不同含水量的豌豆种子萌发时物质动员及代谢研究

不同含水量的豌豆种子在饱和水蒸气中保持7d过程中,含水量低于萌动临界含水量时,子叶中贮藏蛋白质和淀粉的动员不能启动;含水量达到或超过萌动临界含水量,贮藏物质的动员被启动,豌启种子萌动后,子叶中蛋白质和淀动员程度与种子含水量呈正相关,前3d物质动员的程度比后4d强烈得多,因此,含水量是豌豆种子萌发时物质动员的启动因子和调节因子,同时,豌豆种子的含水量直接影响胚轴的生长状况。     

温度和土壤含水量对青冈栎种子萌发的影响

运用直播法,研究应用人工气候箱控制温度和土壤含水量对野生青冈栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在12h光照条件下,青冈栎种子在变温为10℃/15℃时,萌发率很低,仅为(12±12.29)%;变温为30℃/35℃时,萌发率达最大,为(81±13.7)%。土壤含水量为30%～40%时,萌发率为(79±15.9)%;土壤含水量为90%～100%时,萌发率为(56.67±19.36)%。青冈栎种子萌发呈现出迅速萌发和推迟萌发的特点;温度对青冈栎幼苗的苗高、叶长和叶宽影响显著,对幼苗的地径、叶片数量影响不显著。恒温下,不同梯度土壤含水量处理对幼苗的苗高、地径、叶长、宽影响不显著。     

山茛菪碱对小麦种子萌发及淀粉酶和过氧化物酶的影响

经山莨菪碱处理的小麦种子,随着处理浓度的升高,种子的发芽率、幼苗的生物量均降低,而侧根数有所增加,淀粉酶、过氧化物酶的活性也随其浓度的增大而降低。结果表明,低浓度山莨菪碱对小麦种子萌发及淀粉酶和过氧化物酶均有促进作用,高浓度的山莨菪碱,则有抑制作用。     

CdCl2对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为实验材料,采用水培方法研究了Cd2 单盐胁迫对豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示:(1)Cd2 质量浓度≤1 mg/L时,促进种子萌发,Cd2 质量浓度达到5 mg/L时抑制种子的萌发。(2)随Cd2 质量浓度的增加Cd2 对幼苗根生长的抑制作用逐渐增强;Cd2 质量浓度≤5 mg/L时,促进茎的生长,≥10 mg/L时,抑制茎的生长;且Cd2 对幼苗根生长的抑制作用大于茎。(3)低浓度Cd2 能促进幼苗叶绿素合成,当Cd2 质量浓度高于1 mg/L时,则对幼苗叶绿素合成有抑制作用,且随Cd2 质量浓度增加叶绿素含量逐渐下降。(4)Cd2 诱发的胚根细胞核、染色体畸变率随着Cd2 质量浓度增加而增大。(5)过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的活性随着Cd2 质量浓度升高而明显增强,Cd2 质量浓度为1 mg/L时POD活性最强,但当Cd2 质量浓度达10 mg/L时,POD的灰度值明显下降。     

水稻种子萌发过程中α—淀粉酶与萌发速率关系的分析

用丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术和3,5－二硝基水杨酸（DNS）测定还原糖法,对不同萌发时间农垦58F,农垦58S和农垦58种子胚中α－淀粉酶同工酶及其酶活性变化进行研究,0－36小时萌发过程中,农垦58F和农垦58Sα-淀粉酶活性高于农垦58。胚中检测出五条酶,A2,A4和A5为上述种子共有酶带,A3为农垦58F和农垦58S特异性酶带,A1为农垦58特异性酶带,据此认为α-淀粉酶对水稻种子萌发速度起重要调控作用,A1和A3可能是调控种子发芽快慢的重要酶分子。     

褐藻胶寡糖对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗的某些生理特性的影响

褐藻胶寡糖(ADO)对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长有促进作用,种子发芽率升高,幼苗高度.根长、生物量均有增加;幼苗叶中叶绿素含量增高;叶片净光合速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加;根系活力增强;种子中α和β-淀粉酶活性增强。低浓度ADO的效果明显优于高浓度的ADO,其中以0.125?O的效果最佳。     

水稻种子萌发过程中α 淀粉酶与萌发速率关系的分析

用丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术和3,5_二硝基水杨酸（DNS）测定还原糖法,对不同萌发时间农垦58F、农垦58S和农垦58种子胚中α_淀粉酶同工酶及其酶活性变化进行研究。0～36小时萌发过程中,农垦58F和农垦58S α_淀粉酶活性高于农垦58。胚中检测出五条酶。A2、A4和A5为上述种子共有酶带。A3为农垦58F和农垦58S特异性酶带。A1为农垦58特异性酶带。据此认为α_淀粉酶对水稻种子萌发速度起重要调控作用。A1和A3可能是调控种子发芽快慢的重要酶分子。     

西瓜种子发育和萌发过程中子叶细胞超微结构的变化

西瓜种子子叶内贮存物质开始积累时,细胞质内有大量核糖体、质体、线粒体,内质网片段和囊泡,种子脱水期至成熟期,细胞器的数量减少,成熟种子子叶细胞的细胞壁不连续,几乎观察不到细胞器的存在,种子萌发过程中内质网,线粒体,质体的数目逐渐增多,叶肉细胞的质体发育成叶绿体,种子形成过程中,在子叶细胞大液泡分隔的同时,膨胀的内质网囊泡内积累蛋白质（直径0.1-0.4μm),这些小的蛋白质球体最终进入液泡形成大的蛋白体（直径1-3μm);萌发种子贮存蛋白质被水解的同时,一些脂体进入液泡并被分解,同时液泡融合;脂类物质开始积累的时间早于蛋白质,积累的量较蛋白质多,但在萌发种子中被彻底水解的时间晚于蛋白质,淀粉粒的数量在种子形成时减少,种子萌发时在表皮细胞和叶肉细胞内都重新合成。     

高温胁迫对白玉豆种子萌发和水解酶活性的影响

为探明白玉豆种子萌发的最适温度以及高温抑制其萌发的机制,将白玉豆种子分别置于20、25、30、35℃培养箱培养,测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数以及萌发过程α-淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活性.研究结果表明,25℃下白玉豆种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均显著高于20、30和35℃温度处理,30℃以上高温显著抑制α-淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活...     

沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发对土壤含水量的适应性

以中国特有种沙芥[Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.]和濒危种斧形沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Max-im.)的种子为研究材料,利用自然生境的沙土在室内进行种子萌发人工模拟试验,研究沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的适应性。结果表明:沙芥和斧形沙芥果实适宜萌发的土壤含水量范围均为6%～12%,适宜出苗的土壤含水量范围均为6%～16%。当土壤含水量低于2%时,果实不能萌发;当土壤含水量低于3%时,幼苗不能出土定居;当土壤含水量为6%～12%时,最有利于幼苗的生长。当土壤含水量分别为3%～8%和4%～8%时,沙芥和斧形沙芥植株根冠比最大。因此,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发机制对沙生环境有着极强的适应性;植株将更多的同化物用于根系生长,以吸收更深层次的水分,从而适应含水量低的土壤。     

Specificity of strain and genotype in the susceptibility of pea to Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Summary To determine the best combination for potential use in transformation of Pisum sativum L., 13 genotypes were inoculated with wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains A281, C58 and Ach5. A281 appeared to be the most virulent strain, as determined by size and number of tumours, followed by C58 and Ach5. Genotypes differed considerably in their response to inoculation and genotype x strain interaction was evident. Genotypes also responded differently to in vivo or in vitro inoculation. Axenic calli from tumours could be grown on hormone-free medium and the presence of the specific opines for each strain in the callus indicated successful transfer and expression of T-DNA. Southern blot analysis of DNA from callus of A281-inoculated material showed that both T_R and T_L T-DNA had been incorporated into the pea genome.NRCC No. 30265     

Differential display analysis of RNA accumulation in arbuscular mycorrhiza of pea and isolation of a novel symbiosis-regulated plant gene

Differential RNA display was used to analyze gene expression during the early steps of mycorrhiza development on Pisum sativum following inoculation with Glomus mosseae. Seven out of 118 differentially displayed cDNA fragments were subcloned and sequenced. One fragment corresponded to part of the fungal 25S ribosomal RNA gene and a second one showed similarity to a human Alu element. The others were derived from plant genes of unknown function. One of the fragments was used for the isolation of a full-length cDNA clone. It corresponded to a single-copy gene (psam1) which is induced during early symbiotic interactions, and codes for a putative transmembrane protein. Northern and RNA dot blot analyses revealed enhanced accumulation of psam1 RNA after inoculation with G. mosseae of wild-type pea and an isogenic mutant deficient for nodule development (Nod⁻, Myc⁺). Received: 3 March 1997 / Accepted: 12 May 1997     

Role for plant peroxiredoxin in cadmium chelation

Abstract

Studies on heavy metal underline the role of thiols in plants and attribute tolerance to metal binding. The thiol and peroxiredoxins (Prx) contents and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity were analyzed in the cotyledons and embryo of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germinating seeds exposed to toxic Cd concentration. The 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2Cys-Prx) level as well as the non-protein thiol (–SHNP) pool increased in both tissues treated with Cd compared to the control. An oxidized dimer of 2Cys-Prx was resolved in the presence of Cd ions. The obtained results suggest that Prx constitute a main key target in Cd toxicity. Despite of the decrease in GPOX activity due to the generation of an intracellular oxidative stress, a protective action via increasing Prx expression on thiols is possible to improve the redox status.     

Chloroplastic isoforms of DnaJ and GrpE in pea

The folding and assembly of proteins in cells often requires the assistance of molecular chaperones such as the Hsp70 and Hsp60 heat shock proteins. Hsp70 chaperones cooperate with DnaJ and GrpE homologues to ensure a productive folding cycle. In this study we describe the gene for the first chloroplast localized DnaJ homologue and present evidence that the gene product is at least partially associated with the inner envelope membrane. Immunoblot analysis also provides evidence for the presence of a GrpE homologue in plastids.     

The presence of a p53-like protein during pea seed maturation and germination

ABSTRACT

The mechanisms that allow monitoring of DNA damage and the activation of repair systems in plants are poorly known. In mammalian cells the tumor suppressor protein p53 plays an important role in the checkpoint pathway induced by DNA damage. In this work, we investigated the presence and distribution of the p53-like protein in pea root tip nuclei and its role during early germination in relation to DNA damage. In pea seed, PFGE and TdT assays show that DNA fragmentation occurs during maturation and dry seed storage, and that this DNA fragmentation is repaired at the beginning of germination before the onset of proliferation. In the same seeds, the p53-like protein was found during maturation and germination. Immunoblotting characterization of this protein led to the identification of a single specific protein of about 94 kDa, more abundant at the beginning of the hydration process than in actively cycling cells. Furthermore, the p53-like protein revealed different nuclear distribution patterns, probably in relation to the formation of DNA fragments in dry seeds, and to the reactivation of repair mechanisms during early germination. These data suggest that the presence of a p53-like protein in quiescent or proliferating pea embryo cells is related to DNA damage, and serves for the maintenance of genetic information and the development of normal seedlings.