Successive reduction of the last instar larva of Loricifera, as evidenced by two new species of Pliciloricus from the Great Meteor Seamount (Atlantic Ocean)

Two new species of the genus Pliciloricus Higgins & Kristensen, 1986, are described from coarse sand at the plateau of the Great Meteor Seamount. Together with other species of the genus, Pliciloricus corvus sp. n. and Pliciloricus senicirrus sp. n., demonstrate that the last or seventh instar Higgins-larva can be more and more reduced.

Additionally, in the life cycle of P. corvus sp. n. a simplified adult is discovered which has a simplified body with persisting neck region and a sack-like trunk. The adult of P. corvus sp. n. is characterized, e.g., by 15 broad cross-walls in the clavoscalids, midventral spinoscalids of the second row transformed into a new type of double-organ, a secondary double-organ in the third row of scalids, type B spinoscalids of the fourth row ending in a grappling hook, a crescent-shaped ornamentation of the lorica margin with rounded gaps and protrusions, and a pair of longitudinal cuticular protrusions on the end cone. Distinguishing features of the first to sixth instar Higgins-larvae of P. corvus sp. n. are, e.g., setae of moderate length and long end spines of toes with double bulges. The seventh instar Higgins-larva of P. corvus sp. n. is not fully developed, e.g., the abdominal region is indistinct; the scalids, toes, and all five pairs of setae are clearly shorter than in the preceding instars of Higgins-larvae.

The adult of P. senicirrus sp. n. is characterized, e.g., by clavoscalids with many fine transversal striae, claw-like type B spinoscalids of the fourth row ventrally winged and with seven embedded needle-like teeth, edge of the lorica with 24 small protrusions, and 20 papillate flosculi at caudal end. The Higgins-larva of P. senicirrus sp. n. is characterized, e.g., by the wide and frill-like first section of the mouth cone, the second segment of spinoscalids with ventral serration and double tip, long anterosetae with strong spinules, and by the toes being nearly as long as the short lorica, to name a few. The most obvious feature is the extreme length of the three pairs of posterosetae. The posteroterminal setae are nearly as long as the whole body. The seventh instar Higgins-larva of P. senicirrus sp. n. is not reduced as in the case of P. corvus sp. n.     

Revision of the genus Noculacia Mayer, 1903 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidea) with the description of two new species

The genus Noculacia Mayer, 1903 is reviewed. Two new species, N. africana n. sp. and N. australiensis n. sp., are described based on material collected from southeast Africa and western-southern Australia, respectively. Noculacia bullata Mayer, 1903, the type species of the genus, is redescribed. Noculacia bogisa Mayer, 1903 is transferred to the genus Pseudoprotella Mayer, 1890 mainly on the basis of the presence of a well developed molar, the structure of pereopods 3 and 4, and the setal formula of the mandibular palp being 2-x-1. The genus Noculacia is presently composed of three species: N. africana n. sp., N. australiensis n. sp, and N. bullata Mayer, 1903. The genus Pseudoprotella is composed of P. bogisa (Mayer, 1903), P. inermis Chevreux, 1927, and P. phasma (Montagu, 1804).     

Palaeobiology and evolution of the earliest agglutinated Foraminifera: Platysolenites, Spirosolenites and related forms

Tubular agglutinated fossils of Platysolenites antiquissimus Eichwald, 1860, P. cooperi n.sp. and Spirosolenites spiralis Glaessner, 1979 are examined from selected lower Cambrian successions in Avalonia (England; Wales; Newfoundland) and Baltica (Russia and Estonia). Platysolenites cooperi n.sp. is shown to extend below the first appearance of P. antiquissimus in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian boundary stratotype region, SE Newfoundland, and to occur at higher stratigraphic levels in Wales and Finnmark. Taphonomic, teleological and ultrastructural studies on well-preserved material are consistent with a similar grade of organization and mode of life for P. antiquissimus and the living astrorhizacean foraminiferid Bathysiphon. However, agglutinated proloculi are here described from both rectilinear P. antiquissimus and coiled S. spiralis, which suggests that neither were typical astrorhizaceans.     

Taxonomic characterization of two marine peritrichous ciliates, Epicarchesium corlissi n. sp. and Pseudovorticella jiangi n. sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia), from northern China

Two new marine peritrich ciliates, Epicarchesium corlissi n. sp. and Pseudovorticella jiangi n. sp., were discovered in mariculture waters on the coast of northern China near Qingdao. Their morphology, infraciliature and silverline system were investigated based on both living and silver-impregnated specimens. E. corlissi is characterized as follows: marine Epicarchesium with dichotomously branched stalk; zooids elongate, approximately 60–70×25–35 μm in vivo; peristomial collar double-folded; macronucleus J-shaped; single, small contractile vacuole ventrally positioned; more than 60 striations between peristome and aboral trochal band, 13–18 from aboral trochal band to scopula; abstomal end of row 1 of infundibular polykinety 3 terminating at same level as rows 2 and 3 of infundibular polykinety 3; rows 2 and 3 of infundibular polykinety 3 much longer than row 1 and converging adstomally with infundibular polykinety 1. The new species P. jiangi is diagnosed as follows: marine Pseudovorticella; zooid inverted bell-shaped, approximately 80×60 μm in vivo and with a broad, flat, thin peristomial collar that measures approximately 90 μm across; pellicle with transparent cortical vesicles; macronucleus J-shaped; number of silverlines between peristome and aboral trochal band 20–24, from aboral trochal band to scopula 9–11; abstomal end of row 1 of infundibular polykinety 3 diverges from the other two rows of this polykinety and ends alongside row 3 of infundibular polykinety 2.     

Two new blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from Epinephelinae (Perciformes: Serranidae) of the Pacific Ocean

Pearsonellum pygmaeus n. sp. is described from Cromileptes altivelis (Serranidae), the Barramundi Cod, from Heron Island (southern Great Barrier Reef) and Lizard Island (northern Great Barrier Reef). This new species differs from Pearsonellum corventum (type and only species) in the combination of smaller overall body size, the relative distance of the brain from the anterior end, the relative lengths of both the oesophagus and the testis, the degree to which the testis extends outside the intercaecal field, the shape of the testis, the shape and size of the ovary and the extent to which the uterus loops around the ovary. There are in addition, 20 base pair differences between the ITS2 rDNA sequence of P. pygmaeus n. sp. and that of P. corventum. Three new host records for P. corventum are reported. Adelomyllos teenae n. g., n. sp. is described from Epinephelus coioides (Serranidae), the Estuary Cod, from Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland. The new genus differs from the 22 other sanguinicolid genera in the combined possession of two testes, a cirrus-sac, separate genital pores, a post-ovarian uterus and an H-shaped intestine. A. teenae n. sp. is the third sanguinicolid described from the Epinephelinae. Sanguinicolids have now been reported from 11 species of Serranidae.     

Pseudodactylogyrus kamegaii sp. n. (Monogenea: Pseudodactylogyridae) from wild Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica

The monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus kamegaii sp. n. is described, based on specimens collected from the gills of wild Japanese eel Anguilla japonica caught in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This species is the most similar to P. anguillae (Yin and Sproston, 1948), but different in the shape and measurements of the male copulatory organ, vagina and marginal hook. This new species was collected from the eel in brackish waters, while P. anguillae and P. bini, the other known pseudodactylogyrids of Japanese eel, have been recorded only in fresh waters.     

内蒙古天竺葵腐霉枯萎病病原菌

为了明确天竺葵腐霉枯萎病的病原菌种类,从内蒙古通辽采集天竺葵腐霉枯萎病样品,对病原物进行了分离、纯化和致病性测定,并对病原物进行形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析鉴定。结果表明,从10个植物样品中分离得到16个腐霉菌株,分别属于终极腐霉Pythium ultimum var. ultimum、瓜果腐霉P. aphanidermatum和两个与P. ultimum var. ultimum相似的待定种。其中,P. ultimum var. ultimum的分离频率为75%、P. aphanidermatum的分离频率为12.5%,两个腐霉待定种的分离频率均为6.25%;P. ultimum var. ultimum是优势类群。致病性测定结果表明,4种腐霉菌都能引起天竺葵腐霉枯萎病,与自然发病症状相同,其中P. ultimum var. ultimum和P. aphanidermatum的致病性较强,发病率分别为71.4%和85.7%。     

Flavonoid data and populational observations in support of hybrid status for Populus acuminata

Flavonoid distribution and populational composition at the collection sites of several samples of Populus acuminata strongly suggest that this taxon is an inter-sectional hybrid between P. angustifolia, sect. Tacamahaca and any one of two or three different species of the section Aigeiros, when the entire range is considered. In the vicinity of the type locality, the Aigeiros parent is P. sargentii. Within any population, foliage of trees of P. acuminata is characterized by morphological intermediacy and an essentially additive flavonoid profile, as compared to the two parental taxa present. In habit the trees resemble those of P. sargentii, and habitats at the collection sites were found to be somewhat intermediate. Fifteen flavonoid compounds were consistently present in samples of the putative hybrid. Twelve of these had diagnostic value because they were absent in one of the parental species. One compound, apigenin 7-O-diglucoside, was found only in P. acuminata. In part, our identifications correspond to compounds reported by Crawford in a morphological and chemical study of P. acuminiata.     

长柄山蚂蝗属三个种的核型分析及山蚂蝗属两个种的染色体数

长柄山蚂蝗属Podocarpium(Benth.)Yang et Huang属蝶形花科,间断分布于东亚和中北美洲,广布种分布到非洲和大洋洲。北美有4种,亚洲约有14种.我国约有该属植物11种,以西南和长江以南地区分布种类最多。国外已有人做过本属一半以上的种的染色体记数和核型。本文对本属的三个种.长柄山蚂蝗P.podocarpum(DC.)Yang et Huang,大苞长柄山蚂蝗P.williamsii(Pamp.)Yang et Huang和云南长柄山吗蝗P.du-clouxii(Pamp.)Yang et Huang进行了染色体的记数和核型描述,其中后两个种的工作属于首次。此外,本文还首次报道了山蚂蝗属两个种:Des-modium caudatum(Thunb.)DC.和D.yunnanense Franch.的染色体数目。     

A eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Russia and biostratigraphy of the Asian Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages

Prokennalestes abramovi n.sp. is described based on M2 from the upper Barremian-middle Aptian (Early Cretaceous) Mogoito locality in Transbaikalia, Russia. It differs from the Mongolian species of Prokennalestes (Khoboor, early Albian) by a combination of one primitive character (steeper and shorter lingual slopes of the paracone and metacone), one more derived character (larger size), and some characters of uncertain polarity (small preparastyle, lack of labial cuspules along the ectoflexus). P. abramovi n.sp. is the oldest eutherian mammal so far described, and its discovery extends the known geological range of Eutheria by 10-15 Ma. The Tsagantsabian land-vertebrate biochron can be defined by a dominance of sinemyid turtles; the Khukhtekian by a dominance of macrobaenids.     

Pseudovorticella zhengae n. sp., P. difficilis (Kahl, 1933) Jankowski, 1976, and P. punctata (Dons, 1918) Warren, 1987, three marine peritrichous ciliates from north China

The morphology, infraciliature and silverline system of three marine peritrichous ciliates, Pseudovorticella zhengae n. sp., P. difficilis (Kahl, 1933) Jankowski, 1976 and P. punctata (Dons, 1918) Warren, 1987, were investigated by observation in vivo and silver-staining methods. The new species is characterized by its body shape, the appearance of the peristomial lip, the number of transverse silverlines, and the configuration of infundibular polykinety 3; P. difficilis by its body shape, the configuration of infundibular polykinety 3, and unusual annular swellings on the stalk; and P. punctata by the appearance of the pellicle, the configuration of infundibular polykinety 3, and the number of transverse silverlines.     

基于DNA条形码技术对浙江省外来入侵福寿螺进行分子鉴定

外来入侵福寿螺对我国农业生产和水生生态系统平衡等造成严重危害。2010年, 种类鉴定研究首次揭示我国外来入侵福寿螺包括Pomacea canaliculata和P. maculata两个种, 而浙江省仅见P. canaliculata一种报道。P. canaliculata和P. maculata种间形态近似, 且受环境、食物源等因素影响, 同种内外壳形态特征多样, 因而基于形态特征进行种类的准确鉴定极为困难。本研究在采集浙江省7个区县的福寿螺样本的基础上, 利用DNA条形码技术扩增了101个不同个体的COI序列, 并从BOLD数据库下载了“P. canaliculata种团”的5个近缘种的55条COI序列用于分析, 其中包括P. lineata, P. dolioides和P. paludosa所有已发表序列, 以及P. canaliculata和P. maculata的南美洲样品的序列等。序列相似度比对、DNA条形码间隙和系统发育树等分析表明, COI序列可以实现近缘福寿螺的有效鉴别。待测的浙江省福寿螺样品中, 杭州江干区检测到P. canaliculata和P. maculata两种, 而舟山普陀区、绍兴上虞区和新昌县、温州瓯海区及杭州西湖区仅检测到P. canaliculata, 表明P. canaliculata在浙江省具有更广的分布范围。P. canaliculata和P. maculata分别形成4种和2种单倍型, 各区县样点分别包含1-3种单倍型, 浙江省各发生地呈现较低的遗传多样性。依据系统发育关系推测, 浙江省分布的P. canaliculata和P. maculata分别可能来源于阿根廷和巴西。     

典型黑土区主要树种根系构型特征及其对固土能力的影响

为量化典型黑土区主要树种根系构型特征,探究其对固土能力的影响,以该区分布较广的榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿、白桦、糖槭、红皮云杉、樟子松单株个体为研究对象,采用全根挖掘和WinRHIZO Pro LA2004分析系统相结合对其根系空间分布、几何形态、分形等特征进行测定,同时采用原位整株根系拉拔的方法量化根系垂直拉拔力.结果表明:...     

四川黑竹沟地区非飞行小型兽类物种多样性与群落组成

四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区位于生物多样性丰富的凉山山系, 在保护和维持区域生物多样性方面具有极其重要的地位, 然而对该自然保护区兽类群落的研究却极为缺乏。为了了解该自然保护区及周边的小型兽类群落,本文作者在2018年4-10月调查了该区域的非飞行小型兽类物种多样性及其群落组成。在海拔1,537-3,830 m间共设置样方184个, 布设鼠夹9,016铗日, 捕获小型兽类536只, 隶属4目7科13属21种。包括滇攀鼠(Vernaya fulva)和等齿鼩鼹(Uropsilus aequodonenia)两个稀有物种在内的共计9个物种为该地区首次报道, 丰富了物种分布记录。结合历史资料, 黑竹沟地区共记录小型兽类43种, 隶属4目9科28属。在43种小型兽类中, 东洋界物种37种, 占绝对优势(86%), 分布型以喜马拉雅-横断山型占优, 为18种(占东洋界48.6%)。本次调查捕获的21种小型兽类中, 群落优势种为中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco, 33.2%)、北社鼠(Niviventer confucianus, 21.3%)和中华绒鼠(Eothenomys chinensis, 12.7%)。随着海拔上升, 群落优势种组成发生变化, 由北社鼠 + 中华姬鼠 + 针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens) + 短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)群落, 转变为中华绒鼠 + 中华姬鼠 + 凉山沟牙田鼠(Proedromys liangshanensis) + 西南绒鼠(Eothenomys custos)群落。群落物种区系的分布型组成随着海拔升高而发生变化, 喜马拉雅-横断山型物种随海拔升高所占比例增大; 分布于喜马拉雅-横断山的特有种分布的下限、中点和上限平均海拔都高于非特有种, 且特有种和非特有种的中点和下限平均海拔差异显著(n = 21, df = 19, P = 0.013; n = 21, df = 19, P < 0.01), 说明该区域物种具有明显的东洋界特征, 中高海拔主要由特有种构成。本研究丰富了黑竹沟地区小型兽类及群落多样性的数据资料, 有利于该地区物种多样性的研究和保护。     

Floral morphogenesis of the Maddenia and Pygeum groups of Prunus (Rosaceae), with an emphasis on the perianth

Although the vast majority of Prunus L. (Rosaceae) species have clearly differentiated sepals and petals, two former genera Maddenia and Pygeum have been described as having an undifferentiated perianth. However, floral morphological and morphogenetic data are scarce, and a renewed investigation is essential to understand the evolution of the perianth differentiation. Here, floral morphogenesis in Prunus hypoleuca (Koehne) J.Wen (=Maddenia hypoleuca Koehne) and Prunus topengii (Merr.) J. Wen & L. Zhao (=Pygeum topengii Merr.) were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The floral development demonstrates that the ten perianth parts can be distinguished as five sepals in an external whorl and five petals in an internal whorl. The sepal primordia are broad, crescent-shaped, and truncate. The petal primordia are rounded and initially resemble the androecium. However, at maturity petals and sepals look much the same in the two species, differing from other Prunus species. The ovule is anatropous and unitegmic, but there is a basal appendage near the ovule of P. hypoleuca which is absent in P. topengii. The direction of development of floral nectaries in the hypanthium is basipetal in P. hypoleuca but acropetal in P. topengii. Perianth segments are differentiated in the two groups and the similarity of the perianth parts is secondarily acquired. Our results support the separation of the Maddenia and Pygeum groups as well as their inclusion in a broader monophyletic Prunus based on molecular phylogenetic studies. We herein provide a new nomenclatural change: Prunus topengii (Merr.) J. Wen & L. Zhao, comb. nov.     

东北罂粟属植物的分类

本文对东北罂粟属植物的分类及其中的问题进行了讨论,并提出了一些新的见解,其中主要的是扩大了野罂粟(Papaver nudicaule.L.)(sensu ampl.),基本型分类性状的含义,缩小了应看做是其亚种的黑水罂粟(P.nudicaule L.subsp.amurense N.Busch.的分类性状含义,发现并提出了两个新的变种,即光果野罂粟P.undicaule L.var.glabricarpum P.Y.Fu及毛果黑水罂粟P.nudicaule L.subsp.amurenseN.Busch.var.seticarpum P.Y.Fu,同时提出了包括种下分类群的便于鉴别的东北罂粟属植物分类检索表。     

喀斯特次生林幼树更新空间分布格局及种间关联性

本研究以贵州省喀斯特典型区域紫云苗族布依族自治县撂荒30余年后自然恢复形成的次生林为对象,设置140 m×120 m固定样地,系统调查样地内幼树更新,并采用空间点格局分析方法分析幼树更新优势种群在不同空间尺度下的分布格局和种间关联性。结果表明: 调查样地中幼树共计1291株,包括39个树种,其中光皮桦、化香、马尾松、枫香和山杨5个树种的幼树个体数量总和达83.7%,重要值总和达77.8%,为幼树更新的优势树种。光皮桦、化香和枫香3个幼树优势种群的空间分布格局在0～60 m空间尺度上均呈现较强的聚集分布;马尾松和山杨2个幼树优势种群在小尺度上呈现聚集分布,大尺度上则随机分布。幼树优势种群空间关联性多呈现正关联,仅马尾松与枫香和山杨在小尺度呈现正关联,大尺度呈现不相关。调查样地5个幼树优势种群空间分布格局及种间关联性差别较大,可能与树种的生物学特性、生境及空间资源的利用密切相关。目前,林分多以先锋树种为主,群落结构不稳定;以马尾松和光皮桦为优势种群的松-桦混交林可能成为下一阶段演替方向,建议通过森林经营措施加快植被恢复进程。     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松和樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应差异

大兴安岭是我国气候变化最为显著的地区之一,兴安落叶松和樟子松是该地区最为重要的树种,研究它们径向生长对气候变化的响应差异,可以为预测气候变化下我国北方森林动态提供科学依据。在大兴安岭地区选择6个样点共采集兴安落叶松树轮和樟子松树轮样芯451个,建立了12个标准年表。比较了1900年以来树木径向生长趋势,利用Pearson相关分析法分析各样点兴安落叶松和樟子松生长对气候因子的响应,运用线性混合模型探讨温度和降水对兴安落叶松和樟子松年径向生长的影响,通过滑动相关对比两个树种生长-气候关系的时间稳定性。结果表明: 兴安落叶松径向生长与3月平均温度呈负相关,与上一年冬季和当年7月降水呈正相关。樟子松径向生长与当年8月温度呈正相关,与当年生长季(5—9月)降水呈正相关。冬季降雪对兴安落叶松径向生长起到重要的促进作用,夏季过多降水对樟子松径向生长起到显著的限制作用。兴安落叶松和樟子松生长对气候变化的响应存在明显差异,因此,气候变化可能会影响北方森林生态系统的树木生长、物种组成以及空间分布等。