城市边缘区景观生态规划的人工神经网络模型

景观生态规划是景观生态学的一个重要应用领域,本文在地理信息系统的辅助下引入了人工神经网络这一新兴应用技术,建立了城市边缘区景观生态规划的BP神经网络模型,模型以区域的高程、高程离差、坡度、坡度离差、地貌分区、离黄河距离、居民点数七个要素作为输入变量,选取斑块密度、分维数、Shannon多样性指数和聚集度指数作为输出变量,精心采集了20个样本对网络进行训练,结果表明网络收敛效果理想,泛化能力强,为景观生态规划提供了一个新的模拟分析手段。     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳城市绿地景观格局梯度分析

基于2006年QuickBird卫星影像数据解译的沈阳城市绿地分布图,在GIS的支持下,通过幅度效应的研究,在确定出研究区的适宜幅度为5 km的基础上,应用梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法,研究了沈阳城市绿地景观结构及其梯度上的空间特征.结果表明:类型水平上,不同的绿地类型沿景观格局梯度表现出明显的空间特征;在城市中心,公园绿地为优势类型,而在郊区,农业用地为优势类型;城市绿地整体上破碎化程度高,绿地斑块形状较为复杂;景观水平上,不同景观指数沿样带梯度表现出差异性,表明城市化导致景观的破碎化程度增大,景观异质性增高;斑块密度、景观形状指数和景观聚集度指数具有明显的梯度特征,而最大斑块指数、多样性指数则不明显;景观格局指数和梯度分析相结合是研究城市绿地空间的有力工具.     

城市地表温度与关键景观要素的关系

利用Landsat ETM+遥感影像,提取上海市外环线范围内的地表温度、不透水面率、归一化差值植被指数、改进的归一化差异水体指数,定量研究地表温度与城市关键景观类型之间的关系.结果表明:地表温度与不透水面率呈显著的线性正相关( R2=0.837);地表温度与归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差异水体指数呈非线性关系,但地表温度与正的归一化差值植被指数和正的改进的归一化差值水体指数呈显著线性关系.鉴于归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差异水体指数大于0时才能真正代表植被和水体,因此,建议今后研究地表温度时使用正的归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差异水体指数;地表温度与不透水面率、归一化差值植被指数和改进的归一化差值水体指数的多元线性回归分析表明,不透水面起着增温作用,植被、水体起降温作用,植被较水体的降温作用大.     

城市景观格局的空间尺度分析

景观生态学研究的核心内容是景观格局与生态过程。因为景观格局与生态过程中都存在的尺度多样性问题,导致尺度成为理解景观格局和生态过程相互作用的关键,但是由于理论和方法的限制,目前对景观生态学的尺度研究还不够深入,特别是景观格局对尺度变化的响应特征。目前GIS与RS技术的发展为不同尺度下的空间格局特征和空间异质性研究提供了有效的工具。论文以上海市为背景,用景观生态学方法研究了不同粒度下景观格局特征,同时用半变异函数分析了不同幅度下景观多样性的格局特征。结果显示:(1)不同的指数对粒度的响应不同;(2)空间多样性在小幅度内变化较复杂;(3)不论粒度还是幅度都揭示出景观格局具有尺度依赖性规律。     

Object-oriented satellite image time series analysis using a graph-based representation

Nowadays, remote sensing technologies produce huge amounts of satellite images that can be helpful to monitor geographical areas over time. A satellite image time series (SITS) usually contains spatio-temporal phenomena that are complex and difficult to understand. Conceiving new data mining tools for SITS analysis is challenging since we need to simultaneously manage the spatial and the temporal dimensions at the same time. In this work, we propose a new clustering framework specifically designed for SITS data. Our method firstly detects spatio-temporal entities, then it characterizes their evolutions by mean of a graph-based representation, and finally it produces clusters of spatio-temporal entities sharing similar temporal behaviors. Unlike previous approaches, which mainly work at pixel-level, our framework exploits a purely object-based representation to perform the clustering task. Object-based analysis involves a segmentation step where segments (objects) are extracted from an image and constitute the element of analysis. We experimentally validate our method on two real world SITS datasets by comparing it with standard techniques employed in remote sensing analysis. We also use a qualitative analysis to highlight the interpretability of the results obtained.     

惠州市景观格局空间分异特征的梯度分析

本文将景观指数、梯度分析和移动窗口法相结合,分析了惠州市景观格局的空间分异特征.以中心城区为起点,向外等距设置辐射状梯度带;同时结合研究区的特点,设置了4个不同方向的样带.综合运用景观指数粒度效应分析和土地面积变化评价指数模型,确定适合研究区的分析粒度;考虑到景观格局的各向异性,计算不同方向的半变异函数和相应的块基比,...     

深圳市福田区三维城市景观格局变化特征

城市景观是景观变化最快的类型之一,建成景观与绿地景观格局和功能的相互影响及空间配置是城市景观优化的核心。在紧凑型城市快速发展过程中,城市垂直方向增长成为主要扩展方式。如何定量分析三维城市景观格局变化,为城市景观优化提供科学依据还有待深入。选取深圳市福田区,以高分辨率遥感数据和建筑普查数据为基础,运用景观格局指数和景观连通性等方法定量分析建筑景观和绿地景观变化及空间影响。研究结果表明:(1)2003—2016年,福田区建筑景观主要表现为垂直向的立体扩展模式,新增建筑主要为高层和超高层建筑,建筑平均高度增加6.53 m,立体空间体积增加135.58×10~6 m~3,建筑密度仅增加2.42%,建筑景观高度差异逐渐增大,呈现出明显的三维空间异质性。(2)2003—2016年,建筑景观格局由"阶梯式"转变为"金字塔"形,受益于建筑景观的垂向增长,建成景观与绿地景观比例由1.20∶1调整为0.99∶1,建成景观减少4.03 km~2,绿地景观增加2.80 km~2。(3)建成景观的三维立体化释放了绿地景观用地空间,同时也限制了绿地景观的外部连通性,绿地景观连通性较低,大型绿地斑块间缺乏廊道连通,呈现孤岛化。研究可为城市景观空间优化和国土规划等实践提供科学依据。     

Enhanced analysis of landscape structure: Inclusion of transition zones and small-scale landscape elements

Landscape diversity is an essential component of biodiversity because it determines the diversity of habitats and species. It is necessary to adopt an adaptive and realizable landscape structure monitoring model for ecosystem management. However, the existing methods of landscape structure analysis often do not consider the transitions between different types of patch, which are dynamic and play several functional roles in landscape structure. Another component of information that has often been ignored is “small-scale landscape elements” inside patches, which leads to within-patch heterogeneity being underestimated. This paper presents a method for solving these problems by regular landscape monitoring using RapidEye remote sensing data. We incorporate the third altitude dimension in landscape structure analysis, especially for detecting certain small-scale landscape structures such as groves, tree rows, and transitions at forest boundaries. For these detailed structures a number of landscape metrics are computed under a three-dimensional perspective. The results indicate that a more realistic and more precise representation of landscape structure is obtained on the basis of the detailed spatial scale and the true surface geometries of patches. Taking transitions into account helps smooth “edge effects” between patches and leads to more realistic quantification of fragmentation.     

Multidimensional analysis of landscape dynamics in a Central African forest-savannah mosaic

Most landscape cover assessments for conservation programmes rely largely on remote sensing analyses. These analyses, however, neglect how people inhabiting protected zones perceive and structure land cover. Using socio-ecological systems (SES) analysis in a forest-savannah mosaic on the Congo Basin forest edge (Democratic Republic of Congo), we investigated how human practices, landscape perceptions and land use patterns affected forest cover. We conducted remote sensing analysis using a Sentinel-2 satellite image and 187 GPS landmarks, producing a land cover map with 11 classes. Our results yielded an 81.85% correspondence with additional 164 GPS landmarks, a robust score in tropical areas. We conducted 40 individual interviews, eighteen focus group discussion workshops and nine months of participant observation of human practices to identify 19 land units and elaborate a granular SES system structuring the landscape. Integrating local knowledge and practices with general ecological and agronomic processes, we developed a landscape dynamics model revealing progressive forest colonisation of savannahs. Our methods demonstrate that a forest-edge landscape cover evaluation through remote sensing and local knowledge can contribute to finer-grained assessment of land cover and ecosystem services. This assessment can assist conservation efforts by considering local populations' practices on and perceptions of landscape change.     

基于类型和要素的城市多等级景观分类方法

城市区域的景观格局具有高度的异质性和复杂性,因而单一等级的景观分类方法难以揭示其复杂的多等级景观特征。基于等级斑块动态范式,探讨了针对城市区域基于景观类型和要素的多等级景观分类方法。以北京市为研究区,首先根据其景观类型和景观要素的特征,将城市区域划分为"城市"、"农田"和"森林"3种景观类型,同时确定"植被"、"裸地"、"水体"和"不透水表面"4类景观要素。然后,应用自上而下的分类思路和面向对象的分类方法对研究区进行了景观类型和要素的分类,其总体精度分别为93.36%和87.89%。相比单一等级的景观分类结果,多等级的分类结果不仅体现了城市生态系统不同等级的景观组成,还能揭示多级景观间的隶属关系,因而能更完整的描述城市景观格局,进而为认识城市生态系统的结构和功能提供新的视角。     

城市森林景观格局与过程研究进展

大规模的城市化进程,改变了城市以及周边区域的景观格局,显著影响着城市森林生态系统的结构、过程与功能.景观尺度上的城市森林景观格局与生态过程研究已经成为当前城市森林学的研究热点.在阐明城市森林及其景观格局与过程概念的基础上,综述了国内外城市森林景观格局与过程的研究内容、研究方法的进展情况,指出了以下几个方面有望成为今后城市森林景观研究的发展方向:景观尺度上的城市森林系统能流、物质循环等生态学过程研究;城市森林景观格局演变的社会驱动力研究;基于生态服务功能的城市森林规划研究;半都市化地区的森林景观格局与过程研究;基于空间显式景观模型的城市森林景观格局与过程模块开发.     

Management strategy, shade, and landscape composition effects on urban landscape plant quality and arthropod abundance

Intensity and type of management, the cultural variable shade, and the combination of woody and herbaceous annual and perennial plants were evaluated for their effect on key landscape arthropod pests. Azalea lace bugs, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott), and twolined spittlebugs, Prosapia bicincta (Say), were most effectively suppressed in landscape designed with resistant plant species of woody ornamentals and turf. Landscapes containing susceptible plant counterparts were heavily infested by these two insect species in untreated control plots. A traditional management program of prescribed herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide applications effectively suppressed azalea lace bug and produced a high-quality landscape. Targeted integrated pest management with solely horticultural oils resulted in intermediate levels of azalea lace bug. Neither program completely controlled twolined spittlebug on hollies or turf. Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Formicidae, and Araneae were not reduced by any management strategy. Lace bugs (Stephanitis) were more common in plots with 50% shade than those in full sun. Spittlebugs (Prosapia) were more common in the shade during 1996 and in the sun during 1997. Spiders and ants were more often collected in full sun plots. Carabids, staphylinids, and spiders were more commonly collected from pitfall traps in turf than in wood-chip mulched plant beds, whereas ants were equally common in both locations. The addition of herbaceous plants to the landscape beds had little effect on pest insect abundance.     

基于QuickBird的城市建筑景观格局梯度分析

研究城市建筑景观的梯度变化特征,对城市规划与管理的合理调整有着重要的意义.应用QuickBird影像,基于Barista软件提取了建筑物三维信息,采用建筑平均高度、建筑密度、容积率、建筑高度标准差、建筑体形系数等指标,结合梯度分析法研究了铁西区建筑景观格局的梯度变化.结果表明:从1997到2008年,低层与多层建筑是主要的建筑景观组分,平房与低层建筑占地面积比重显著下降,多层、中高层与高层建筑比重上升.建筑平均高度、容积率与建筑高度标准差逐年上升,建筑密度、建筑体形系数与景观形状指数下降.建筑向垂直方向扩展,建筑能耗降低,形状更加规则.建筑景观的梯度变化与距市中心距离的远近没有关系,与区域功能相关,商业区建筑平均高度与容积率最高,政府所在地范围内建筑密度最大.     

Differential responses of cryptic bat species to the urban landscape

Urbanization is a key global driver in the modification of land use and has been linked to population declines even in widespread and relatively common species. Cities comprise a complex assortment of habitat types yet we know relatively little about the effects of their composition and spatial configuration on species distribution. Although many bat species exploit human resources, the majority of species are negatively impacted by urbanization. Here, we use data from the National Bat Monitoring Programme, a long‐running citizen science scheme, to assess how two cryptic European bat species respond to the urban landscape. A total of 124 × 1 km² sites throughout Britain were surveyed. The landscape surrounding each site was mapped and classified into discrete biotope types (e.g., woodland). Generalized linear models were used to assess differences in the response to the urban environment between the two species, and which landscape factors were associated with the distributions of P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. The relative prevalence of P. pygmaeus compared to P. pipistrellus was greater in urban landscapes with a higher density of rivers and lakes, whereas P. pipistrellus was frequently detected in landscapes comprising a high proportion of green space (e.g., parklands). Although P. pipistrellus is thought to be well adapted to the urban landscape, we found a strong negative response to urbanization at a relatively local scale (1 km), whilst P. pygmaeus was detected more regularly in wooded urban landscapes containing freshwater. These results show differential habitat use at a landscape scale of two morphologically similar species, indicating that cryptic species may respond differently to anthropogenic disturbance. Even species considered relatively common and well adapted to the urban landscape may respond negatively to the built environment highlighting the future challenges involved in maintaining biodiversity within an increasingly urbanized world.     

粒度变化对上海市景观格局分析的影响

采用1989年上海市1∶50 000彩红外航空遥感影像解译的土地利用数据,系统分析了粒度变化对中心城区、郊区和城郊结合部3类景观格局分析的影响.结果表明:景观格局指数对粒度具有尺度依赖性,随粒度的变粗,格局指数的变化可归为单调下降、阶梯上升或单峰变化以及不规则变化3类;景观格局指数随粒度变化的曲线存在多个拐点,并对应于合适的景观格局分析尺度,上海城市景观格局分析的合适尺度为10～20 m;不同城市景观类型对景观格局指数的粒度效应具有较大影响,景观格局指数在城郊结合部表现出与城区和郊区不同的变化趋势.     

Genomic landscape of CpG rich elements in human

Background

The studies on CpG islands (CGI) and Alu elements functions, evolution, and distribution in the genome started since the discovery in nineteen eighties (1981, 1986, correspondingly). Their highly skewed genome wide distribution implies the non-random retrotransposition pattern. Besides CGIs in gene promoters, CGIs clusters were observed in the homeobox gene regions and in the macrosatellites, but the whole picture of their distribution specifics was not grasped. Attempts to identify any causative features upon their (genome wide) distribution, such as the DNA context mediated preferred insertion sites of Alu repeats, have been made to ascribe their clusters location.

Methods

Recent emergence of high resolution 3D map of human genome allowed segregating the genome into the large scale chromatin domains of naturally observable nuclear subcompartments, or Topologically Associated Domains (TADs), designated by spatial chromatin distribution. We utilized the chromatin map to elucidate relations between large scale chromatin state and CpG rich elements landscape.In the course of analysis it was confirmed that genes, Alu and CGI clusters maintain obvious, albeit different in strength, preference for open chromatin. For the first time it was clearly shown that the clusters density of the Alu and CGIs monotonically depend on the chromatin accessibility rate. In particular, the highest density of these elements is found in A1 euchromatin regions characterized by a high density of small length genes replicating in the early S-phase. It implies that these elements mediate (CGIs) or are a side element (Alus) of chromatin accessibility.

Results

We elucidated that both methylated and non-methylated CGIs display the affinity to chromatin accessibility. As a part of comparative genomics section, we elucidated that the dog’s genome non-canonical structure, outstanding in mammals for its high CGIs abundance compared to gene number, is explained by the presence of dense tandem CGI extended hotspots (500 kb on average) in subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions with highly skewed CG content, and not by CGIs global distribution pattern shift.

Conclusions

The study underlines the close association of CG-rich elements distribution with the newly introduced large scale chromatin state map, proposing a refined standpoint on interrelation of aforementioned genome elements and the chromatin state. To our expertise, the TAD-associated partition model employed in the study is likely the most substantial one regarding CpG rich clusters distribution among the whole genome chromatin/isochores maps available.

     

Effect of urban function and landscape structure on the urban heat island phenomenon in Beijing,China

Rapid urbanization has aggravated the urban thermal risk and highlighted the urban heat island (UHI) effect. To improve understanding on the effect of urbanization on the UHI effect, it is essential to determine the relationship between the UHI effect and the complexities of urban function and landscape structure. For this purpose, 5116 urban function zones (UFZs), representing the basic function units of urban planning, were identified in Beijing. Land cover and land surface temperature (LST) values were extracted based on remote sensing data. UFZ, land cover, and LST were used to represent the urban function, landscape, and UHI characteristics, respectively. Then, the effects of urban function and landscape structure on the UHI effect were examined. The results indicated that the urban thermal environment exhibited obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the variation of urban function and landscape complexity: (1) UFZs showed significantly different LST characteristics for different functions and seasons, and the mean LST gap among different types of UFZ can reach 1.72–3.85 °C. (2) During warm seasons, the UHI region is mainly composed of residential, industrial, and commercial zones, while recreational zones contribute as an important UHI source region during cold seasons. (3) Urban developed land and forest are the most important landscape factors contributing to the UFZ effect in the urban thermal environment. These findings have useful implications for urban landscape zoning to mitigate the UHI effect.

     

Butterfly-plant network in urban landscape: Implication for conservation and urban greening

Butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) contribute to the ecosystem services and thereby qualify as a group deserving conservation effort. Information on the butterfly-plant links is used as a foundation to sustain population and enhance conservation and management. Thus, in the present study, the structure of a butterfly-plant network in an urban landscape like Kolkata, India, was deciphered highlighting metrics like degree distribution, nestedness, and interaction strength and specialization index. A total of forty eight butterfly species associated with thirty different angiosperm plant species were observed during the study period of one year. While Lantana camara was observed to be the dominant plant species with 37 links to different butterflies, the Catopsilia pyranthe butterfly species was dominant in terms of the generalist pattern of links (21 links) with the plants. Differential ability of the shrubs and herbs in the sustenance of the butterflies was reflected in the network indices using the herbs and the shrubs, separately. In urban landscapes with restricted variety of flowering plants, an estimate of relative strength of interactions enables identification and further use of the concerned species in sustaining butterfly populations. In accordance with these propositions, the butterfly-plant network illustrated in the present instance may prove useful in selection of plant species required for the enhancement of population of desired butterfly species in urban areas like Kolkata, India.     

合肥市区城市森林景观格局分析

运用3S技术在分析合肥景观特点的基础上,研究了合肥市区17．6km^2范围内的城市森林景观特点及与其它景观单元间关系。结果表明,主要景观要素分为建筑与硬质铺装表面、城市森林斑块、一般绿地、道路、水面五大类景观背景为建筑及铺装表面,占总面积的73．13％;道路为典型的廊道景观,约占6．89％;研究区城市森林斑块共408块,计161．16hm^2,占总面积的9．8％,平均面积0．396hm^2、最大面积12hm^2,斑块形状复杂、近圆度小,其中48％的班块属于面积<500m^2的小班块,>1hm^2的城市森林班块只占8．6％;水面斑块147块,计149．93hm^2,占总面积的8．54％,平均面积1．02hm^2,最大面积16hm^2;一般绿地斑块255块,计39．74hm^2,占2．26％,最大面积3．86hm^2,平均面积0．1558hm^2．Shanlnon-Weiner景观多样性指数和均匀度均偏低,分别为0．9284和0．5768。另外,城市森林与一般绿地两类景观要素的总优势度达0．39,由于这两类景观斑块的尺度变化范围大,比较破碎,小尺度的斑块所占比例高,又主要集中在西区,分布不均匀,故对环境的影响作用受到限制,文中引用自然森林的内部生境概念,确定合肥城市森林斑块出现内部环境的l临界面积为9800m^2,研究区拥有城市森林的内部生境总面积为31．69hm^2,仅为城市森林面积的19．7％,不利于对物种提供更多的生境,提出应用内部生境的大小来划分城市森林斑块,建立城市森林小班块-中斑块-大斑块-特大斑块的尺度等级体系,据此提出,研究区各尺度的城市森林斑块面积比为2：2：2：3。同时提出合肥东北部应增加城市森林面积,尽可能建设1．5～3．0hm^2的片状城市森林。