农业措施在害虫种群无公害控制中的作用

作物抗性品种、布局、耕作制度以及栽培管理等农业措施可以有效地调节害虫的种群数量,合理和综合运用这些措施,可以实现害虫生态调控的目的,从而为农作物的无公害生产提供新的植保技术。本文从农业措施在害虫控制中的直接作用、对天敌昆虫的影响等方面进行了综述,同时对利用农业措施控制害虫的几个问题进行了探讨,以期为合理利用和正确评价农业措施控制害虫提供参考。     

三化螟种群动态、大发生原因及防治对策

报道了江淮南部水稻螟虫演变规律 ,总结了近年来三化螟的发生新特点 ,即发生期提早、主害代提前、发生盛期拉长、主害代数增加、峰次明显增多以及田间虫量超历史水平。分析其回升及暴发原因 ,主要有耕作制度变更、品种与茬口布局变化、栽培方式多样化、暖冬以及天敌寄生率下降。提出了防治对策包括栽培防治、灌水灭蛹和药剂治螟 ,其中药剂治螟的关键是适期施药、适当增加防治次数、合理选用农药和改进施药技术。     

三化螟自然种群生命表的研究

１９８４—１９８８年,在广东省四会县以生命表方法,进行了三化螟自然种群动态的研究,共获９个生命表．从生命表看出,各世代均以初孵幼虫入侵死亡率为最高,中后期幼以初孵幼虫入侵死亡率（ｋ５）为最大,冲后期幼虫转株死亡率（ｋ９）次之,但经图解法和回归法分析结果证实,中后期幼虫转株死亡率是影响三化螟种群数量变动的第１关键因素,而初孵幼虫入侵死亡率乃是第２关键因素．     

昆虫种群动态模拟方法的一点改进──三化螟种群动态模拟模型的研究

以Ｒｕｅｓｉｎｋ（１９７６）的模型为基础,根据昆虫个体一般不同步地进入下一发育阶段的状况,当昆虫各虫态发育到完成该虫态发育所需要的最低年龄级数后,假定各年龄级的昆虫种群均以一定的概率分布函数值进入下一个发育阶段,同时根据有效积温向前推进。据此,对昆虫种群动态模拟方法作了一点改进。该方法综合了已有的种群模型的优点,因而较Ｒｕｅｓｉｎｋ（１９７６）和ＣｈｉＨｓｉｎ等（１９８５）提出的方法更真实地反映了昆虫种群动态的变化规律。根据三化螟自然种群生命表的资料,分析和确定逐日存活率、逐日发育率和逐日生殖率,对三化螟种群进行逐日动态模拟和预测,同时引入环境因素对种群的控制作用,研究不同环境条件下的种群动态,经验证,模型基本能够反映田间三化螟的发生规律。     

三化螟种群系统的最优管理决策

以三化螟Tryporyza invertulas(Walker)种群动态模型和水稻产量损失预测模型为基础,根据水稻插植期、品种抗性,保护利用自然天敌和杀虫剂多次使用等控制措施以及它们的各种不同组合对该虫种群动态、水稻产量损失串和净收益的影响,以净收益最大为目标函数,研究三化螟种群的最优管理决策。其中,对昆虫种群动态模拟方法作了一点改进,它综合了前人所提出的种群动态模型的优点。建立的系统模型能够提供包括农业防治、生物防治和化学防治措施在内的、对三化螟种群实施有效管理的最优决策方案。     

湘北地区三化螟种群消长的原因探讨

本文根据湘北 4 9年水稻三化螟 Tryporyza incertulas( Walker)种群密度消长的历史资料 ,着重分析了 1996～ 1998年连续 3年三化螟在湘北猖獗为害的原因 ,即中稻、一季晚稻面积增加 ,杂交中、晚稻“双两大”的推广 ,晚稻的大面积早插都便于三化螟辗转繁殖为害 ;稻田春收作物——油菜的大面积种植 ,增加了三化螟的有效越冬虫源 ;水稻播期拉长及品种的多元化和栽培方式的多样化 ,使水稻危险生育期与蚁螟盛孵期吻合度加大 ;三化螟对农药的抗性增强和主害代发生期变得不整齐 ,增加了防治的难度     

植物乙醇提取物对三化螟控制作用研究

研究了30种植物乙醇提取物对三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker)的产卵驱避效果,并用产卵驱避率及干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)对这些效果进行评价.结果表明,处理后48 h,10种植物乙醇提取物对三化螟产卵有显著的驱避作用,其中海芋Alocasia macrorrhiza产卵驱避率最高,达到82.79%,蜜柚Citrus grandis、三叶鬼针草Bidenspilosa、马蔸铃Aristolo chiachampionii、白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllum 4种植物的产卵驱避率为75%以上,llPC低于0.13.非选择性的试验结果同样表明海芋和屿蔸铃的乙醇提取物对三化螟具有明显的产卵驱避作用.测定结果还表明,海芋乙醇提取物处理后三化螟初孵幼虫的钻人时间是对照的2.60倍,马蔸铃是对照的1.07倍;海芋乙醇提取物处理后三化螟的钻蛀率为40%,马蔸铃乙醇提取物则为58%,两者都明显低于对照钻蛀率98.33%.此外,海芋乙醇提取物对二化螟幼虫存活率的影响不明显,但是马蔸铃乙醇提取物对幼虫存活率的影响与对照相比差异显著.     

转 Bt 基因水稻对三化螟自然种群的影响

为了了解水稻重要害虫三化螟 Scirpophaga incertulas（Walker）对转 Bt 基因水稻产生抗性的潜在风险,本文利用自然种群生命表,研究了第 3 代三化螟在转Bt基因杂交稻汕优 63 及非转 Bt 基因杂交稻汕优 63 上的种群参数。结果表明：在 Bt 稻上1～2 龄幼虫的存活率为 4.03%,极显著低于非转基因 SY63（55.76%）;Bt 稻上幼虫为害率为1.75%,极显著低 于非转基因 SY63（5.98%）;Bt 稻上存活的幼虫发育历期明显长于非转 Bt SY63。     

三化螟种群的内稳定性及其生态机制

从三化螟世代转换及其与水稻生长发育进程的相互作用体系, 分析了三化螟种群的内稳定性及其生态机制。结果表明, 在各类稻作区, 不同年份之间, 历代成虫数量发生型显著不同, 但其发生期具有共同的特征: 2代蛾的发生期（≥27天）比1代蛾大幅度扩展, 且相对稳定。发蛾期扩展的机制在于: 同期初孵幼虫在寄主水稻中异步化发育, 极端发育进度相差达3龄期; 在9.92、镇稻2号等10个不同品系的寄主水稻中, 异步化程度存在显著差异。基于异步化发育, 三化螟种群的时间生态位增加22.0%～75.0%, 二维生态位扩展15.1%～59.3%, 并使同一种群中极端早发类与迟发类的后代可交配, 以此保持种群遗传性的相对稳定。针对三化螟种群内稳定性形成的机制与条件, 提出了种群的数量与结构控制相结合的系统控害策略与技术。     

三化螟危害损失与防治指标的研究

２代三化螟平均每块卵为害 １１．２５个枯心丛,３４．７５个枯心株; ３代每块卵平均为害 ７．９５个白穗丛,１４．５５个白穗株。模拟为害与水稻产量损失的关系：２代Ｙ＝ｓ８０６０．５－２１８１．５Ｘ,Ｙ－水稻产量（ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,Ｘ－枯心株率,水稻耐害补偿作用明显,枯心株率与产量损失率之比１：０．２７;３代Ｙ＝７６５４．２－３９０２．２Ｘ,Ｙ－水稻产量（ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,Ｘ－白穗株率,水稻表现一定的耐害补偿能力,白穗株率与产量损失率之比１：０．５１。三化螟危害允许水平１．２８％。防治指标：２代卵块４８７５万块／ｈｍ２,３代卵块６５１９块／ｈｍ２。     

籼稻A232及其RILs对三化螟产卵的抗性

【目的】明确不同水稻基因型对三化螟Tryporyza incertulas(Walker)产卵的抗性差异,为抗螟材料的育种利用提供依据。【方法】以5个对照品种及10个冈46B×A232的RILs为材料,在海南自然条件下通过灯诱三化螟雌蛾产卵,比较不同基因型间落卵量的差异。【结果】三化螟雌蛾卵块在水稻基因型间呈聚集分布,A232、TTP、F77及RILs C22-230、C22-174、C22-113、C22-133的聚集均数(λ)值<2,对雌蛾产卵具有一定的驱避性。基因型间的叶片卵块指数及分蘖卵块指数均达显著或极显著差异,冈优188的叶片及分蘖卵块指数分别是A232的6.1倍及5.7倍。C22-99的叶片及分蘖卵块指数是C22-113的2.7倍及3.3倍。A232、TTP及C22-113对雌蛾产卵及幼虫取食均具有一定抗性。聚类分析将15个供试材料分为倾抗虫亲本A232和倾感虫亲本冈46B两大类。【结论】水稻基因型间对三化螟产卵的抗性存在显著差异,筛选评价抗螟种质应将对幼虫为害抗性与对雌蛾产卵抗性结合起来。     

Varietal resistance, population dynamics and timing insecticidal application with peak oviposition by Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on rice

The flight activity of yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) peaked in the months of April-May, May-June, August-September and October. The number of egg masses and the number of adults attracted to light sources were the indicators of S. incertulas flight activity. The rice varieties TKM6, IR22, IR60, IR66 and IR74 were infested at 7, 10, 12 and 16 wk after planting with 5, 10, 20 and 40 neonates of S. incertulas. All varieties except IR66 were susceptible to dead heart damage by S. incertulas. When the rice varieties TKM6, BPIRi2, BPIRi4, IR22, IR36, IR60, IR66 and IR74 were treated with carbofuran insecticide at the time of peak oviposition by S. incertulas in the field, the dead heart damage on all the varieties was significantly reduced in comparison with the untreated plots. Indiscriminate routine insecticidal treatments (fixed schedule) can be replaced by a treat-when-necessary schedule based on the population dynamics of S. incertulas.     

不同配方信息素诱芯对二化螟的诱捕效果比较研究

2004年和2005年夏季在江淮稻区二化螟Chilo suppressalis性诱剂诱捕的结果表明：一种新型诱芯（其中顺-11-十六碳烯醛∶顺-9-十六碳烯醛为2∶1）对第1代二化螟的日平均诱捕量相当于二化螟标准诱芯的5倍左右,而在越冬代和第2代成虫发生期则分别相当于后者的1.5839倍和1.7474倍。二化螟诱捕量取决于顺-11-十六碳烯醛和顺-9-十六碳烯醛的比例,而与其各自的剂量或信息素总剂量无明显关系,且它们的最佳配比可能因世代夜间温度的不同而不同,二化螟标准诱芯在第1代诱捕效果下降的原因可能是两种不饱和十六醛比例不适。     

Soil application of silicon reduces yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) damage in rice

The effect of soil application of rice husk ash (RHA), a cheap renewable source of silicon, and imidazole (a silicon solubilizer and carrier) on yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), and its damage to rice plants were investigated. Treatments included soil application of RHA (T1), imidazole (T2), RHA + imidazole (applied once at vegetative stage, T3) and RHA + imidazole (applied twice at both vegetative and booting stages of crop growth, T4) with an untreated control (T5). The effect was tested in five varieties, viz., BPT 5204, KRH2, Pusa Basmati 1, MTU1010 and Vandana. All the soil treatments reduced damage by YSB at vegetative and reproductive phases across five varieties as compared to untreated control. Scanning electron micrograph and electron‐dispersive X‐ray spectrum analysis of stem tissue of rice variety BPT 5204 treated with silicon revealed the enhanced deposition of silicon in cell walls and 2.1‐ to 5.3‐fold increase in silicon content across treatments. Larvae collected from the silicon‐treated plants had worn mandibles, and the histological studies showed rupture of the peritrophic membrane, increased vacuolation, disintegration of columnar cells and discharge of cellular contents into the gut lumen due to abrasion of midgut epithelium, as compared to untreated control where the columnar cells and midgut lining were intact. Although all the treatments were effective, T4‐imidazole applied twice along with RHA was more effective in reducing YSB damage followed by T3‐imidazole applied once with RHA at tillering stage, T2‐imidazole alone and T1‐RHA in the descending order of efficacy.     

Seasonal parasitism by egg parasites of the yellow rice borer,Scirpophaga incertulas [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae]

Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) [Lep.: Pyralidae] is a common pest of rice in West Bengal, India. A three year study (1978–1981) revealed that egg parasites were important in reducing the borer population in an uninterrupted rice cultivation practice. The parasite activity showed periodical fluctuation coinciding with the moth emergence. It was evident thatTelenomus spp. were most common and most dominating in the early summer crop and became highly adaptive under diverse crop growing situations. Among three species ofTelenomus, T. rowani Gahan was the most abundant durint the summer and winter seasons.Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere was second in importance in regulating the borer population and its attack was heaviest on the later broods in rice crops cultivated during winter.Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead was very sporadic and had a particular preference for the dry period. It usually occurred in association with other two parasites in the later part of the year. Parasitism of egg masses by two or more species of the parasites was also common during the peak period of parasite activity.