噬菌体表面呈现技术研究进展

噬菌体表面呈现技术是1985年建立的一种将外源基因表达呈现在噬菌体颗粒表面的方法,可用于建立随机多肽文库、抗体文库等。经特定配基的筛选,可获得与其特异结合的配体分子。通过改构,还可将cDNA产物表达于噬菌体颗粒的尾部构建cDNA文库。SIP技术通过将配体和配基分别与基因Ⅲ蛋白的C末端和N末端融合表达,基因Ⅲ的C-末端参与噬菌体颗粒的组装,配基与配体的结合能够重建基因Ⅲ蛋白的功能,才能形成有感染能力的噬菌体,这样就大大提高了筛选效率。     

噬菌体单链抗体文库的构建及筛选

噬菌体抗体是继多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体之后兴起的第3代基因工程抗体.噬菌体抗体库技术是抗体基因文库技术和噬菌体表面展示技术相结合形成的一项新技术与方法,在生物科学领域极具潜力.现主要就近年来该技术在抗体基因扩增、抗体库的构建、筛选方法等方面的进展进行综述.     

噬菌体表面呈现技术在肿瘤中的应用

噬菌体表面呈现技术（Phage display technology)是近年来发展起来的新兴技术,目前将噬菌体表面呈现技术用于肿瘤,在肿瘤治疗方面取得了很大的进展,本文就噬菌体表面呈现技术在肿瘤研究中的应用与前景加以综述。     

丝状噬菌体表面呈现技术的进展

本文围绕建库和扩库、筛选和检测,探讨了噬菌体表面呈现技术的发展。一些新的设计是对经典方法的有益补充。相似的表面呈现系统正在被开发。     

抗鳗弧菌独特型单克隆抗体dsFv的构建及其噬菌体表面呈现

抗鳗弧菌独特型单克隆抗体 1E10是能够模拟鳗弧菌的保护性表位 ,可以作为疫苗使用的一种单克隆抗体 .利用基因工程抗体技术从抗鳗弧菌独特型单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株 1E10中克隆出抗体的重链及轻链可变区基因 (VH 和VL) .通过定点突变技术将VH4 4和VL10 5突变为半胱氨酸并且连接到噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB5E中 ,突变后的VH 和VL 基因位于cpⅢ先导序列和cpⅢ基因之间 ,在LacZ启动子调控之下 ,以融合蛋白的形式被导入细胞间隙 ,依靠链间二硫键组装成二硫键稳定型Fv抗体 (dsFv) .加入辅助噬菌体M13K0 7后 ,dsFv以融合蛋白的形式表达在噬菌体表面 .ELISA测定显示 :dsFv噬菌体能够与抗原结合并且这种结合呈噬菌体浓度依赖 .结果表明 :成功构建出了抗鳗弧菌独特型单克隆抗体dsFv基因并使其在噬菌体表面获得了正确呈现 .该dsFv噬菌体有望成为新一代基因工程疫苗用于预防鱼类鳗弧菌感染     

辅助噬菌体在噬菌体展示中的应用及研究进展

噬菌体展示技术是一种将外源肽或蛋白质与特定噬菌体衣壳蛋白相融合,展示于噬菌体表面来构建蛋白质或多肽文库,并从中筛选目的蛋白、多肽或抗体的基因工程高新技术。噬菌粒/辅助噬菌体系统是最常用的噬菌体展示系统,此系统中辅助噬菌体对噬菌粒的复制和组装发挥着至关重要的作用。本文结合当今该领域的最新研究动态,概述了噬菌粒和辅助噬菌体双基因组系统,着重介绍了不同辅助噬菌体的特点及其突变机制,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期为该技术的进一步完善提供一定的借鉴作用。     

噬菌体表面表达抗汉坦病毒衣壳蛋白单链抗体的研究

噬菌体展示表达(Phage display expression)的主要特点是将特定分子的基因型和表型统一 在同一噬菌体颗粒内,其基因组中含有表达蛋白基因,在噬菌体表面进行特定的表达.该技 术为研制工程抗体提供一新的途径,在九十年代逐渐被人们认识并得到极其广泛的应用 [1,2].噬菌体表面表达技术适于表达Fv和Fab分子片段,当表达的抗体基因与噬菌 体外壳蛋白基因Ⅲ融合时,在噬菌体颗粒表面呈现单价表达,与噬菌体外壳蛋白基因Ⅷ融合时,呈现多价表达.     

抗大肠癌噬菌体单链抗体的筛选及初步鉴定

 应用 3种方法 (肿瘤细胞膜表面和胞内、裸鼠体内和组织切片 ) ,从全人源化的抗大肠癌噬菌体初级抗体库中筛选肿瘤特异性的噬菌体单链抗体 (Sc Fv) .在肿瘤细胞经过 3轮亲和选择 ,回收结合胞膜和内化进入胞内的噬菌体 ,得到抗肿瘤噬菌体单链抗体的富集倍数为 430倍 ;荷瘤裸鼠体内注入初级抗体库后 ,在不同时刻点处死裸鼠 ,回收肿瘤组织内的噬菌体 ,其回收率在 2 4 h时最高 ;初级抗体库与大肠癌组织切片亲和选择后 ,从冰冻组织切片上比从石蜡组织切片上回收得到的噬菌体高出约 1 .6倍 .从上述方法挑选单克隆 ,经 ELISA筛选抗大肠癌阳性噬菌体克隆株 ,分离得到 5个对大肠癌细胞反应较好的单克隆噬菌体单链抗体 .进一步用细胞 ELISA检测对各种肿瘤细胞的特异性反应 ,其中 4个对大肠癌细胞有很好的特异性 ,1个克隆对所有肿瘤细胞均有反应 .因此 ,3种方法用于筛选抗大肠癌噬菌体初级抗体库是有效的 ,具有推广和应用价值 .     

用单链噬菌体载体克隆DNA

丝状单链DNA大肠杆菌型噬菌体M 13、fd及f1,近来被作为一类新的DNA克隆载体而发展起来了,它的优点显著超过其它载体,包括其它两类大肠杆菌寄主的克隆载体:质粒和噬菌体λ。本综述描述单链噬菌体载体的生物学及应用方法以及测量插入DNA大小和排列方向的快速方法,特别是单链载体对DNA定序和离体位点定向诱变     

DeltaPhage--a novel helper phage for high-valence pIX phagemid display

Phage display has been instrumental in discovery of novel binding peptides and folded domains for the past two decades. We recently reported a novel pIX phagemid display system that is characterized by a strong preference for phagemid packaging combined with low display levels, two key features that support highly efficient affinity selection. However, high diversity in selected repertoires are intimately coupled to high display levels during initial selection rounds. To incorporate this additional feature into the pIX display system, we have developed a novel helper phage termed DeltaPhage that allows for high-valence display on pIX. This was obtained by inserting two amber mutations close to the pIX start codon, but after the pVII translational stop, conditionally inactivating the helper phage encoded pIX. Until now, the general notion has been that display on pIX is dependent on wild-type complementation, making high-valence display unachievable. However, we found that DeltaPhage does facilitate high-valence pIX display when used with a non-suppressor host. Here, we report a side-by-side comparison with pIII display, and we find that this novel helper phage complements existing pIX phagemid display systems to allow both low and high-valence display, making pIX display a complete and efficient alternative to existing pIII phagemid display systems.     

Phage versus phagemid libraries for generation of human monoclonal antibodies

Non-immune (na?ve) phage antibody libraries have become an important source of antibodies for reagent, diagnostic, and therapeutic use. To date, reported na?ve libraries have been constructed in phagemid vectors as fusions to pIII, yielding primarily single copy (monovalent) display of antibody fragments. For this work, we subcloned the single chain Fv (scFv) gene repertoire from a na?ve phagemid antibody library into a true phage vector to create a multivalently displayed scFv phage library. Compared to monovalently displayed scFv, multivalent phage display resulted in improved efficiency of display as well as antibody selection. A greater number of antibodies were obtained and at earlier rounds of selection. Such increased efficiency allows the screening for binding antibodies after a single round of selection, greatly facilitating automation. Expression levels of antigen-binding scFv were also higher than from the phagemid library. In contrast, the affinities of scFv from the phage library were lower than from the phagemid library. This could be overcome by utilizing the scFv in a multivalent format, by affinity maturation, or by converting the library to monovalent display after the first round of selection.     

Efficient display of two enzymes on filamentous phage using an improved signal sequence

Directed protein-evolution strategies generally make use of a link between a protein and the encoding DNA. In phage-display technology, this link is provided by fusion of the protein with a coat protein that is incorporated into the phage particle containing the DNA. Optimization of this link can be achieved by adjusting the signal sequence of the fusion. In a previous study, directed evolution of signal sequences for optimal display of the Taq DNA polymerase I Stoffel fragment on phage yielded signal peptides with a 50-fold higher incorporation of fusion proteins in phage particles. In this article, we show that for one of the selected signal sequences, improved display on phage can be generalized to other proteins, such as adenylate cyclases from Escherichia coli and Bordetella pertussis, and that this is highly dependent on short sequences at the C-terminus of the signal peptide. Further, the display of two enzymes on phage has been achieved and may provide a strategy for directing coevolution of the two proteins. These findings should be useful for display of large and cytoplasmic proteins on filamentous phage.     

A phagemid vector using the E. coli phage shock promoter facilitates phage display of toxic proteins

Phage display is a powerful tool with which to adapt the specificity of protease inhibitors. To this end, a library of variants of the potato protease inhibitor PI2 was introduced in a canonical phagemid vector. Although PI2 is a natural trypsin inhibitor, we were unable to select trypsin-binding variants from the library. Instead, only mutants carrying deletions or amber stop codons were found. Bacteria carrying these mutations had a much faster growth rate than those carrying the wt PI2-encoding gene, even when the promoter was repressed. To overcome these problems, two new phagemid vectors for g3-mediated phage display were constructed. The first vector has a lower plasmid copy number, as compared to the canonical vector. Bacteria harboring this new vector are much less affected by the presence of the PI2-g3 fusion gene, which appears from a markedly reduced growth retardation. A second vector was equipped with the promoter of the Escherichia coli psp operon, instead of the lac promoter, to control the PI2-g3 gene fusion expression. The psp promoter is induced upon helper phage infection. A phagemid vector with this promoter controlling a PI2-g3 gene fusion did not affect the viability of the host. Furthermore, both new vectors were shown to produce phage particles that display the inhibitor protein and were therefore considered suitable for phage display. The inhibitor library was introduced in both new vectors. Trypsin-binding phages with inhibitory sequences were selected, instead of sequences with stop codons or deletions. This demonstrates the usefulness of these new vectors for phage display of proteins that affect the viability of E. coli.     

Preparation of peptide-targeted phagemid particles using a protein III-modified helper phage

Ligand or peptide-targeted phagemid particles are being pursued as vehicles for receptor-mediated gene delivery. Here we describe a helper phage in which the protein III (pIII) protein is modified by the addition of a ligand peptide sequence at the amino terminus. Phagemid particles can be prepared with the help of this modified helper phage and should display the ligand peptide in most of the pIII proteins on the phagemid surface. Using such a method, it is not necessary for the phagemid to encode the pIII protein, which leaves a larger space for cloning genes of interest. In addition, the technique should allow for the rapid testing of peptide ligands selected from phage display libraries using phagemids encoding various reporter genes (e.g., green fluorescent protein, luciferase, beta-galactosidase) and therapeutic genes.     

Phagemid vectors for phage display: properties, characteristics and construction

Phagemids are filamentous-phage-derived vectors containing the replication origin of a plasmid. Phagemids usually encode no or only one kind of coat proteins. Other structural and functional proteins necessary to accomplish the life cycle of phagemid are provided by the helper phage. In addition, other elements such as molecular tags and selective markers are introduced into the phagemids to facilitate the subsequent operations, such as gene manipulation and protein purification. This review summarizes the elements of the phagemids and their corresponding functions. Finally, the possible trends and future direction to improve the characteristics of the phagemids are highlighted.     

The scope of phage display for membrane proteins

Numerous examples of phage display applied to soluble proteins demonstrate the power of the technique for protein engineering, affinity reagent discovery and structure-function studies. Recent reports have expanded phage display to include membrane proteins (MPs). The scope and limitations of MP display remain undefined. Therefore, we report data from the phage display of representative types of membrane-associated proteins including plasma, nuclear, peripheral, single and multipass. The peripheral MP neuromodulin displays robustly with packaging by conventional M13-KO7 helper phage. The monotopic MP Nogo-66 can also display on the phage surface, if packaged by the modified M13-KO7⁺ helper phage. The modified phage coat of KO7⁺ can better mimic the zwitterionic character of the plasma membrane. Four examples of putatively α-helical, integral MPs failed to express as fusions to an anchoring phage coat protein and therefore did not display on the phage surface. However, the β-barrel MPs ShuA (Shigella heme uptake A) and MOMP (major outer membrane protein), which pass through the membrane 22 and 16 times, respectively, can display surprisingly well on the surfaces of both conventional and KO7⁺ phages. The results provide a guide for protein engineering and large-scale mutagenesis enabled by the phage display of MPs.     

Ultrasound in phage display: a new approach to nonspecific elution

Libraries of phage-displayed random peptides are routinely used to identify target-binding peptides. Phages are commonly eluted in a nonspecific manner, especially if there are no available ligands of the particular target to use as competitors. However, the present study clearly demonstrates that nonspecific elution is not always able to break peptide-target interactions. To circumvent this we have developed an improved nonspecific elution strategy that uses ultrasound to release target-bound phages and enables selection of high-affinity clones in a single step.     

Combining phage display and screening of cDNA expression libraries: a new approach for identifying the target antigen of an scFv preselected by phage display

A potential method for identifying new tumor-specific antibody structures as well as tumor-associated antigens is by selecting scFv phage libraries on tumor cells. This phage display technique involves multiple rounds of phage binding to target cells, washing to remove non-specific phage and elution to retrieve specific binding phage. Although the binding properties of an isolated tumor-specific scFv can be evaluated by ELISA, FACS and immunohistochemistry, it still remains a challenge to define the corresponding antigen. Here, we provide evidence that the target antigen of a given scFv displayed on phages can be detected in an immobilized lambda phage cDNA expression library containing thousands of irrelevant clones. The library contained CD30-negative breast-cancer specific cDNA as well as human CD30 receptor cDNA. The interaction of anti-CD30 scFv phages and their target antigen after blotting onto nitrocellulose filters was documented under defined conditions. Screening of different ratios between CD30 receptor and breast cancer specific clones (1:1 and 1:200) revealed that the CD30 antigen could be detected by anti-CD30 scFv phages using at least 5x10(12) plaque forming units of filamentous phages per blot. These investigations demonstrate that it is possible to detect the target antigen of a preselected scFv displayed on filamentous phages in lambda phage cDNA expression libraries.     

From phage display to magnetophage, a new tool for magnetic resonance molecular imaging

Phage display, an extremely promising technology in the context of molecular imaging, allows for the selection of peptides interacting with virtually any target from a heterogeneous mixture of bacteriophages. In this work, we propose the concept of magnetophages, obtained by covalent coupling of ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO) to the proteins of the phage wall. To validate magnetophages as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (MRI), we have used as a prototype the clone E3 because of its specific affinity for phosphatidylserine, a marker of apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that E3 magnetophages incubated with phosphatidylserine retained the properties of the nonmagnetically labeled phages. The usefulness of magnetophages as an MRI contrast agent was estimated by incubation with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine or with apoptotic and control cells. Under these conditions, E3 magnetophages allow the discrimination of phosphatidylserine from phosphatidylcholine and of apoptotic cells from control ones. Injected in vivo, magnetophages are rapidly cleared from the blood stream and internalized by the phagocytic cells of the liver. To abrogate this problem, USPIO were pegylated to obtain stealthy E3-PEG-magnetophages, invisible to phagocytic cells, which were successfully targeted to apoptotic liver. If this feature demonstrated for E3 magnetophages can be extrapolated to other phage display selected entities, magnetophages become an original system which allows validation of the candidate binding peptides before their synthesis is considered. The concept of the magnetophage could be extended to other imaging modalities by replacing USPIO with an adequate reporter (i.e., radiolabeled phages).