OH)₃ and gelatin, that in the presence of an acid salt water diffuses through a collodion membrane into a solution of these substances as if its particles were negatively charged, while water diffuses into solutions of these electrolytes, when they exist as monovalent or bivalent metal salts, as if the particles of water were positively charged. The turning point for the sign of the electrification of water seems to be near or to coincide with the isoelectric point of these two ampholytes which is a hydrogen ion concentration of about 2 x 10^–5 N for gelatin and about 10^–7 for Al(OH)₃. 2. In conformity with the rules given in a preceding paper the apparently positively charged water diffuses with less rapidity through a collodion membrane into a solution of Ca and Ba gelatinate than into a solution of Li, Na, K, or NH₄ gelatinate of the same concentration of gelatin and of hydrogen ions. Apparently negatively charged water diffuses also with less rapidity through a collodion membrane into a solution of gelatin sulfate than into a solution of gelatin chloride or nitrate of the same concentration of gelatin and of hydrogen ions. 3. If we define osmotic pressure as that additional pressure upon the solution required to cause as many molecules of water to diffuse from solution to the pure water as diffuse simultaneously in the opposite direction through the membrane, it follows that the osmotic pressure cannot depend only on the concentration of the solute but must depend also on the electrostatic effects of the ions present and that the influence of ions on the osmotic pressure must be the same as that on the initial velocity of diffusion. This assumption was put to a test in experiments with gelatin salts for which a collodion membrane is strictly semipermeable and the tests confirmed the expectation.     

土壤水分和氮磷营养对冬小麦根系生长及水分利用的调节

模拟试验研究结果表明：在土壤相对含水量为４０％￣７０％范围内,水分亏缺严重,根水势和蒸腾蒸发量显著降低,根系生长严重受阻,根长变短,根干重降低,随着土壤水分趋于良好,根水势和蒸腾蒸发量显著增加,根干重在土壤相对含水量为５５％￣６２％之间时最大,而土壤相对含水量在５５％上下时根长达最长;土壤水分趋于轻度干旱有利根系下扎,土壤水分趋于良好利于根量增长。氮磷营养对小麦根系生长具有明显的调节作用。磷营养可     

THE EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS AND TEMPERATURE ON WATER STERILIZATION BY MIXTURES OF DETERGENTS AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

SUMMARY: Six QAC detergent mixtures and the QACs alone were tested for bactericidal efficiency in hard and distilled water, using E. coli as test organism, contact times of 1, 2 and 5 min and temperatures of 5, 10 and 17°.
The efficiencies of the unformulated QACs were dissimilar. With all, 200 p/m in hard water was less efficient than 50 p/m in distilled water. The efficiencies of the QAC detergent mixtures were not related to that of the pure QAC, the efficiency of a QAC being increased by one detergent formulation and decreased by another. All materials were least efficient at 5°.     

分层供水施磷对春小麦光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用自制的植物生长装置研究了春小麦在不同土壤湿度和碳素水平的组合方式对作物光合及水分利用的影响。结果表明。在上干下湿的水分条件,表层施磷处理其光合曲线呈单峰,而整体湿润下不管磷的施用部位,其光合曲线呈双峰。这种变异多是非气孔限制下环境因子与植株体作用而致。     

水分胁迫和胁迫后复水对玉米叶片生长速率的影响

玉米叶片延伸速率(LER)对水分状况的变化很敏感。快速干旱处理,水分消耗迅速,LER从最大到零需5h,叶水势改变0.5～0.6 MPa,缓慢干旱处理,水分消耗较慢,LER从最大到零需20h,叶水势改变1 MPa。缓慢干旱植株叶片成熟部位的渗透势,在任何LER下,均比快速干旱叶片更负。LER为零时,快速干旱叶渗透势为-1.3 MPa,缓慢干旱为一1.6MPa左右。短时间水分胁迫后复水,LER迅速增加,有部分补偿前期胁迫减少的生长量能力;长时间水分胁迫后复水,LER在6 h内不可能恢复到正常水平。     

温度和水分状况对几种不同类型植物叶片水势和延伸生长的影响

在田间条件下研究了温度、相对湿度、土壤水分对玉米、高粱、茄子、豇豆、河北杨和泡桐六种植物LER2)和ψWL3)日变化的影响。结果表明,ψWL日变化呈正弦曲线,即早晨、晚上高,中午低;土壤水分亏缺,中午大气ψWV4)愈低,ψWL降低愈多。在土壤供水良好的条件下,玉米、高粱、河北杨、泡桐叶片生长与温度密切相关,因此白天生长快,晚上生长慢;若中午ψWV太低,生长减慢,使叶片生长呈双峰曲线,即午前及18:00左右生长快。若土壤水分亏缺,白天ψWV太低,白天生长慢,晚上生长快。茄子和豇豆叶片生长对水分亏缺更敏感,晚上生长快,白天生长慢,干旱处理叶片在白天中午有收缩现象。     

山桃山杏苗木耗水特性研究

在不同土壤水分条件下,研究了苗木定植后耗水特性。结果表明：两个树种耗水特性很接近,只是在严重干旱下两者才表现出差异,由于生物产量的差异,使其耗水系数相接近。