壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine Hupingshanesis)胚和胚乳发育的研究

壶瓶碎米荠（Cardamine Hupingshanesis.）是十字花科中以营养体繁殖的多年生植物,在自然条件下,种子不易萌芽成苗。本文以碎米荠、油菜为对照材料对壶瓶碎米荠的胚胎发育进行了观察。壶瓶碎米荠胚发育经球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶胚四个时期,属柳叶菜型。胚乳发育属核型发育类型,其胚胎发育过程和成熟胚结构与节状聚积和胚乳吸器,而壶瓶碎米荠和碎米荠无此类结构。通过胚胎发育观察证明,壶瓶碎米荠种胚结构完整,其种子不易萌发成苗可能与其特殊的生理原因有关。     

富硒壶瓶碎米荠对青鱼幼鱼生长、生理生化、硒代谢、抗氧化及先天免疫的影响

为探究富硒壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)对青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)幼鱼生长、血清生理生化、肝脏硒代谢、抗氧化能力和先天免疫指标的影响,选取360尾初始体重为(5.51±0.02) g的青鱼幼鱼随机分配至4个实验组中,每组3个重复。在基础饲料中添加富硒壶瓶碎米荠的量为0、0.5、1.0和2.0 g/kg(硒的实际含量分别为0.04、0.43、0.75和1.57 mg/kg),同时添加矿物质混合物(无硒添加)和维生素混合物,配置成4种等氮等能的青鱼幼鱼试验饲料,养殖周期为60d。结果显示:饲料中添加0.5和1.0 g/kg富硒壶瓶碎米荠时,鱼体增重率(WG),特定生长率(SGR)较对照组和过量组(2.0 g/kg)显著升高,饲料系数(FCR)显著降低(P<0.05)。当饲料中富硒壶瓶碎米荠添加量为0.5—1.0 g/kg时,血清中的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)和白蛋白(ALB)含量呈上升趋势,而葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著下降(P<0.05)。饲料中添加0.5—1.0 g/kg富硒壶瓶碎米荠时可显著提高肝脏核因子...     

一株耐硒壶瓶碎米荠内生菌分离、鉴定及其体外硒代谢研究

【背景】壶瓶碎米荠对硒具有超积累能力,并主要以硒代胱氨酸的形式存在,与已有的硒超积累植物显著不同,其硒超积累机制不明。【目的】从硒超积累植物壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)体内分离耐硒内生菌,并对其进行鉴定和体外硒代谢特征研究,为壶瓶碎米荠超积累硒的机制研究提供参考。【方法】从壶瓶碎米荠新鲜叶片中分离纯化耐硒内生菌株,对其进行生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,并对其进行亚硒酸钠培养代谢。【结果】获得一株耐硒内生菌CSN-1,被鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus),培养液中硒含量低(Se 1.5 mg/L)时其吸光度值较对照组高,硒含量高(Se 10 mg/L)时其吸光度值较对照组低;代谢后的上清液中硒主要以Se~(4+)存在,而菌体中硒主要是硒代胱氨酸(SeCys_2)。【结论】硒超积累植物壶瓶碎米荠叶片体内存在甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)CSN-1,具有将亚硒酸钠转化为硒代胱氨酸的能力,低浓度的硒对该内生菌的生长具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度的硒则会抑制该内生菌的生长。     

十字花科植物FAE1基因的克隆与功能验证

对十字花科(Brassicaceae)植物非洲芥菜(Brassica tournefortii Gouan)、埃塞俄比亚芥(B.carinataA.Braun)、短喙芥(B.elongata Ehrhart)、芝麻菜[Eruca vesicaria subsp.sativa(Miller) Thellung]、野萝卜(Raphanus raphanistrum Linn.)、Crambe filiformis Jacq.、菥蓂(Thlaspi arvense Linn.)、臭荠[Coronopus didymus (Linn.) Smith]、荠[Capsella bursa-pastoris(Linn.) Medikus]和小花碎米荠(Cardamine parviflora Linn.)的FAE1基因进行了克隆、序列比对及功能验证.结果显示:上述前6种1亚种的FAE1基因长度均为1 521 bp,臭荠的FAE1基因长度为1 517 bp,荠和小花碎米荠的FAE1基因长度为1 518 bp,GenBank登录号为JX898749-JX898758;它们的序列相似性较高,相似度达89％;对位排列矩阵长度1 521 bp,其中包含保守位点1 051个(69.1％)、变异位点470个(30.9％)和简约信息位点232个(15.3％);臭荠、荠和小花碎米荠的FAE1序列在第132位分别缺失3个碱基,臭荠的FAE1基因在第515位缺失1个碱基.虽然荠和小花碎米荠的FAE1基因编码505个氨基酸、臭荠的FAE1基因仅编码186个氨基酸、其他种类的FAE1基因均编码506个氨基酸,但它们的氨基酸序列相似度高达88.9％;各种类的氨基酸序列存在151个变异位点,其中有6个变异位点与种子芥酸含量相关.Western blot及气相色谱分析结果表明:各种类的FAE1基因在酵母中均能表达出预期的蛋白产物;在臭荠和小花碎米荠FAE1基因的转化酵母细胞中无芥酸积累,而在其他种类FAE1基因的转化酵母细胞中均有芥酸积累;此外,除荠外的其他8种1亚种植物的种子芥酸含量与转化酵母细胞中的芥酸含量正相关.     

《PLoS综合》：研究者发现新型超富硒植物

中国科学技术大学教授尹雪斌研究组在湖北恩施发现一种新型超富硒植物—壶瓶碎米荠,从而有望为硒缺乏者带来福音。相关研究在线发表于美国《公共科学图书馆·综合》。     

硒酸钠胁迫对堇叶碎米荠苗期生长及生理指标的影响

以恩施堇叶碎米荠幼苗作为实验材料,采用实验大棚基质栽培,以硒酸钠(Na2SO4)作为硒源,设置7个处理组(CK:0 mg/kg;A1:12.5 mg/kg;A2:25 mg/kg;A3:50 mg/kg;A4:100 mg/kg;A5:200 mg/kg;A6:400 mg/kg),模拟了恩施矿区从低硒到高硒胁迫环境对堇叶碎米荠苗期生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:低硒A2处理条件下植株生长状况较好,而高硒A6处理条件下植株叶片微卷、叶脉突出,生长受到抑制;随着施硒浓度增加,堇叶碎米荠根、茎、叶中硒含量呈现显著的增加趋势,且最高含量分别达到1 517 mg/kg、5 531 mg/kg、4 340 mg/kg;随着施硒浓度增加,与CK组相比,在A6处理条件下叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了134%,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量降低了128%,而脯氨酸(Pro)含量无显著变化。总体而言,恩施堇叶碎米荠幼苗适宜在硒含量25 mg/kg的基质中生长,基质中的硒含量不宜超过400 mg/kg。研究结果为堇叶碎米荠幼苗培养及种植提供了科学数据基础。     

野生大叶碎米荠中的异硫氰酸盐成分分析

大叶碎米荠为十字花科碎米荠属多年生草本植物,作为药食同源蔬菜,具有通尿利便、止痛及治败血病等药效。异硫氰酸盐是存在于十字花科植物中的一种具有防癌抗癌作用的有机硫化合物。本研究用二氯甲烷从大叶碎米荠水解液中提取出硫代葡萄糖苷水解产物,经气相-质谱联用分析其组分,鉴定出2种异硫氰酸盐化合物,分别为异硫氰酸烯丙酯和异硫氰酸甲硫基烯丙酯,两者的含量分别为2.32 mg/kg、0.50 mg/kg。该研究为大叶碎米荠作为野菜资源开发利用提供了科学依据。     

凉山彝族喜食的四种野菜营养成分分析

为评估四种野菜的营养价值,指导凉山彝族人民平衡膳食,该研究采用国家标准方法,对四川凉山彝族喜食的四种野菜,即楤木、牛口刺、紫花碎米荠、鞘柄菝葜的氨基酸、脂肪、能量、维生素和矿物质等营养成分进行检测分析。结果表明:四种野菜中至少含17种氨基酸,其中含7种人体必需氨基酸和多种药用氨基酸。四种野菜中,楤木中谷氨酸含量较高,为0.41%,鞘柄菝葜、紫花碎米荠和牛口刺中天门冬氨酸含量较高,分别为0.80%、0.33%和0.05%; 牛口刺的必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量(EAA/TAA)及必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)最高,分别为34.44%和67.78%。与《中国食物成分表》上栽培根菜类和叶菜类的同类营养成分相比,紫花碎米荠的蛋白质含量较高,为3.26%,且富含多种维生素(VA、VB、VB2、VC、VE和β-胡萝卜素)。凉山彝族人民喜食这四种野菜与其营养需求、饮食习惯和文化息息相关。综上结果认为,四种野菜具有高能量、 低钠、粗纤维含量较低、口感较好、富含矿物质元素(铜、铁、锌、锰和镁)的特点,有较高的营养价值和保健功效。     

硒超积累植物壶瓶碎米荠的根际微生物特征研究

对湖北恩施的硒超积累植物——壶瓶碎米荠的根际微生物特征进行16S rRNA基因文库分析,结果显示其根际微生物相较于非根际土壤微生物具有更高的丰度和更低的复杂度,而且主要由α-变形菌纲(15%~22%)、β-变形菌纲(10%~16%)、放线菌纲(10%~18%)、酸杆菌纲(8%~15%)、γ-变形菌纲(5%~16%)等组成;此外,根际微生物还存在很多特异性微生物,如:硝化螺旋菌纲(2%~5%)、芽单孢菌纲(2%~5%)、疣微菌纲(2%~4%)、浮霉菌纲(1%~2%)、其他(丰佑菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲、芽孢杆菌纲、梭菌纲)(3%~4%)。代表性的根际微生物α-变形菌纲和硝化螺旋菌纲可能在壶瓶碎米荠对硒的吸收、积累过程中扮演了重要的作用。     

江西红米稻种资源主要农艺性状及营养特性分析与评价

对94个江西红米地方品种主要农艺性状及其中33个地方品种营养成分进行分析评价。结果表明,江西红米地方品种具有结实率较高（大于65．0％的品种占84．0％）、千粒重中等（20—30g的品种占93．6％）、易倒伏、抗稻瘟病能力较弱、属保持系类型等特点。脂肪含量较高,有26个品种脂肪含量大于3．0％,其中柳水红脂肪含量4．62％。筛选出多个钙、硒、维生素B1和B2含量较高的材料,其中红米麻壳钙含量81．6mg／kg,红金米硒含量0．09mg／kg,明显高于一般水稻品种。糯子红等6个品种维生素B1含量均大于2．0mg／kg,其中早红维生素B1含量高达17．0mg／kg;红米麻壳等10个品种维生素B2含量均大于0．1mg／kg,其中油红子维生素B2含量达0．6mg／kg。这些优异地方红米种质资源的发掘,可为种质资源的创新与利用提供优异种质。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.